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South Sudan currently has the third largest refugee crisis around the globe, with over 3.7 million people being displaced from their homes due to ethnic and political civil war. Over 2 million of these refugees have been displaced from their home country, seeking asylum in refugee settlements that neighbor South Sudan. One of the most important needs within these settlements is adequate housing. Through polling and census data, it has been found that more than half of the refugees are living in dilapidated housing conditions, without any resources to make repairs. The average amount of time spent within these settlements is over a decade and is increasingly getting worse as more refugees enter these settlements. Due to the exponential technological advancements in 3D printing technology, using this form of construction could potentially address a situation within a refugee settlement. 3D printing technology could provide benefits due to its ability to produce housing units at a high rate, its ability to use clay aggregate soil as construction material, mimicking adobe brick housing found in Africa, and the ability to lower the need for labor within these settlements. This thesis will explore the idea of employing this technology within a refugee settlement, to test if it can appropriately balance the implementation of a high tech 21st century technology with the historic and cultural vernacular architecture found regionally throughout Africa. / Master of Architecture / The country of South Sudan currently is experiencing the third largest refugee crisis around the globe. Over 2.5 million refugees have fled their home country of South Sudan and are entering refugee settlements from neighboring countries. Due to the exponential increasing rate of refugees within these settlements, issues such as overcrowding and inadequate housing are afflicting the lives of everyone here. Typical houses in South Sudan consist of mud and adobe brick material known as "tukul huts". While these huts have remained the leading housing type for the past 2,000 years, these houses where not intended for addressing the common refugee crisis we are experience today. These huts require the period of months to construct and extensive physical labor. Given that the refugees are entering these settlements at an exponential rate, it is ineffective to approach housing construction in a traditional manner due to the time and effort it requires to keep up with the high demand. A possible way to address this concern, is by looking at other construction practices that could potentially supplement the traditional forms of erecting houses. Construction technology has advanced to the point where 3D printers can create life size structures that provide housing to individuals. This thesis will explore the idea of employing 3D printers into a South Sudanese refugee settlement, to see if it can adequately produce houses that provide shelter for the incoming refugees.

The purpose of this study is to examine the interventions that Malmö multiplicity offers to individuals and families referred by the UN Refugee Agency forr esettlement, also known as quota refugees. Additionally, the study aimed to identify the establishment process, challenges and opportunities that occur duringthe integration process for both quota refugees and social workers who work with this group. A qualitative method was applied, and empirical data were collected through interviews with social workers and an socialeducator working at Malmö municipality. The data were categorized into four main themes: integration and establishment, interventions, challenges, and families with children. The empirical data from the informants were analyzed using Diaz's Integration Model (2017) and Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence (SOC) theory (2005) and were discussed in the context of previous research. The study addressed the following research questions: What specific interventions within Malmö municipality help facilitate the establishment and integration process for quota refugees? What challenges do professionals within Malmö municipality express regarding the establishment and integration of quota refugees into Swedish society? The study's results showed that interventions in Malmö multiplicity were divided into macro, meso, and micro levels. At the macro level, interventions included laws and guidelines from state agencies. At the meso level, municipal activities and organizations supporting various aspects of integration were included. At the micro level, interventions focused on direct support from social workers and socialeducator to quota refugees. Challenges for quota refugees included difficulties navigating bureaucratic systems, digitalization, previous experiences of authoritarian societies and individual factors of communication skills, work experiences, education and health. Professionals experienced challenges such as increased workload and collaboration to meet the needs of quota refugees and facilitate faster integration. However the greatest challenge lies in handling the macro and micro levels for everything to work.

This Master’s level research project investigates how gender shapes the resettlement challenges that liberian refugees have faced in Nova Scotia. The study investigates the impact of the reframing of gender relations during resettlement processes in both material and symbolic domains of life in Halifax. While male Liberian refugees are found to have a comparative advantage over their female counterparts, due in large part to the priority given to educating young men in rural Liberia, they also have higher expectations of education and employment once settled. Women seem to benefit symbolically if not materially from the reframing of gender relations in Canada, as compared to Liberia.

