The aim of this thesis is to explore how livelihoods are recovering in the aftermath of the 2004 tsunami in Sri Lanka through the lens of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework and the social networks approach—methods of inquiry that have gained considerable impetus in livelihoods research. The study is conducted with reference to two tsunami-affected fisher villages in the Hambantota District, Southern Province. It employs a qualitative ethnographic methodology that examines narratives emerging from households, local officials of government and non-government organizations, office bearers of community-based organizations, local politicians, village leaders, and key informants. Focus is on evaluating how particular roles, activities, and behaviour are given importance by these groups in specific post-tsunami contexts and how these aspects relate to broader conceptualizations of social networks, informal politics, social inequality, and ethnographic research in South Asia. The findings support four major contributions to the literature. First, social networks are significant as an object of study and a method of inquiry in understanding livelihoods post-disaster. Second, paying heed to varied forms of informal politics is critical in post-disaster analyses. Third, the concept of intersectionality can extend and improve upon prevailing approaches to social inequality in disaster recovery. Fourth, ethnographic research is valuable for understanding everyday networks, informal politics, and change in South Asia. Collectively, these findings present a human geography of post-tsunami livelihoods in Sri Lanka, where networks, politics, and inequalities, which form an essential part of everyday livelihoods, have been reproduced in disaster recovery. The thesis constitutes a means of offering expertise in the sphere of development practice, highlighting internal differentiation in access to aid as a key issue that needs to be identified and systematically addressed by policymakers and practitioners.

Globally, twenty-seven countries have resettlement programs associated with UNHCR - representing commitments to the international refugee framework and domestic commitments to those refugees resettled. Since 1975, the US has resettled over three million refugees, including over 75,000 Bhutanese refugees since 2008 - more than all other countries combined on both accounts. The US Office of Refugee Resettlement has the mandate to 'make available sufficient resources for employment training and placement in order to achieve economic self-sufficiency among refugees as quickly as possible' (The Refugee Act of 1980). Nevertheless, their economic self-sufficiency and the intertwined ideas of employment and wellbeing remain little examined. A global systematic review of available high-quality evidence examined whether interventions affect resettled refugees' economic self-sufficiency and wellbeing. Although 9,260 citations were reviewed from a wide variety of academic, policy, and grey literature, no studies met inclusion criteria. This Campbell-registered systematic review concludes that evidence is insufficient to determine if programs affect resettled refugees' economic self-sufficiency and wellbeing. Subsequently, qualitative research explored existing interventions to improve the economic self-sufficiency of resettled refugees, their theories of change, and perceptions of effectiveness in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Program design follows a policy mandate and expects that initial employment leads to sustained self-sufficiency and wellbeing, albeit without measuring these outcomes or providing long-term assistance. The findings serve as a basis for future research and reveal programming implications for the Bhutanese refugee community in Pittsburgh and broadly for refugee resettlement. Next, a cross-sectional survey of 145 randomly selected Bhutanese refugees in Pittsburgh (a response rate of 92.9%) was conducted to provide groundbreaking demographics, rates of economic self-sufficiency, and correlates with improved outcomes. The population was overwhelmingly low-income with high usage of certain assistance such as food assistance. Both bivariate relationships and predictive models for employment, gross income, wages, assistance usage, and having 'enough' money to pay the bills were examined. Overall, these paint a complex picture, including the potential importance of neighborhoods, household size, and religious affiliation as well as a more typical picture of the importance of gender, education levels, and time in the country for certain measures of employment, earnings, and household self-sufficiency. The evidence-based perspective on the economic self-sufficiency of resettled refugees shows that little is known globally, including the potential for interventions to cause harm or success. Understanding the employment services and perspectives of economic self-sufficiency and wellbeing for the Bhutanese population provides a lens to view not only the challenges and successes of this population, but also national and international obligations. As one focus group participant stated, 'Government should understand the nature of the refugees arriving and put us with jobs that ... allow the life to sustain.'

