Esta tese apresenta o Direito de Acesso à Energia (DAE) como parte do Direito ao Desenvolvimento (DD) o qual é um desmembramento dos Direitos Humanos (DHs) previstos na Declaração Universal assinada em 1948. Percorre a evolução histórica desses Direitos para chegar ao modelo de desenvolvimento mais colaborativo discutido na década de 90 e no início deste Século. Apontam-se os compromissos do Estado contemporâneo e dos seus governantes para o atendimento dos Direitos que são inerentes a todos os cidadãos. Demonstra que o DAE é pré-condição e um meio para o exercício de outros DHs como o Direito à vida, à moradia, ao trabalho, à água, ao mínimo alimentar e à inclusão digital, esta última decorrente do avanço do cyber-space e da global society e por isso um dever irrecusável do Governo e do Estado. Depois se descreve a estrutura normativa dos serviços de energia que começaram como públicos transitaram pela denominação de utilidade pública e essencial para no final serem todos serviços ao público, independentemente do regime de concessão ou autorização. Além disso, também se analisa a diferença entre as políticas energéticas de tarifa social e o Programa Luz para Todos (LpT) num nítido reconhecimento das obrigações governamentais e estatais. No estudo de caso narram-se alguns exemplos de localidades onde o esforço da população, aliado à tecnologia e vontade política se gera energia e como isso se fez dos seus usuários os protagonistas da sua própria história. Por fim, confirma-se que os DHs são Direitos em movimento e por isso não há como estabelecer a quantidade mínima de energia sendo o DAE a base para todos os outros Direitos. / The purpose of this dissertation is to present in this 21st Century, the Energy Right (ER) as part of the Right to Development (RD), which unfolds from the Human Rights (HRs) established in the Universal Declaration signed in 1948. It covers the historical evolution of these Rights to reach the more collaborative Development model discussed in the nineties and in the beginning of this Century. It points out the commitments of the contemporaneous State and their governors as to the compliance with the Rights that are inherent to all citizens. It has also been demonstrated that the ER is a prerequirement and a mean for the exercise of other HRs such as the Right to life, to housing, to work, to water, to basic food and to digital inclusion, this latter arising from the development of the cyber-space and of global society and, hence, an undeniable duty of the government and of the State. Subsequently, it describes the normative structure of energy services that started as public, were temporarily referred to as of public and essential interest and in the end were all established as services to public, regardless of the concession system or authorization. Moreover, it also analyses the difference between the energy policies for social rate and the Program Luz para Todos (Light for All) in a clear acknowledgement of the government and state obligations. The case study depicts some examples of locations where the population effort allied to the technology and political will generates energy and how that transformed users into main characters of their own history. Finally, it is confirmed that the HR are Rights in movement and, thus, one cannot establish a minimum amount of energy inasmuch as the ER is the base for all other Rights in The XXI Century.