Resettlement as a development discourse has become a worldwide phenomenon. This phenomenon is mainly caused by population pressure, war or prolonged hostilities between countries or groups within the country, irreversible environmental degradation and development projects. While there are diverse causes of resettlement situations, this study focused on state sponsored resettlement programmes caused by socio-economic, political and environmental problems in Amhara and the southern regions of Ethiopia. The main objective of this empirical study was to analyse the effects of planned government intra-regional resettlement programme on the sustainable livelihoods of resettled households in Ethiopia. The central research question was: Does a planned intra-regional resettlement programme provide sustainable livelihoods for settler households in the two selected regions of Ethiopia? If it does, what chain of factors explains the livelihood security and sustainability? If it does not, what are the interacting variables and how have they generated a process of livelihood insecurity? To this end, the combination of Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) and Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction (IRR) models were used as the pillars of the theoretical and conceptual framework of the study. Mixed method design that combines both quantitative and qualitative data from primary and secondary sources were used in this study. Primary data were collected through a household survey, key informants interview, focus group discussion and field observation. A total of 250 households were surveyed and a total of 28 interviewees were contacted from the two regions. A total of 6 focus group discussions were also conducted with purposively selected participants. This study concludes that the effects of planned resettlement on the sustainable livelihoods of resettlers were mixed and challenged the generic representation of the scheme as a success or a failure. The adverse effects were mainly due to policy gaps, the mismatch between policy and practice, poor inter-sectoral and inter-regional integration and inadequate capacity building efforts. Recommendations were provided in line with these gaps. In addition, the knowledge documented through the application of SLF and IRR in mixed method design contributed to the methodological and theoretical advancement of resettlement and livelihood studies. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

This dissertation focuses on international actors' response to the ethnic cleansing perpetrated during the 1992 – 1995 Bosnian War. The work illuminates the multilateral attempt to reverse one of the outcomes of ethnic cleansing following the war, through the return of displaced people. The policy emphasis on "re-mixing" people, interpreted through a strategy of minority returns, and supported and coordinated on an international scale, was unprecedented. This dissertation asks: why did powerful states and international organizations pursue a re-mixing policy as a response to ethnic cleansing in Bosnia? At first glance, the choice seems counterintuitive. The policy was expensive. Post-1989, the West no longer needed "to keep Yugoslavia afloat." Furthermore, reversal required a degree and duration of international involvement that, at the time, was thought to be politically, militarily, and financially impossible. There are two existing explanations for this surprising phenomenon: international moralism and norm evolutionism. International moralists posit that international actors were moved to re-mix Bosnians out of a sense of guilt. Norm evolutionists argue that international norms governing appropriate responses to ethnic cleansing have shifted during the twentieth century towards support for re-mixing. In contrast to these two dominant views, this dissertation argues that the re-mixing policy initially emerged as a practical fix to a series of pressing, context-specific political challenges. State policymakers justified the re-mixing policy, however, on normative grounds. Though not the original incentive for action, international organizations on the ground then adopted the policy, empowered by states' normative justifications and thereby transformed the political rhetoric into concrete action. This dissertation corrects a common assumption that the origins and motivations behind the re-mixing policy were normative in nature, it contributes to a better understanding of how normative discourses emerge, mature, and transform into policy and it offers policy recommendations based on lessons learnt from this important and seemingly contradictory case.