In the Kingdom of Lesotho, large dams are currently being constructed with the sole purpose of selling water to the Republic of South Africa, in order to earn royalties and to generate electricity for Lesotho. The focus of this study was to investigate the perception of the community on the socio-environmental impacts of Metolong Dam and Reservoir in Lesotho. A qualitative research methodology was adopted and grounded theory was used in collecting data from the study area. Qualitative research techniques used were document analysis, field notes and semi-structured interviews. After conducting an audit which evaluated the accuracy of the initial Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) by comparing actual to predict impacts, it was found that the perceptions of the community on the socio-economic impacts of Metolong project were: the community had poor education due to expensive school fees and their level of education did not help with dynamics on climate for they are complex and not easily to be understood, alcoholism existed due to unemployement, cultural constraints existed dominated by the patriarchal structures on the land and decision making, compensation policy was not honoured by project developers, the project brought benefits and loss of life-support resources, people are unable to grow wheat, beans and peas for their fields are taken and the community experienced loss of building sand that is not addressed. Information obtained helped the study to close the gap which appears not to have been addressed by the Government of Lesotho Department of Water Affairs Lowlands Water Supply Unit, 2008. Results of the study revealed that local villagers in the study area were happy with the project benefits, but they were discontented with the project as they were not incoporated in the management and supervision of the project. Rather, the local villagers were engaged only as labourers. The study recommends that when large dams are constructed, local villages should not be given promises that are dressed with many enticing commitments. The reason is that, communities never asked for the project, but it is set forth authoritatively as obligatory upon them. Project authorities should increase their efforts to fulfil promises made. Not only that, they should have respect, compassion, care and dedication when dealing with affected people. It is in this regard that the Local Based Project Execution and Observation Model is proposed, which will incorporate local villagers in the management steps of all large dam developments within their communities, in order to contend with environmental impacts of large dams. / Environmental Sciences / Ph. D. (Environmental Management)

This ethnographic research examines socioeconomic vulnerabilities to resettlement from a large hydropower dam and agricultural commodification in a Tibetan village in Yunnan Province, Southwest China. After providing an initial background on the dynamics of the research region and hydrodevelopment on its rivers, the research framework of examining vulnerability through a lens of political ecology and local knowledge is outlined. Utilizing this framework, the socioeconomic strategies surrounding agriculture and commodified forest products within the study village are initially outlined through the use of oral histories, previous literature, and quantitative household survey data. After providing a detailed background on these income strategies, vulnerabilities to resettlement are examined through qualitative analysis of individual household interviews. This analysis shows that village households are highly reliant on the village's specific location in order to collect the resources and pursue the agriculture that they do; making them vulnerable to future resettlement. The analysis also shows that in the opinions of villagers, a good standard of living is significantly defined by their ability to pursue specific economic strategies. Next, interview results are analyzed to show how agricultural commodification and a very high reliance on one government sponsored company to purchase crops has also made the village highly vulnerable economically. The thesis concludes with reflections on future hydrodevelopment and resettlement scenarios within the village, and provides recommendations to improve local level resilience and promote better capacity to adapt to change. / Graduation date: 2013

中國經濟的快速成長導致電力需求的急劇增教。雖然現在主要仍是以煤炭的方式提供全國的電力，但中國政府也一直在尋找能有效降低環境污染的替代能源。因此“水力發電”在中國能源政策扮演的角色越來越重要－－這時，擁有巨大水資源的雲南省就變成了中國西南的關鍵提電者之一。過去二十年之內，已有企業與政府針對該省重點的水力設施進行大量投資。然而，發展水電雖然有助於生產大量的電，也帶來眾多環境和社會層面的影響。中國政府承認這些反面的影響，因此開始了設計一系列水電發展政策來預防可能的嚴重後果。 本論文分析中國中央政府和雲南地方政府共同制定的水電移民政策，以及新政策對當地執行過程所帶來的影響。基於多元的田野調查，本論文顯示地方政府如何落實中央政府制定的政策。雖然這幾年中國的水庫移民政策有大量的改進，但因為建設大水電站涉及層面廣，時間長，安置過程久，所以中央政府政策的彈性調整，造成當地政府執行過程對不同時間的移民外置帶來不對等的安置，因此印發水庫移民的方抗。 / Policy-making of dam-induced resettlement is a dynamic process that shows how group interests have been distributed and adjusted during different stages of water resource development in China. Since 1949, China’s political direction, economic system and its national strength have been in constant flux, reflecting in the policy towards land appropriation and resettlement induced by water conservancy and hydropower projects. The present study focuses on the changes that have taken place in the area of dam-induced resettlement policy after 2006 when the first regulations on resettlement caused by water resource and hydropower projects were amended. It shows how this policy change is perceived by villagers relocated in the course of dam construction, and addresses the question of why policy improvements have not led to desired results. The paper first addresses policy change in the area of dam-induced resettlement over the past six decades. In subsequent sections, I draw on findings gathered during my doctoral fieldwork to demonstrate how the recent improvement of resettlement regulations for water resource and hydropower projects at the central level are translated into implementation strategies at the local level in Yunnan. I show that while delegating the implementation of resettlement processes to the lowest level of the administrative hierarchy allows for innovative policy experimentation and flexible adaptation, the long timespan needed for the construction of large dam projects gives rise to uneven policy implementation and resistance on the side of resettled communities.