Ce travail étudie la possibilité de l’élargissement de l’éventail de participation politique à l’Administration, étant donné que l’État brésilien a des fins, des buts à réaliser et qu’il s’agit d’une démocratie “procéduraledélibérative”, où le peuple doit participer aux décisions touchant sa vie. En plus, la réalisation de l’intérêt général n’a qu’à gagner en efficacité si les décisions de l’État échappent le plus possible à la logique technocratique du “secret administratif” ; en effet, la participation des intéressés possédant la connaissance des données concrètes et des facteurs humains et techniques qui conditionnent une décision peut apporter un élément susceptible de la modifier, en obligeant l’Administration à expliquer les raisons de son action, ce qui en faciliterait l’exécution. C’est pourquoi nous étudions aussi bien le principe démocratique que le principe de la publicité, les formes possibles de participation des citoyens à l’Administration et les concrétisations de la publicité administrative en droit de savoir, droit de contrôle et droit de participation au processus administratif. / O presente trabalho investiga a possibilidade de aumentar o espectro de participação política na Administração, pela consideração de que o Estado brasileiro tem fins, objetivos a realizar e é uma democracia do tipo “procedimental-deliberativa”, em que o povo deve participar das decisões que afetem sua vida. Além disso, a realização do interesse geral só tem a ganhar em eficácia se as decisões estatais escaparem, o mais possível, da lógica tecnocrática do “segredo administrativo”, porque, graças à participação dos interessados, pelo conhecimento dos dados concretos e dos fatores humanos e técnicos que condicionam uma decisão, estes podem trazer algum elemento que a modifique, obrigando a Administração a explicar os motivos de sua ação, facilitando, assim, a execução. Por isso, estuda-se, tanto o significado do princípio democrático quanto do princípio da publicidade, as formas possíveis de participação dos cidadãos na Administração e as concretizações da publicidade administrativa em direito de saber, direito de controle e direito de participar do processo administrativo. / The present work investigates the possibilities of enlargement of the spectrum of political participation in Administration, considering that the Brazilian State has purposes to accomplish and it is a “proceduredeliberative” kind of democracy, one in which the people must participate in the decision processes, specially those concerning their lives. Besides, the accomplishment of general benefits has only to improve the efficacy of the State decisions escape, as much as it is possible, from the technocratic logics of “administrative secret”, thanks to the participation of the parts involved, and by the knowledge of concrete data and the technical and human factors that make contingent on a decision. These parts may bring some elements that could change the decisions, forcing the Administration to explain the reasons behind its actions, thus making it easier their execution. Because of this, the significance of the democratic principle is studied so extensively, as well as the publicity principle and the possible means of participation of citizens in Administration and the realizations of administrative publicity in the rights of knowledge, rights of control and rights of participation in the administrative procedure.

This dissertation seeks to understand the influence of global logic in local policies connected to water resources. In order to do so, observation was carried on perspectives of access to water as a human right and as an asset with economic value, examining in which ways present international outlook on the matter was introduced into national and state water resources normative policies, specially when it comes to anti-drought measures applied to Brazilian’s Northeast Semi-arid, with a highlight to the study of the Canal do Sertão Alagoano [Alagoas’ Hinterland Canal]. The methodology used was based mainly on bibliographical revision, encompassing three distinct phases: exploratory, descriptive and explanatory. The method brought by Clarissa D’Isep was also used, by means of the study of the hydronormative cycle, which comprises social-economical and political-juridical aspects. In the end, it was possible to ascertain that despite the Government official speech posing Canal do Sertão as a means to ensure protection to the human right to access to water, historical precedents show that such endeavour is not bound to protect local population’s dignity because the concept of human dignity is wider than the aspect of access to water only as means to quench thirst, also encompassing the possibility of social and economical development by access to water, which could only be achieved, in this case, by social restructure of the region. / O presente trabalho busca compreender a influência da lógica global nas políticas ligadas aos recursos hídricos em âmbito local. Para tanto foram observadas as perspectivas do acesso à água como direito humano e como bem dotado de valor econômico, com o fim de examinar os paralelos entre a visão internacional predominante e as políticas nacional e estadual (alagoana) de recursos hídricos, principalmente no que se refere às medidas antisseca empregadas no semiárido nordestino, com destaque para o estudo do Canal do Sertão alagoano. A metodologia utilizada baseia-se, predominantemente, em pesquisa bibliográfica, compreendendo três fases distintas – exploratória, descritiva e explicativa - , tendo-se utilizado em função do objeto o método de análise do ciclo hidronormativo de Clarissa D’Isep, aplicado ao Canal do Sertão. Constatou-se que apesar dos discursos governamentais apresentarem o Canal do Sertão como meio para garantir a proteção ao direito humano ao acesso à água, é possível que isto não ocorra, dada a perspectiva trazida por obra semelhante, a problemática ligada a socioeconomia da região e os vários aspectos controversos da obra. Isto tendo em vista a compreensão de que a dignidade humana não comporta apenas a ideia de sobrevivência através do acesso à água exclusivamente para matar a sede, mas também deve ser observada a partir da possibilidade de desenvolvimento (econômico e social), o que, no caso concreto, somente é possível com a reestruturação social da região.

