Language-play can briefly be described as the wilful manipulation of the peculiarities of a linguistic system in a way that draws attention to these peculiarities themselves, thereby causing a communicative and cognitive effect that goes beyond the conveyance of propositional meaning. Among the various phenomena answering this description are the different kinds of puns, but also more strictly form-based manipulations such as rhymes and alliteration, in addition to a host of other, sometimes even fuzzier, subcategories. Due to its unusual nature, and especially its frequently strong dependence on the idiosyncrasies of a particular language, language-play can generally be assumed to constitute a significant challenge in a translation context. Furthermore, given its non-negligible effects, the translator is not free to simply ignore the language-play (provided it has been recognized as such in the first place) without having taken an active stance on its treatment. However, the difficulties in finding a suitable target-language solution are possibly exacerbated if the source text is a complex multimedia product such as a film, the translation of which, normally in the form of dubbing or subtitling, is subject to additional constraints. In view of these intricacies, it has been the aim of this study to analyze and measure how language-play in film has actually been treated in authentic dubbing and subtitle versions. As a prerequisite, the concept of language-play has been elaborated on, and more than a dozen subcategories have been described, developed, and employed. For the purpose of carrying out a meaningful analysis of the dubbing and subtitling of language-play, a corpus has been compiled, comprising 18 family films and 99 of their various target versions, most on DVD, and yielding nearly 800 source-text instances of language-play and thousands of translation solutions. The results indicate that especially two sets of factors, among the many that are likely to influence a translation, play a prominent role: the type of the language-play, and the identity and working conditions of the translator. By contrast, the mode of translation (dubbing vs. subtitling), the target language, or the general properties of the films, could not be shown to have a sizeable impact.

The primary aim of the present study is to gain an understanding of the translation process involved when translating song lyrics by investigating to what extent 10 translation features occur in a corpus of 12 song lyrics from the musicals CHESS, MAMMA MIA! and Kristina från Duvemåla. Comparing the source texts to the translated texts, taking into account: number of words, syllables vs. words, word-for-word translations, additions/omissions, metaphors, rhymes, reorganization of text, paraphrases and last if there were any untranslated English words kept in the Swedish version – led to the conclusion that the translation strategy of using paraphrases (express something written in other words) was the most common translation strategy used when translating song lyrics. In addition, translating song lyrics also requires a translator who is musical, has good association skills, a large vocabulary and is also very good at playing with words. Taking the findings into consideration it could be said that the word 'translation' should be avoided in reference to the act of transferring the song lyrics of a musical in one language into another language. More apt descriptive phrases for this process would probably be 'text arrangement' or 'interpretation'.