The policy of Separate Development and its forceful implementation by the Nationalist Government from the !960's and into the 1980's resulted in the resettlement of thousands of Africans in the 'homeland' Ciskei in the Eastern Cape. All these changes had a profound and very often a disruptive influence on the lives of those involved. People's ability to survive amidst these circumstances, was tested to the limit. This study looks at the role of the local Christian faith community in supporting its members during these rapid and disruptive socioeconomic and political changes. The study is confined to two congregations of the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa in Ilitha and Ndevana in the Eastern Cape. Following an introductory chapter, Chapter 2 gives a historical outline of developments in the broader Ciskei. Attention is also given to demographic, social and economic conditions. Chapter 3 describes the culture and feeling of despair, powerlessness and mistrust that is deeply entrenched in the minds of many people in the community due to depressive socio-economic situations. Chapter 4 gives an overview of the churches in the area and describes the supportive structures and actions of two churches in the Ilitha-Ndevana area. No instant solutions are offered to members but through mutual support they find a sense of belonging and encouragement in the midst of their hardship. In Chapter 5 a model for the mission of the local church in a context of social and economic change and disruption, is presented. It is shown how the image of Christianity and the Gospel have been distorted and misused in the past through the entanglement of mission and colonialism, a negative attitude towards African culture, and by contributing to the subordination of women in society. A vision that people in Africa can have peace and dignity and become self-reliant is proposed. Within the local faith community this vision is built on an understanding of God as the weak and suffering Lord, on fellowship and mutual support, a new reading of the Bible, a practical community based spirituality, and an emphasis on healing. / Die daarstelling en .kragdadige toepassing van die beleid van Afsonderlike Ontwikkeling vanaf die 1960's tot·die 1980's het tot gevolg_gehad dat duisende Swart Suid-AftilCaners hervestig is in die Ciskei-tuisland in die Oos-Kaap. Al hierdie veranderinge het verreikende en baie dikwels ontwrigtende gevolge op die betrokkenes gehad. Mense se vermoens om binne hierdie omstandighede te oorlee:t: is tot die uiterste beproef. Hierdie studie kyk na die rol van die plaaslike · Cbristelike. geloofsgemeenskap in die ondersteuning van sy lede tydens snelle en ontwrigtende sosiale, ekonomiese en politieke veranderinge. Die studie is beperk tot twee gemeentes van die Verenigende Gereformeerde Kerk in Suider-Aftika in Ilitha en Ndevana in die Oos-Kaap. Na 'n inleidende hoofstuk, gee hoofstuk 2 'n historiese oorsig van ontwikkelinge in die breere Ciskei-gebied. Aandag word ook gegee aan demografriese, sosiale en ekonomiese toestande. Hoofstuk 3 beskryf 'n kultuur en gevoel van moedeloosheid, magteloosheid en wantroue wat, as gevolg van neerdrukkende sosiaal-ekonomiese toestande, diep in menige mense se gemoedere vasgele is. Hoofstuk 4 gee 'n oorsig oor die kerke in die gebied en beskryf die ondersteunende strukture en optrede in twee gemeentes in die Ilitha-Ndevana area. Geen kitsoplossings word aan lede aangebied nie, maar deur onderlinge steun vind hulle geborgenheid en bemoediging te midde van swaarkry. In hoofstuk 5 word 'n model aangebied vir die missie van die plaaslike kerk te midde van sosiale en ekonomiese veranderinge en ontwrigting. Daar word aangetoon hoe die beeld van die Christendom in die verlede verwring en misbruik is deur: die verstrengeling van sending en kolonialisasie; 'n negatiewe houding teenoor kultuur in Afrika; en deur by te dra tot die ondergeskikte posisie van vroue in die samelewing. 'n Visie dat die mense van Afrika vrede en menswaardigheid kan geniet en self onderhoudend kan raak, word voorgestel. Binne die plaaslike geloofsgemeenskap word aan hierdie visie gebou deur 'n begrip van God as die magtelose en lydende Here, deur onderlinge gemeenskap en ondersteuning, 'n nuwe lees en begrip van die Bybel, 'n praktiese gemeenskaps-gerigte spiritualiteit en 'n beklemtoning van heling en herstel. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D.Th. (Missiology)

The purpose of the Restitution of Land Rights Act 22 of 1994 is to provide for the restitution of rights in land to persons or communities dispossessed of such rights after 19 June 1913 as a result of past racially discriminatory laws or practices. The restitution of a right in land can include the restoration of a right in land. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the requirement of feasibility in restoring land rights and in particular the role of feasibility studies and the courts’ interpretation of the feasibility requirement in restoring such rights. The methodology used includes a review of literature, legislation and policies on land restitution and an analysis of case law. The outcome of the research indicates that while actual restoration ought to take preference in all instances, it may only be granted once all the relevant circumstances and factors have been considered. In certain circumstances it may not be feasible to restore land rights. / Private Law / LL. M. (Property Law)