Internally Displaced Persons ('IDPs') outnumber refugees by two to one and often have the same fears, needs and wants as refugees recognised as such under international law. However, refugee status entails international protection, while IDPs are left to the protection of their own state, which may, but by no means necessarily, be the very entity that has forced them to flee in the first place. In recent years, there have been significant developments in the realm of IDP protection. This includes the conclusion of two regional treaties on the protection of IDPs, the development of relevant soft law instruments, and the reformed 'Cluster Approach' of humanitarian response. Although the increased focus on IDP protection is a welcome development, the UNHCR has expressed the fear that 'activities for the internally displaced may be (mis)interpreted as obviating the need for international protection and asylum.' This thesis represents the first legal analysis of the relationship between the protection of IDPs and International Refugee Law. It will discuss five key challenges in this respect. First, the challenge of drawing the attention of the international community to the plight of IDPs; second, the challenge of developing an appropriate framework for the protection of IDPs; third, the challenge of ensuring that internal protection is not interpreted as a substitute for asylum; fourth; the challenge of determining the relationship between complementary protection and internal displacement; and fifth, the challenge of ensuring that IDP protection in an inter-agency context does not trigger the application of Article 1D of the Refugee Convention, rendering the Convention inapplicable to the recipients of that protection. This thesis will conclude by setting out the future challenges in the relationship between IDP protection and International Refugee Law, by identifying questions left open for further research, and by illustrating the overall impact and importance of this thesis' findings.