Nursery Rhymes are understood as popular demonstrations and express feelings of regionality, ascendancy and originality, reflecting the rooting of acquirements and everyday experiences of the individual and the social group of belonging. Characterized as cultural practices, the nursery rhymes carry elements that cross generations and move in time and space. This research aims to analyze the Social Representations (SR) of teachers and parents of students on the played and sung nursery rhymes within schools that belong to the Sistema Municipal de Educação de Chapadinha, in Maranhão. The Social Representations in this research acquire a main character, because they allow recognizing at the same time the importance of nursery rhymes as a cultural practice and a didactic teaching, which provides the appreciation of the local culture and the rescue of values that tend to disappear on the current modernity in which we live. The exploratory and descriptive research is guided by a plan that gathers as instruments of data collection semi-structured interviews with teachers, meetings with focus groups of parents of students, previously marked and organized according to their availability of time and space, as well as the analysis of official documents that establish the guidelines to be worked in the first and second years of elementary school (Escolas do Campo) of the city of Chapadinha, besides observation reports, resulting from remarks made in situ. The data comprehension was performed by content analysis underneath the theoretical perspective that guides this approach, providing as a result the understanding that nursery rhymes meet childhood needs of the students because as cultural practices where they find the possibilities that can guide their learning, socialization and intersubjective exchanges interests, which, for them, are significant because they see themselves and find themselves within the perspectives of experienced context. / As cantigas de roda, entendidas como manifestações culturais populares, expressam sentimentos de regionalidade, de ascendência e de originalidade, traduzindo o enraizamento dos saberes e das experiências cotidianas do indivíduo e do grupo social de pertencimento. Caracterizadas como práticas culturais, as cantigas de roda carregam elementos que perpassam as gerações e se movimentam no tempo e espaço. Esta pesquisa se propõe a analisar as Representações Sociais (RS) de docentes e de pais de alunos sobre as cantigas de roda brincadas e cantadas no âmbito das escolas pertencentes ao Sistema Municipal de Educação de Chapadinha, no Maranhão. As Representações Sociais, nesta pesquisa, adquirem um caráter central, pois permitem reconhecer, a um só tempo, a importância das cantigas de roda como práticas culturais e didático-pedagógicas, que propiciam a valorização da cultura local e o resgate de valores que tendem ao desaparecimento na atual modernidade em que se vive. A pesquisa exploratória e descritiva orienta-se por um plano, que reúne como instrumentos de coleta de dados as entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os professores, os encontros com os grupos focais dos pais de alunos, previamente marcados e organizados de acordo com suas disponibilidades de tempo e de espaço, bem como a análise dos documentos oficiais que estabelecem os saberes a serem trabalhados nos 1 e 2 anos do ensino fundamental das Escolas do Campo da cidade em questão, além de notas de campo, resultante de observações realizadas in loco. A interpretação dos dados foi realizada por meio da análise de conteúdo, sob a perspectiva teórica que orienta esta abordagem, oferecendo como resultado a compreensão que as cantigas de roda atendem às necessidades lúdicas dos alunos, porque, como práticas culturais, nelas encontram as possibilidades que podem guiar os seus interesses de aprendizagens, de socialização, de trocas intersubjetivas, que, para eles, são significativas, porque se vêem e se encontram dentro das perspectivas do contexto vivenciado.