A presente dissertação aborda a situação de conflito prolongado estabelecido na Colômbia a partir da metade do século XX e o impacto que esse embate entre grupos guerrilheiros, grupos paramilitares e o poder estatal tem na população local. A Colômbia é um dos países com o maior número de deslocados internos e refugiados do mundo, demonstrando a centralidade que a temática das migrações tem no cotidiano de sua população. A abordagem aqui empreendida trabalha com deslocados colombianos que pediram refúgio no Equador e necessitaram buscar um terceiro país para serem reassentados, nesse caso no Brasil e, mais especificamente, o Rio Grande do Sul. Diante disso, questiona-se como viver em um país em que há um conflito prolongado influencia no processo de socialização dos indivíduos? Como o medo socialmente construído pela constante presença e ameaça de tal conflito, conforma a trajetória dos indivíduos e faz com a migração seja uma estratégia presente em suas vidas? E, por fim, como o medo continua operando e mobilizando a vida dos refugiados reassentados? Objetiva discutir as principais correntes teóricas que abordam a questão migratória, focando na contribuição que a percepção da violência como fator migratório traz ao campo de discussão das migrações; contextualizar o conflito na Colômbia e analisar como se dá o processo de refúgio no Equador e de reassentamento de refugiados colombianos no Brasil. A partir da trajetória de vida de uma amostra com seis reassentados, buscar apreender como o conflito experienciado em seu país de origem afetou e influenciou suas vidas, objetivando identificar como o medo, enquanto construção social,fez parte da socialização dessas pessoas e de como segue fazendo parte de suas vidas no país de primeiro asilo e no país de reassentamento. As hipóteses que norteiam esse trabalho são que os indivíduos expostos a situações de conflito prolongado desenvolvem disposições para migrar, que são adquiridas ao longo do processo de socialização através do contato com diferentes grupos e espaços, tornando temas como conflito, violência e migração recorrentes nas diferentes esferas da vida social; em sociedades que enfrentam conflitos prolongados, a violência sistematicamente impetrada contra as populações e seus ecos na vida social, faz com que seja desenvolvido um medo coletivo. Esse medo, socialmente construído, influencia na trajetória de vida dos indivíduos, que buscam migrar como estratégia de sobrevivência; o indivíduo que foi socializado nessas condições acaba carregando consigo tal medo socialmente construído e em muitas situações, acaba reproduzindo nas sociedades de acolhida, atitudes e reações pautadas em suas experiências pregressas. Para que seja empreendida tal análise serão utilizados os conceitos de medo socialmente construído, socialização, habitus e estratégia. É uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório e os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados foram a pesquisa bibliográfica e entrevistas em profundidade, além da coleta de dados qualitativos que visam identificar a trajetória. Tais dados foram interpretados á luz da análise de conteúdo. / The present dissertation approaches the situation of extended conflict established in Colombia since de middle of the 20th century and the impact that this brunt between guerrilla groups, paramilitary groups and the state power have on the local community. Colombia is one of the countries with the largest number of internally displaced and refugees in the world, demonstrating the centrality that the theme of migration have on the daily life of its population. The approach here undertakes works with displaced Colombians who requested refugee on Equator and needed to seek a third country to be resettled, in this case in Brazil and, more specifically, Rio Grande do Sul. Given this fact, it's questioned how living in a country where there is a prolonged conflict influences the process of socialization of the individuals? How the fear socially constructed by the constant presence and threat of such conflict conforms the trajectory of the individuals and makes the immigration a present strategy in their lives? And, lastly, how the fear keeps operating and mobilizing the lives of the resettled refugees? It is intended to discuss the main theoretical currents that approach the migration matter, focusing on the contribution that the perception of violence as a migratory factor brings to the field of migration discussion; contextualize the conflict in Colombia and analyze how the process of refuge in Equator and resettlement of Colombian refugees in Brazil happens. From the life trajectory of a sample of six resettled, seek to learn how the conflict experienced in their country of origin affected and influenced their lives, aiming to identify how the fear, as a social construction, took part of the socialization of those people and how it keeps being a part of their lives in the country of first refuge and in the resettlement country. The hypotheses that guide this work are that the individuals exposed to the extended conflict situations develop willingness to migrate, which are acquired along the process of socialization through the contact with different groups and spaces, making subjects such as conflict, violence and migration recurrent on different spheres of social life; in societies that face extended conflicts, the violence systematically filed against the populations and its echoes on the social life, develops a collective fear. This fear, socially constructed, influences the life trajectory of the individuals which seek to migrate as a survival strategy; the individual that was socialized on those conditions ends up carrying with such fear socially constructed, and in many situations, ends up reproducing in the host society attitudes and reactions based on their previous experiences. To undertake this analysis, it