Open government relies heavily on reliable records to uphold service delivery and access to information. Without proper records management of business transactions and activities of an organization, the primary objective of openness becomes obscured and difficult to achieve. Within the digital space and environment, establishing good record- keeping procedures is challenging to both paper and e-records, because of a scarcity of clarity in the processes and measures in place, as well as as a result of lack of suitable ICT infrastructure plus skilled human resources to help facilitate good e-records management. The aim of this research was to provide a structure for the integration of records into open government initiatives in Botswana with the aim of assisting access to information and service delivery, and a subsequent transparent, accountable and open government. This is a mixed research study framed within the interpretivism epistemological inquiry model, and used Open Government Implementation Model and Action research being a theoretical lense in this study. Document analysis was used to gather information, complemented by interviews and questionnaires with participants and respondents alike purposively selected from the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD). According to the findings, the legislative as well as regulatory frameworks in order to manage both paper and e-records were available in Botswana although inadequate. Similarly, the research showed that legislation that gives the citizens access to information and subsequently make compulsory for organizations to avail information upon request is absent. Furthermore, it was established through the study findings that information management practitioners are particularly are ill equipped and inexperienced to manage paper and electronic records. Due to the inavailability of ICT infrastructure to help facilitate both paper and e-records management was noted. In addition, open government initiatives were identified as producing e- records, but there were no defined protocols to help aid in their management. Therefore, this weakness can be addressed by integrating records management into open government initiatives, and be able to utilize suitably identified Enterprise Content Management (ECM) or Electronic Document and Records Management System (EDRMS). Currently, open government remains ensured through the reliance of only open government initiatives, without leveraging on good records management. This project study suggests a structure to integrate records management into open government initiatives anchored on legislation and regulatory frameworks with the confidence that its employment would support better information and service accessibility by the citizens. Finally, because of poor records management and a lack of legislation that encourage access to information, there will be continued reliance on the discretion of records professionals by the citizens to have information access. Similarly, without proper records management procedures, Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) will remain underutilized. Thus, it is a recommendation that MLGRD should develop proper records management procedures to guide and improve on the management of records. A further study to establish the level of e-readiness of the Botswana government to fully automate and guarantee the success of open government is recommended. / Information Science / D. Litt et Phil (Information Science)

Num mundo de difusão de imagens, por meios eletrônicos ou gráficos, onde conceitos, mensagens (publicidade comercial, estatal e política) e acontecimentos (por exemplo, no jornalismo) são mostrados, o direito humano à imagem é colocado à prova, pois detentores do direito reclamam do seu uso indevido. Para o Direito, algumas questões mostram-se relevantes, à medida que se busca a tutela do direito à imagem. O que é a imagem de uma pessoa? O que é imagem retrato e imagem atributo? Existe uma representação de grupo, imagem do grupo? Um determinado grupo pode reclamar direito à imagem? Quais as características de tal direito? Se imagens divulgadas (ex: imagens transmitidas pelas ondas eletromagnéticas) informam características fenotípicas de raça e cor, há uma imagem retrato das pessoas da cor/raça negra? Como os negros (as) querem ser representados na mídia? A pesquisa empírica mostra que as pessoas querem ser representadas na mídia com respeito. Tal postura comporta uma compreensão das pessoas como seres únicos, com suas próprias características. / In a world broadcast images, electronically or graphs, where concepts, messages (commercial advertising, political and state) and events (eg, journalism) are shown, the human right to the image is put to the test, as holders of rights complain about its misuse. To the Right, some questions show up relevant, as it seeks the protection of the right to the image. What is the image of a person? What is portrait image and image attribute? There is a group representation, group picture? A particular group can claim any rights to the image? What are the characteristics of such a right? If images released (eg images transmitted by electromagnetic waves) inform phenotypic characteristics of race and color, there is a portrait of people of color / black race image? How blacks want to be represented in the media? Empirical research shows that people want to be represented in the media with respect. This attitude involves an understanding of people as unique individuals with their own characteristics.