‚Die Große Öffnung des Westens bedeutet eine große Entwicklung für Qinghai’. Seit einigen Jahren begrüßen solche Parolen die Besucher der Provinz Qinghai und sind ebenfalls in administrativen Zentren aller Ebenen in tibetischen Nomadengebieten zu finden. Diese Parolen kündigen die Implementierung der Entwicklungsstrategie, die als die Große Öffnung des Westens (GÖW) bekannt wurde, an und versprechen allen Bewohnern von Chinas Westen eine blühende und reiche Zukunft. Aber wie genau sieht die Entwicklung in tibetischen Nomadengebieten aus? Wie kann sich die Lokalbevölkerung in diesen Entwicklungsprozeß einbinden und die versprochenen Vorteile nutzen? Welche Auswirkung wird die Entwicklungsstrategie auf das Leben und die Existenzgrundlage der tibetischen Nomaden haben? Im Kontrast zu den größeren Urbanzentren und ökonomisch wichtigen Lokalitäten, wo die Entwicklungsmaßnahmen sofort eingeleitet wurden, konnte man während der ersten Jahren nach der Implementierung der GÖW auf dem Grasland von Qinghai keine signifikanten Veränderungen feststellen. Erst später wurde der wichtigste und direkte Einfluß in den Nomadengebieten sichtbar. Es wurden neue Siedlungen um bereits existierende Städte oder direkt im Grasland errichtet und die Anzahl der neuen Häuser steigt jedes Jahr. Die Ansiedlungsstrategie dient Zwecken, wie der ökonomischen und sozialen Entwicklung, dem Umweltschutz und der politischen Kontrolle. Für die Nomaden bedeutet die Teilnahme an Ansiedlungsprojekten aber nicht nur Vorteile im Form von neuem Haus, sondern sie stellt auch eine enorme Herausforderung für die Haushalte, die sich an eine komplett neue, urbane Umgebung anpassen müssen, dar. Die verheißungsvollen Parolen über die GÖW mögen vielleicht aus der Sicht der Regierung, nach der Auswertung der nationalen Einkommensstatistiken der Wahrheit entsprechen, aus der Sicht der tibetischen Nomaden jedoch, bleibt die erzwungene Entwicklung auf dem Grasland ein umstrittenes und widersprüchliches Thema. / ‘The Great Opening of the West means great development for Qinghai.’ For several years now, signs bearing such slogans have been welcoming people entering the western Chinese Province of Qinghai and other administrative centres in Tibetan pastoral areas. They announce the implementation of the development strategy known as the Great Opening of the West (GOW) and promise a beneficial, prosperous and comfortable future to all inhabitants of rural regions in China’s West. But, what exactly does development in the Tibetan pastoral areas mean? In what way can the local people involve themselves in the processes of development and the benefits they promise? What impact is the development strategy likely to have on the lifestyle and livelihood of the Tibetan pastoralists? In contrast to the major urban areas and economically important localities, where the development work has begun in full scale, not many changes were observed on the grasslands of Qinghai Province during the early years of the GOW. Only later did the main, direct impact of the development strategy in the pastoral areas become visible. It consisted of an annually increasing number of settlement sites emerging around existing administrative centres or even in the middle of the grasslands. Sedentarisation methods are implemented for the purpose of economical or social development, or to solve the issues of environmental and political control. For the Tibetan pastoralists, participation in a sedentarisation project does not mean solely the provision of concrete benefits in the form of a house supplied by the government, but also the extraordinary adjustment of households to a new, urban environment. While the promising slogans promoting the GOW might appear true from the general point of view of the government when evaluating national income statistics, from the perspective of pastoral households, the forced development in pastoral areas remains a matter of contention and contradiction.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:32:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizabeth Suzana de Carvalho Garcia.pdf: 15266084 bytes, checksum: bd521b0ed7adb69c6ae69a7c57acb7f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study intends to identify and analyze Palestinian refugees ways of resistance experienced during the process of being resettled in Brazil, after having suffered enforced displacement and other refuge situation. This process is criss-crossed by the practices of the governmental and civil, national and international refugee support agencies. Our approach: the institutional analysis. In chapter one we reconstructed the trajectory of historical resistance of the Palestinian refugees since the end of the Turkish-Ottoman domination, as well as the foundation of the State of Israel, until the actual struggle for the end of the Israeli occupation and establishment of the State of Palestine. In chapter two we analyzed their resistance experiences on exile and in refuge camps. Our main theoretical supports: Nietzsche, Foucault, Agamben and Arendt. In chapter three we focused and analyzed the experiences of one Palestinian refugee family brought to Brazil to be resettled in the city of Mogi das Cruzes, state of São Paulo. With the perspectives of "power/knowledge" analytics, "will of truth" and "constitution of the subject" we were able to problematize humanitarian practices and public policies on refugees, specially the Brazilian ones and its pastoral/tutelage/victimization effects. We also explored the refugee existence, their creative powers and impasses / Utilizando-se de aporte teórico-metodológico da Análise Institucional a presente dissertação de mestrado busca identificar e analisar os modos de resistência experimentados por refugiados palestinos já impactados pelo deslocamento forçado e situação de refúgio - quando atravessados pelas práticas operadas pelas agências governamentais e da sociedade civil (nacionais e internacionais) que atuam no atendimento do refugiado trazido para reassentamento em território brasileiro. Para tanto procuramos refazer inicialmente a trajetória de resistência histórica dos refugiados palestinos, desde o fim da dominação turco-otomana, passando pela fundação do Estado de Israel, até chegar a seu estado atual de luta pelo fim da ocupação israelense e estabelecimento de um Estado palestino. Num segundo momento buscamos, com Nietzsche, Foucault, Agamben e Arendt, entre outros autores, analisar outra face dessa resistência, aquela operada no exílio e no refúgio nos campos de refugiados. E finalmente, com o objetivo de investigar essa resistência mais de perto, acompanhamos uma experiência bastante localizada de um grupo em especial de uma família de refugiados palestinos trazidos para reassentamento na cidade de Mogi das Cruzes, no Estado de São Paulo. Esse caminho de investigação foi realizado sob a perspectiva analítica do saber-poder, da vontade de verdade e da constituição do sujeito e buscou problematizar as práticas humanitárias e as políticas públicas dirigidas aos refugiados em território nacional, em seus efeitos pastorais/tutelares/vitimizadores. Nesse processo buscamos também evidenciar na existência desses refugiados suas potências criativas e seus impasses

This dissertation examines the impacts of the tsunami of 2004 on economic development priorities in Nagapattinam, South India. By focusing on the manner in which the disaster was cast as an opportunity by the state and multilateral agencies, the unprecedented scale and ambiguous character of involvement by NGOs in reconstruction, and the distinction drawn between economic development and humanitarian aid in the constitution of a reconstruction agenda predicated on the relocation of artisanal fisher communities from the coast, this study demonstrates how post-disaster outcomes are increasingly being shaped by priorities tied to neoliberal globalization. At the same time the processes that unfold are also characterized by significant complexities particularly on account of efforts by affected populations to deploy various strategies to defend their interests, and substantive differences in the approach of NGOs. / text