will be used the concepts of socially constructed fear, socialization, habitus and strategy. It’s a exploratory research and the methodological procedures used were bibliographical researches and in-depth interviews, in addition to qualitative data collection, aimed to identify the trajectory. These data were interpreted in the light of the content analysis. / La presente tesis aborda la situación de conflicto prolongado establecido en Colombia a partir de la mitad del siglo XX y el impacto que ese embate entre grupos guerrilleros, grupos paramilitares y el poder estatal tiene en la población local. Colombia es uno de los países con mayor número de desplazados internos y refugiados del mundo, demostrando la centralidad que la temática de las migraciones tiene en el cotidiano de la población. El enfoque aquí emprendido trabaja con los desplazados colombianos que pidieron refugio en Ecuador y necesitaron buscar un tercer país para su reasentamiento, en este caso Brasil y, más específicamente, en Rio Grande del Sur. Desde esta realidad, se cuestiona: ¿Cómo vivir en un país, a partir de la influencia de un conflicto prolongado en el proceso de socialización de los individuos?, ¿Cómo el miedo socialmente construido por la constante presencia y amenaza de tal conflicto, conforma la trayectoria de los individuos y hace que la migración sea una estrategia presente en sus vidas?, Y finalmente, ¿Cómo el miedo continúa operando y movilizando la vida de los refugiados reasentados? Se pretende discutir las principales corrientes teóricas que abordan la cuestión migratoria, enfocando en la contribución que la percepción de la violencia como factor migratorio trae al campo de discusión de las migraciones; contextualizar el conflicto en Colombia y analizar cómo se da el proceso de refugio en Ecuador y de reasentamiento de refugiados colombianos en Brasil. A partir de la trayectoria de vida de una muestra con seis reasentados, buscar aprender cómo el conflicto vivido en su país de origen afectó e influenció sus vidas, objetivando identificar cómo el miedo, en cuanto construcción social, formó parte de la socialización de esas personas y de cómo sigue siendo parte en sus vidas en el país de primer asilo y en el país de reasentamiento. Las hipótesis que orientan este trabajo son: que los individuos expuestos a situaciones de conflicto prolongado desenvuelven disposiciones para migrar, adquiridas a lo largo del proceso de socialización a través del contacto con diferentes grupos y espacios, surgiendo temas como conflicto, violencia y migración habituales en las diferentes esferas de la vida social; en sociedades que enfrentan conflictos prolongados, la violencia sistemáticamente impregnada contra las poblaciones y sus ecos en la vida social, hace que sea expandido un miedo colectivo. Ese miedo, socialmente construido, influye en la trayectoria de vida de los individuos, que buscan migrar como estrategia de sobrevivencia; el individuo que fue socializado bajo esas condiciones acaba llevando consigo tal miedo socialmente construido y que en muchas situaciones, acaba reproduciendo en las sociedades acogedoras, actitudes y reacciones pautadas en sus experiencias pasadas. Para que sea emprendido tal análisis serán utilizados los conceptos de miedo socialmente construido, socialización, habitus y estrategia. Es una investigación de carácter exploratorio y los procedimientos metodológicos utilizados fueron la investigación bibliográfica y entrevistas en profundidad, además de la colecta de datos cualitativos que visan identificar las trayectorias. Tales datos fueron interpretados a la luz del análisis del contenido.

A presente dissertação aborda a situação de conflito prolongado estabelecido na Colômbia a partir da metade do século XX e o impacto que esse embate entre grupos guerrilheiros, grupos paramilitares e o poder estatal tem na população local. A Colômbia é um dos países com o maior número de deslocados internos e refugiados do mundo, demonstrando a centralidade que a temática das migrações tem no cotidiano de sua população. A abordagem aqui empreendida trabalha com deslocados colombianos que pediram refúgio no Equador e necessitaram buscar um terceiro país para serem reassentados, nesse caso no Brasil e, mais especificamente, o Rio Grande do Sul. Diante disso, questiona-se como viver em um país em que há um conflito prolongado influencia no processo de socialização dos indivíduos? Como o medo socialmente construído pela constante presença e ameaça de tal conflito, conforma a trajetória dos indivíduos e faz com a migração seja uma estratégia presente em suas vidas? E, por fim, como o medo continua operando e mobilizando a vida dos refugiados reassentados? Objetiva discutir as principais correntes teóricas que abordam a questão migratória, focando na contribuição que a percepção da violência como fator migratório traz ao campo de discussão das migrações; contextualizar o conflito na Colômbia e analisar como se dá o processo de refúgio no Equador e de reassentamento de refugiados colombianos no Brasil. A partir da trajetória de vida de uma amostra com seis reassentados, buscar apreender como o conflito experienciado em seu país de origem afetou e influenciou suas vidas, objetivando identificar como o medo, enquanto construção social,fez parte da socialização dessas pessoas e de como segue fazendo parte de suas vidas no país de primeiro asilo e no país de reassentamento. As hipóteses que norteiam esse trabalho são que os indivíduos expostos a situações de conflito prolongado desenvolvem disposições para migrar, que são adquiridas ao longo do processo de socialização através do contato com diferentes grupos e espaços, tornando