This project will focus on a different method to teach pre-reading skills to kindergarten students and to ESL students. The strategy of using nursery rhymes as a tool for teaching pre-reading skills to kindergarteners and second language learners is an avenue to explore while addressing the different challenges facing a teacher. As an educator, we know that children learn through different modalities including auditory, kinesthetic and tactile.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die term "volkspoesie" is reeds in die agtiende eeu deur Johann Gottfried Herder gebruik. Dit kom steeds in Europese tale soos Nederlands en Dui ts voor en word oak in Afrikaans gebruik. Belangstelling in die genre word in twee verskillende vakgebiede aangetref: die volkskunde en die letterkunde. Volkspoesie is poesie wat deur 'n individu geskep word, maar soveel aanklank vind by die "gewone publiek" dat hulle dit as 11volksbesit 11 aanvaar en mondel ing oordra. Die oorspronklike skepper raak dus vergete, die kunswerk bestaan anoniem voort en variante ontstaan. Volkspoesie het verskeie verskyningsvorme soos die volkslied( jie), die ballade, rympies en raaisels. Eiesoortige kenmerke is: spontaneiteit, eenvoud, die irrasionele. Alhoewel volkspoesie oor "landsgrense11 heen kan swerf, is bepaalde vorme daarvan dikwels streekgebonde. Nieteenstaande sy bevraagtekening van die term in die vyftigerjare het N.P. van Wyk Louw dit ook self gebruik. Sy gedigreeks 11 Klipwerk uit Nuwe verse (1954) het 'n nuwe belangstelling in volkspoesie gewek. Later het hy die reeks bestempel as 'n "soort volkspoesie wat hy doelbewus wou skep: volksversagtige" gedigte, gebind aan die digter se jeugwereld. D.J. Opperman het in sy proefskrif van 1953 ook ender meer 'n belangstelling in volkspoesie geopenbaar en in 1962 gewys op die volkse in moderne Afrikaanse digkuns. Sy laaste digbundel, Kamas uit 'n bamboesstok ( 1979), word as 'n volksboek met volkspoesie-eienskappe aangebied. Die vorm en eienskappe van volkspoesie vind neerslag in beide Van Wyk Louw en Opperman se werk. Aanvanklik skryf Van Wyk Louw heelwat volksversagtige gedigte en later gebruik hy ook volksballade-eienskappe in sy ballades. Ook in Tristia (1962) kom eienskappe van volksliedjies en rympies voor. Opperman verwerk meermale bestaande volksliedjies en -rympies in sy poesie en gebruik dit betekenisverruimend as verwysingsveld. Die twee digters se belangstelling in volkspoesie het gelei tot 'n verdere ontginning van die "volkse" vers in Afrikaans, onder andere deur digters soos Boerneef, Adam Small en Breyten Breytenbach. Volkskundige navorsing deur P.W. Grobbelaar en andere het in die moderne tyd ook die aandag op hierdie onderwerp gevestig. In die tagtigerjare is mondelinge Afrikaanse poesie selfs deur swartmense in hulle politieke stryd gebruik! / The term "folk-poetry" had already been used by Johann Gottfried Herder in the eighteenth century. It has ever since prevailed in European languages such as Dutch and German and is also found in Afrikaans. Interest in this genre occurs in two different fields of study: folklore and literature. "Folk-poetry" is poetry created by the individual and accepted by the "general public" to a large extent. Therefore it is acknowledged as common property and passed on by word of mouth. The original creator is thus forgotten, the work of art prevails anonymously and different versions come into being. "Folkpoetry" appears in a variety of forms: the folk-song( s), the ballad, rhymes and riddles. Particular characteristics are: spontaneousness, simplicity, the irrational. Although "folkpoetry" may cross "national borders", some forms are often regional. Despite his questioning the term in the fifties, N.P. van Wyk Louw used it himself. His poetry series "Klipwerk" from Nuwe verse (1954) gave rise to a new interest in ''folk-poetry". He afterwards labelled the series as "a kind of folk-poetry" which he deliberately wanted to create: "folksy" poems, relating to the world of the poet's youth. In his 1953 thesis D.J. Opperman also showed amongst others an interest in "folk-poetry" and in 1962 pointed out the "folksy" identity in contemporary Afrikaans poetry. His last anthology, Kamas uit 'n bamboesstok (1979), is presented as a folk book with "folk-poetry" characteristics. The form and characteristics of "folk-poetry" are embedded in both Van Wyk Louw's and Opperman's work. Initially Van Wyk Louw wrote quite a number of "folksy" poems and afterwards also used folk-ballad characteristics in the ballads