temas como conflito, violência e migração recorrentes nas diferentes esferas da vida social; em sociedades que enfrentam conflitos prolongados, a violência sistematicamente impetrada contra as populações e seus ecos na vida social, faz com que seja desenvolvido um medo coletivo. Esse medo, socialmente construído, influencia na trajetória de vida dos indivíduos, que buscam migrar como estratégia de sobrevivência; o indivíduo que foi socializado nessas condições acaba carregando consigo tal medo socialmente construído e em muitas situações, acaba reproduzindo nas sociedades de acolhida, atitudes e reações pautadas em suas experiências pregressas. Para que seja empreendida tal análise serão utilizados os conceitos de medo socialmente construído, socialização, habitus e estratégia. É uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório e os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados foram a pesquisa bibliográfica e entrevistas em profundidade, além da coleta de dados qualitativos que visam identificar a trajetória. Tais dados foram interpretados á luz da análise de conteúdo. / The present dissertation approaches the situation of extended conflict established in Colombia since de middle of the 20th century and the impact that this brunt between guerrilla groups, paramilitary groups and the state power have on the local community. Colombia is one of the countries with the largest number of internally displaced and refugees in the world, demonstrating the centrality that the theme of migration have on the daily life of its population. The approach here undertakes works with displaced Colombians who requested refugee on Equator and needed to seek a third country to be resettled, in this case in Brazil and, more specifically, Rio Grande do Sul. Given this fact, it's questioned how living in a country where there is a prolonged conflict influences the process of socialization of the individuals? How the fear socially constructed by the constant presence and threat of such conflict conforms the trajectory of the individuals and makes the immigration a present strategy in their lives? And, lastly, how the fear keeps operating and mobilizing the lives of the resettled refugees? It is intended to discuss the main theoretical currents that approach the migration matter, focusing on the contribution that the perception of violence as a migratory factor brings to the field of migration discussion; contextualize the conflict in Colombia and analyze how the process of refuge in Equator and resettlement of Colombian refugees in Brazil happens. From the life trajectory of a sample of six resettled, seek to learn how the conflict experienced in their country of origin affected and influenced their lives, aiming to identify how the fear, as a social construction, took part of the socialization of those people and how it keeps being a part of their lives in the country of first refuge and in the resettlement country. The hypotheses that guide this work are that the individuals exposed to the extended conflict situations develop willingness to migrate, which are acquired along the process of socialization through the contact with different groups and spaces, making subjects such as conflict, violence and migration recurrent on different spheres of social life; in societies that face extended conflicts, the violence systematically filed against the populations and its echoes on the social life, develops a collective fear. This fear, socially constructed, influences the life trajectory of the individuals which seek to migrate as a survival strategy; the individual that was socialized on those conditions ends up carrying with such fear socially constructed, and in many situations, ends up reproducing in the host society attitudes and reactions based on their previous experiences. To undertake this analysis, it will be used the concepts of socially constructed fear, socialization, habitus and strategy. It’s a exploratory research and the methodological procedures used were bibliographical researches and in-depth interviews, in addition to qualitative data collection, aimed to identify the trajectory. These data were interpreted in the light of the content analysis. / La presente tesis aborda la situación de conflicto prolongado establecido en Colombia a partir de la mitad del siglo XX y el impacto que ese embate entre grupos guerrilleros, grupos paramilitares y el poder estatal tiene en la población local. Colombia es uno de los países con mayor número de desplazados internos y refugiados del mundo, demostrando la centralidad que la temática de las migraciones tiene en el cotidiano de la población. El enfoque aquí emprendido trabaja con los desplazados colombianos que pidieron refugio en Ecuador y necesitaron buscar un tercer país para su reasentamiento, en este caso Brasil y, más específicamente, en Rio Grande del Sur. Desde esta realidad, se cuestiona: ¿Cómo vivir en un país, a partir de la influencia de un conflicto prolongado en el proceso de socialización de los individuos?, ¿Cómo el miedo socialmente construido por la constante presencia y amenaza de tal conflicto, conforma la trayectoria de los individuos y hace que la migración sea una estrategia presente en sus vidas?, Y finalmente, ¿Cómo el miedo continúa operando y movilizando la vida de los refugiados reasentados? Se pretende discutir las principales corrientes teóricas que abordan la cuestión migratoria, enfocando en la contribución que la percepción de la violencia como factor migratorio trae al campo de discusión de las migraciones; contextualizar el conflicto en Colombia y analizar cómo se da el proceso de refugio en Ecuador y de reasentamiento