he wrote. Characteristics of folk-songs and rhymes also occur in Tristia (1962). Opperman adapts existing folk-songs and rhymes in his poetry and uses it as framework to broaden the meaning. These two poets' interest in "folk-poetry" resulted in further exploration of the "folksy" verse in Afrikaans, among others by poets like Boerneef, Adam Small and Breyten Breytenbach. Folk research by P.W. Grobbelaar and others focused attention on this subject. In the eighties even blacks used oral Afrikaans poetry in their political struggle! / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D. Lit. et Phil. (Afrikaans)

本文旨從語料庫觀點來探討漢語手指謠之節奏、重音及手指動作之韻律結構。本研究建立了四千一百七十二行的語料庫，並詳細標記句法、虛詞、重音、音節和音拍等。本文發現手指謠節奏以陽性節奏 (Masculine Rhythm) 居多，音拍共享 (Beat-sharing) 常發生在虛詞 (F Categories) 和直接成分 (Immediate Constituents)，以符合陽性節奏的原則；透過詩行模組 (Metrical Template) 可衍生出不同的節律類型。另一方面，本研究認為重音在漢語中確實有存在之必要，藉由重音極大值 (Stress Maximum) 的落點，可解釋語料庫中不符詩感 (Metricality) 的謠行。本文最後將重心轉向手指謠的物理動作節律，手指動作因配合兒童年齡之認知及肢體發展，概分為0-2歲、2-4歲及4-6歲三大階段，越小的兒童吟誦手指謠之速度較慢，手指動作也相對簡單細微。本文發現手指動作範疇乃藉由語調片語 (Intonational Phrase) 來進行切割，語調片語須與「意義單位」 (Sense Unit) 彼此對整。本文亦從「優選理論」(Optimality Theory) 的角度來探討此三大研究議題，分別從「節律語法」和「流動制約」(Floating Constraints) 的觀念，藉由制約層級的重新排序來體現漢語手指謠的節律變化。 / This thesis takes great efforts in the topics about rhythm, stress and prosodic structures of the finger movements in Mandarin finger rhymes. This research established a corpus with a total of 4172 lines, each of which is coded with word categories, syntax tree, simplified tree, the number of syllables, the number of demibeats, and the stress. First of all, the masculine rhythm is the most common in the corpus. The beat-sharing, the strategy to obtain the masculine rhythm, is largely found in the F categories and the immediate constituents. The metrical template is also needed to yield the different rhythm types. Second, stress plays an important role in Maindarin Chinese. The judgement of the metricality strictly follows the metrical positions on which a stress maximum falls. The emphasis is finally put to the finger movements. The finger movements are respectively designed for the children who are 0-2, 2-4 and 4-6 years old, with the different developments in the cognition and physiology. When young children recite a metrical line, the speech rate is not as fast as other elder children and the finger movements are simple and subtle. The prosodic domains of the movements are defined from the perspective of IPs, and each IP is a sense unit (Selkirk 1984). Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993, 2004) further covers these three research issues. The rhythm variations are vivid with the constraint re-rankings in terms of the metrics grammar and the floating constraints.

(in English): Abstract for thesis on the topic "The model of the world in the texts of children's folklore and peculiarities of its functioning in modern children's literature (the poetry of G. Oster)." The study examined the texts of rhymes and sadistic rhymes identified among pupils of junior classes, in order to identify the main features of modeling the world which are shown in the analyzed texts. Then the features of that models considered by the example of the texts of modern children's literature, in particular texts of G. Oster. The work performes next tasks: 1) to reveal the specifics of child's consciousness, reflected in studied children's folklore genres; 2) to compare the main features of modeling the world in the texts of rhymes and sadistic rhymes; 3) to identify the features of the functioning world's systems in modern children's literature (in the texts by G. Oster). An analysis of 70 text units, which function in the modern children's subculture, identified a specific children's picture of the world and its reflection in the texts of studied genres and texts of modern children's literature (for example the poetry of G.Oster). Finally, there are conclusions which characterize systems of modeling the world in studied genres, which are different from each other by the universal...