de refugiados colombianos en Brasil. A partir de la trayectoria de vida de una muestra con seis reasentados, buscar aprender cómo el conflicto vivido en su país de origen afectó e influenció sus vidas, objetivando identificar cómo el miedo, en cuanto construcción social, formó parte de la socialización de esas personas y de cómo sigue siendo parte en sus vidas en el país de primer asilo y en el país de reasentamiento. Las hipótesis que orientan este trabajo son: que los individuos expuestos a situaciones de conflicto prolongado desenvuelven disposiciones para migrar, adquiridas a lo largo del proceso de socialización a través del contacto con diferentes grupos y espacios, surgiendo temas como conflicto, violencia y migración habituales en las diferentes esferas de la vida social; en sociedades que enfrentan conflictos prolongados, la violencia sistemáticamente impregnada contra las poblaciones y sus ecos en la vida social, hace que sea expandido un miedo colectivo. Ese miedo, socialmente construido, influye en la trayectoria de vida de los individuos, que buscan migrar como estrategia de sobrevivencia; el individuo que fue socializado bajo esas condiciones acaba llevando consigo tal miedo socialmente construido y que en muchas situaciones, acaba reproduciendo en las sociedades acogedoras, actitudes y reacciones pautadas en sus experiencias pasadas. Para que sea emprendido tal análisis serán utilizados los conceptos de miedo socialmente construido, socialización, habitus y estrategia. Es una investigación de carácter exploratorio y los procedimientos metodológicos utilizados fueron la investigación bibliográfica y entrevistas en profundidad, además de la colecta de datos cualitativos que visan identificar las trayectorias. Tales datos fueron interpretados a la luz del análisis del contenido.

A presente dissertação aborda a situação de conflito prolongado estabelecido na Colômbia a partir da metade do século XX e o impacto que esse embate entre grupos guerrilheiros, grupos paramilitares e o poder estatal tem na população local. A Colômbia é um dos países com o maior número de deslocados internos e refugiados do mundo, demonstrando a centralidade que a temática das migrações tem no cotidiano de sua população. A abordagem aqui empreendida trabalha com deslocados colombianos que pediram refúgio no Equador e necessitaram buscar um terceiro país para serem reassentados, nesse caso no Brasil e, mais especificamente, o Rio Grande do Sul. Diante disso, questiona-se como viver em um país em que há um conflito prolongado influencia no processo de socialização dos indivíduos? Como o medo socialmente construído pela constante presença e ameaça de tal conflito, conforma a trajetória dos indivíduos e faz com a migração seja uma estratégia presente em suas vidas? E, por fim, como o medo continua operando e mobilizando a vida dos refugiados reassentados? Objetiva discutir as principais correntes teóricas que abordam a questão migratória, focando na contribuição que a percepção da violência como fator migratório traz ao campo de discussão das migrações; contextualizar o conflito na Colômbia e analisar como se dá o processo de refúgio no Equador e de reassentamento de refugiados colombianos no Brasil. A partir da trajetória de vida de uma amostra com seis reassentados, buscar apreender como o conflito experienciado em seu país de origem afetou e influenciou suas vidas, objetivando identificar como o medo, enquanto construção social,fez parte da socialização dessas pessoas e de como segue fazendo parte de suas vidas no país de primeiro asilo e no país de reassentamento. As hipóteses que norteiam esse trabalho são que os indivíduos expostos a situações de conflito prolongado desenvolvem disposições para migrar, que são adquiridas ao longo do processo de socialização através do contato com diferentes grupos e espaços, tornando temas como conflito, violência e migração recorrentes nas diferentes esferas da vida social; em sociedades que enfrentam conflitos prolongados, a violência sistematicamente impetrada contra as populações e seus ecos na vida social, faz com que seja desenvolvido um medo coletivo. Esse medo, socialmente construído, influencia na trajetória de vida dos indivíduos, que buscam migrar como estratégia de sobrevivência; o indivíduo que foi socializado nessas condições acaba carregando consigo tal medo socialmente construído e em muitas situações, acaba reproduzindo nas sociedades de acolhida, atitudes e reações pautadas em suas experiências pregressas. Para que seja empreendida tal análise serão utilizados os conceitos de medo socialmente construído, socialização, habitus e estratégia. É uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório e os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados foram a pesquisa bibliográfica e entrevistas em profundidade, além da coleta de dados qualitativos que visam identificar a trajetória. Tais dados foram interpretados á luz da análise de conteúdo. / The present dissertation approaches the situation of extended conflict established in Colombia since de middle of the 20th century and the impact that this brunt between guerrilla groups, paramilitary groups and the state power have on the local community. Colombia is one of the countries with the largest number of internally displaced and refugees in the world, demonstrating the centrality that the theme of migration have on the daily life of its population. The approach here undertakes works with displaced Colombians who requested refugee on Equator and needed to seek a third country to be resettled, in this case in Brazil and, more specifically, Rio Grande do Sul. Given this fact, it's questioned how living in a country where there is a prolonged conflict influences the process of socialization of the individuals? How the fear socially constructed by the constant presence and threat of such conflict conforms the trajectory of the individuals and makes the immigration a present strategy in their lives? And, lastly, how the fear keeps operating and mobilizing the lives of the resettled refugees? It is intended to discuss the main theoretical currents that approach the migration matter, focusing on the contribution that the perception of violence as a migratory factor brings to the field of migration discussion; contextualize the conflict in Colombia and analyze how the process of refuge in Equator and resettlement of Colombian refugees in Brazil happens. From the life trajectory of a sample of six resettled, seek to learn how the conflict experienced in their country of origin affected and influenced their lives, aiming to identify how the fear, as a social construction, took part of the socialization of those people and how it keeps being a part of their lives in the country of first refuge and in the resettlement country. The hypotheses that guide this work are that the individuals exposed to the extended conflict situations develop willingness to migrate, which are acquired along the process of socialization through the contact with different groups and spaces, making subjects such as conflict, violence and migration recurrent on different spheres of social life; in societies that face extended conflicts, the violence systematically filed against the populations and its echoes on the social life, develops a collective fear. This fear, socially constructed, influences the life trajectory of the individuals which seek to migrate as a survival strategy; the individual that was socialized on those conditions ends up carrying with such fear socially constructed, and in many situations, ends up reproducing in the host society attitudes and reactions based on their previous experiences. To undertake this analysis, it will be used the concepts of socially constructed fear, socialization, habitus and strategy. It’s a exploratory research and the methodological procedures used were bibliographical researches and in-depth interviews, in addition to qualitative data collection, aimed to identify the trajectory. These data were interpreted in the light of the content analysis. / La presente tesis aborda la situación de conflicto prolongado establecido en Colombia a partir de la mitad del siglo XX y el impacto que ese embate entre grupos guerrilleros, grupos paramilitares y el poder estatal tiene en la población local. Colombia es uno de los países con mayor número de desplazados internos y refugiados del mundo, demostrando la centralidad que la temática de las migraciones tiene en el cotidiano de la población. El enfoque aquí emprendido trabaja con los desplazados colombianos que pidieron refugio en Ecuador y necesitaron buscar un tercer país para su reasentamiento, en este caso Brasil y, más específicamente, en Rio Grande del Sur. Desde esta realidad, se cuestiona: ¿Cómo vivir en un país, a partir de la influencia de un conflicto prolongado en el proceso de socialización de los individuos?, ¿Cómo el miedo socialmente construido por la constante presencia y amenaza de tal conflicto, conforma la trayectoria de los individuos y hace que la migración sea una estrategia presente en sus vidas?, Y finalmente, ¿Cómo el miedo continúa operando y movilizando la vida de los refugiados reasentados? Se pretende discutir las principales corrientes teóricas que abordan la cuestión migratoria, enfocando en la contribución que la percepción de la violencia como factor migratorio trae al campo de discusión de las migraciones; contextualizar el conflicto en Colombia y analizar cómo se da el proceso de refugio en Ecuador y de reasentamiento de refugiados colombianos en Brasil. A partir de la trayectoria de vida de una muestra con seis reasentados, buscar aprender cómo el conflicto vivido en su país de origen afectó e influenció sus vidas, objetivando identificar cómo el miedo, en cuanto construcción social, formó parte de la socialización de esas personas y de cómo sigue siendo parte en sus vidas en el país de primer asilo y en el país de reasentamiento. Las hipótesis que orientan este trabajo son: que los individuos expuestos a situaciones de conflicto prolongado desenvuelven disposiciones para migrar, adquiridas a lo largo del proceso de socialización a través del contacto con diferentes grupos y espacios, surgiendo temas como conflicto, violencia y migración habituales en las diferentes esferas de la vida social; en sociedades que enfrentan conflictos prolongados, la violencia sistemáticamente impregnada contra las poblaciones y sus ecos en la vida social, hace que sea expandido un miedo colectivo. Ese miedo, socialmente construido, influye en la trayectoria de vida de los individuos, que buscan migrar como estrategia de sobrevivencia; el individuo que fue socializado bajo esas condiciones acaba llevando consigo tal miedo socialmente construido y que en muchas situaciones, acaba reproduciendo en las sociedades acogedoras, actitudes y reacciones pautadas en sus experiencias pasadas. Para que sea emprendido tal análisis serán utilizados los conceptos de miedo socialmente construido, socialización, habitus y estrategia. Es una investigación de carácter exploratorio y los procedimientos metodológicos utilizados fueron la investigación bibliográfica y entrevistas en profundidad, además de la colecta de datos cualitativos que visan identificar las trayectorias. Tales datos fueron interpretados a la luz del análisis del contenido.