Sendo o curta com uma das gags impossíveis mais famosas de Buster Keaton, The Playhouse (1921) trabalha com a relação existente entre o mundo onírico e a realidade, iniciando com um sonho da personagem de Keaton em que ele interpreta todos os papéis de um espetáculo, de atores e membros da orquestra aos espectadores da apresentação. Em seguida, acompanhamos Keaton em seu dia de trabalho após ser despertado pelo chefe, e vemos que diversos elementos de seu sonho ainda estão presentes na realidade desse faz-tudo do teatro. Lançado no segundo ano de trabalho de Keaton como diretor de suas próprias obras, o curta coloca como tema central a questão do trabalho no teatro e no cinema, apresentando diferentes possibilidades e experimentações no campo social e cinematográfico. Deste modo, esta dissertação propõe uma análise acerca da construção dessa temática no curta, refletindo sobre os escritos de Walter Benjamin e Michael Löwy sobre a relação entre o cinema, a comédia muda norte-americana em especial o trabalho de Keaton e uma crítica feita à sociedade capitalista industrial; e a teoria de Bertolt Brecht sobre o teatro épico. / As the short movie that holds one of the most famous impossible gags made by Buster Keaton, The Playhouse (1921) works with the relation between the oneiric world and reality, beginning with a sequence dreamed by Keaton\'s character in which he plays all the roles in the spectacle, from actors and musicians in an orchestra to the spectators of the show. After this dream, we follow Keaton during his day at work since the moment he was woken up by his boss and we notice that various elements of his dream are still present in the reality of this handyman from the theater. Released in the second year of Keaton\'s work as a director of his own films, this short movie presents as its main theme the working world in the theater and the cinema, putting forward different possibilities and experimentations in the social and cinematographic fields. Therefore, the following master\'s dissertation brings an analysis of the way this theme is presented in the short movie, considering the writings of Walter Benjamin and Michael Löwy about the relation between cinema, American silent comedy - especially Buster Keaton\'s work - and the criticism of capitalistic industrial society; and Bertolt Brecht\'s theory about epic theater.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die term "volkspoesie" is reeds in die agtiende eeu deur Johann Gottfried Herder gebruik. Dit kom steeds in Europese tale soos Nederlands en Dui ts voor en word oak in Afrikaans gebruik. Belangstelling in die genre word in twee verskillende vakgebiede aangetref: die volkskunde en die letterkunde. Volkspoesie is poesie wat deur 'n individu geskep word, maar soveel aanklank vind by die "gewone publiek" dat hulle dit as 11volksbesit 11 aanvaar en mondel ing oordra. Die oorspronklike skepper raak dus vergete, die kunswerk bestaan anoniem voort en variante ontstaan. Volkspoesie het verskeie verskyningsvorme soos die volkslied( jie), die ballade, rympies en raaisels. Eiesoortige kenmerke is: spontaneiteit, eenvoud, die irrasionele. Alhoewel volkspoesie oor "landsgrense11 heen kan swerf, is bepaalde vorme daarvan dikwels streekgebonde. Nieteenstaande sy bevraagtekening van die term in die vyftigerjare het N.P. van Wyk Louw dit ook self gebruik. Sy gedigreeks 11 Klipwerk uit Nuwe verse (1954) het 'n nuwe belangstelling in volkspoesie gewek. Later het hy die reeks bestempel as 'n "soort volkspoesie wat hy doelbewus wou skep: volksversagtige" gedigte, gebind aan die digter se jeugwereld. D.J. Opperman het in sy proefskrif van 1953 ook ender meer 'n belangstelling in volkspoesie geopenbaar en in 1962 gewys op die volkse in moderne Afrikaanse digkuns. Sy laaste digbundel, Kamas uit 'n bamboesstok ( 1979), word as 'n volksboek met volkspoesie-eienskappe aangebied. Die vorm en eienskappe van volkspoesie vind neerslag in beide Van Wyk Louw en Opperman se werk. Aanvanklik skryf Van Wyk Louw heelwat volksversagtige gedigte en later gebruik hy ook volksballade-eienskappe in sy ballades. Ook in Tristia (1962) kom eienskappe van volksliedjies en rympies voor. Opperman verwerk meermale bestaande volksliedjies en -rympies in sy poesie en gebruik dit betekenisverruimend as verwysingsveld. Die twee digters se belangstelling in volkspoesie het gelei tot 'n verdere ontginning van die "volkse" vers in Afrikaans, onder andere deur digters soos Boerneef, Adam Small en Breyten Breytenbach. Volkskundige navorsing deur P.W. Grobbelaar en andere het in die moderne tyd ook die aandag op hierdie onderwerp gevestig. In die tagtigerjare is mondelinge Afrikaanse poesie selfs deur swartmense in hulle politieke stryd gebruik! / The term "folk-poetry" had already been used by Johann Gottfried Herder in the eighteenth century. It has ever since prevailed in European languages such as Dutch and German and is also found in Afrikaans. Interest in this genre occurs in two different fields of study: folklore and literature. "Folk-poetry" is poetry created by the individual and accepted by the "general public" to a large extent. Therefore it is acknowledged as common property and passed on by word of mouth. The original creator is thus forgotten, the work of art prevails anonymously and different versions come into being. "Folkpoetry" appears in a variety of forms: the folk-song( s), the ballad, rhymes and riddles. Particular characteristics are: spontaneousness, simplicity, the irrational. Although "folkpoetry" may cross "national borders", some forms are often regional. Despite his questioning the term in the fifties, N.P. van Wyk Louw used it himself. His poetry series "Klipwerk" from Nuwe verse (1954) gave rise to a new interest in ''folk-poetry". He afterwards labelled the series as "a kind of folk-poetry" which he deliberately wanted to create: "folksy" poems, relating to the world of the poet's youth. In his 1953 thesis D.J. Opperman also showed amongst others an interest in "folk-poetry" and in 1962 pointed out the "folksy" identity in contemporary Afrikaans poetry. His last anthology, Kamas uit 'n bamboesstok (1979), is presented as a folk book with "folk-poetry" characteristics. The form and characteristics of "folk-poetry" are embedded in both Van Wyk Louw's and Opperman's work. Initially Van Wyk Louw wrote quite a number of "folksy" poems and afterwards also used folk-ballad characteristics in the ballads he wrote. Characteristics of folk-songs and rhymes also occur in Tristia (1962). Opperman adapts existing folk-songs and rhymes in his poetry and uses it as framework to broaden the meaning. These two poets' interest in "folk-poetry" resulted in further exploration of the "folksy" verse in Afrikaans, among others by poets like Boerneef, Adam Small and Breyten Breytenbach. Folk research by P.W. Grobbelaar and others focused attention on this subject. In the eighties even blacks used oral Afrikaans poetry in their political struggle! / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D. Lit. et Phil. (Afrikaans)

I denna magisteruppsats undersöks Julia Donaldsons engelska bilderböcker i svensk översättning av barnboksförfattaren Lennart Hellsing. Huvudsyftet med denna studie är att avgöra om de svenska måltexterna även bär drag av Hellsings egen författarstil. För att kunna undersöka detta har Kårelands tidigare forskning (2002) om Hellsings litterära produktion använts för att ta fram stilvariabler. Dessa stilvariabler har sedan applicerats på måltexterna i denna fallstudie. Det teoretiska ramverket orienterar sig inom deskriptiv översättningsvetenskap och Tourys (1995) modell för rekonstruktion av översättningsnormer används. Detta möjliggör placerandet av källtexter (KT) och måltexter (MT) i en sociokulturell kontext. I den deskriptiva analysen jämförs KT med MT och översättning som begrepp förstås som något som omgärdas av översättningsnormer vid en viss tidpunkt och inom en viss kultur. Resultaten visar att Hellsings stil som författare återfanns i de översatta texterna och resultaten pekar även mot att översättningen av dessa texter kan ses som en acceptansinriktad praktik. / This master’s thesis looks at the translation of Julia Donaldson’s English picture books into Swedish by the Swedish children’s author Lennart Hellsing. The main aim of the study is to determine whether the translation of the original (source) texts involves the transference of Hellsing’s writing style into the translated (target) texts. Earlier research, carried out by Kåreland (2002), is employed in order to pinpoint Hellsing’s distinctive style as a writer. The style variables apparent in Hellsing’s own writing were thereby identified and these are applied to the analysed target texts in this case study. The theoretical framework is based on descriptive translation studies (DTS) and the use of Toury’s model (1995) for reconstructing translational norms allows the source texts (ST) and target texts (TT) to be put into a sociocultural context. By working within this framework a descriptive analysis is used to describe and compare the ST and TT and the concept of translation as a practice governed by certain translational norms at a certain moment in time and within a certain culture is applied. The findings show that Hellsing’s style as a writer can also be detected in his translations of Donaldson’s picture books. The results of this case study also indicate that the translation of these texts can be considered to be a target culture oriented practice.