Submitted by Dalton Tria Cusciano (dtc006@hotmail.com) on 2012-01-04T00:14:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Dalton FINAL JANEIRO 2012.pdf: 1052103 bytes, checksum: ba38a6f8fa4816d05f768d2a4ce6c6ba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2012-01-04T11:08:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Dalton FINAL JANEIRO 2012.pdf: 1052103 bytes, checksum: ba38a6f8fa4816d05f768d2a4ce6c6ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-01-04T11:17:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Dalton FINAL JANEIRO 2012.pdf: 1052103 bytes, checksum: ba38a6f8fa4816d05f768d2a4ce6c6ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-28 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo medir o tempo de duração dos processos judiciais envolvendo direitos sociais na seara educacional e verificar de que forma esse tempo afeta a fruição desses direitos. Visando atingir tais objetivos, foram identificados e analisados os processos judiciais, desde a sua entrada na 1.ª instância da justiça estadual até a data da sessão de julgamento do acórdão na 2.ª instância do Tribunal de Justiça de Minas Gerais. De forma subsidiária, o trabalho também identificou quem eram os litigantes, a influência da concessão das liminares no tempo de duração dos processos, a variação do tempo do processo com base na localização da comarca em que se inicia o processo e a existência de etapas mortas na tramitação dos processos judiciais. O pressuposto que guiou a pesquisa é o da possibilidade do perecimento de determinados direitos, como o direito ao oferecimento de vagas em creches e o direito ao acesso ao ensino superior público de forma gratuita, ante uma duração excessiva do tempo do processo judicial. / This study aims to measure the duration of court cases involving education social rights, seeing how this time affects the enjoyment of those rights. In order to achieve such objectives I identified and analyzed the legal cases, since its entry in a state court until the date of the trial session of Court of Appeals of Minas Gerais. Subsidiary this work also identified who the litigants are, the influence of granting injunctions in the duration of the processes, the time variation of the process based on the location of the county in which the process begins and the existence of dead steps in court proceedings. The assumption that guided the study is the possibility of extinction of certain rights, such as the right of places in day care and the right to access public higher education free of charge, in face of an excessive length of time of the lawsuit.

Le système juridique français accorde une grande importance aux droits du patient, essentiellement à travers la loi du 4 mars 2002. Ce texte a été construit de manière à placer le patient au centre du dispositif et à lui attribuer des droits liés à sa qualité de sujet de droit. Cette idée est quasiment absente dans la législation tunisienne. En Tunisie, la législation relative aux droits des patients est insuffisante. Il est vrai que le législateur tunisien a défini certains droits pour le patient. Cependant, ces consécrations législatives ne nous permettent pas de confirmer l’idée selon laquelle le patient est le centre de la relation médicale, particulièrement parce que le paternalisme médical trouve encore une consécration en Tunisie. L’étude comparative a montré certaines convergences entre les deux systèmes juridiques mais aussi d’importantes divergences. Ainsi, pour un pays, comme la Tunisie, dont le système sanitaire confronte des difficultés intenses non seulement sur le plan infra-structurel mais également législatif, le code de la santé publique en général et la loi du 4 mars 2002 pour les droits des malades, en particulier, peuvent constituer une source efficace pour des changements en profondeur. Cependant, si en France la loi du 4 mars 2002 occupe une place primordiale dans le corpus des règles du droit de la santé, on ne peut nier que les droits du patient confrontent aujourd’hui des difficultés de mise en œuvre. En effet, même si le souci du législateur français était de protéger au maximum les droits des patients, certaines failles restent à signaler / The french legal system attaches great importance to patient rights, mainly through the law of 4 March 2002. This text was constructed to place the patient at the center of the device and assigning the rights to as a subject of law. This idea is almost absent in tunisian law. In Tunisia, legislation on the rights of patients is inadequate : the rights of patients are devoted so scattered in several legal texts. It is true that the tunisian legislature has defined certain rights for patients. However, these legislative consecrations do not allow us to confirm the idea that the patient is the center of the medical relationship, particularly because medical paternalism still finds consecration in Tunisia. The comparative study showed some convergence between the two legal systems but also important differences. Thus, for a country like Tunisia, whose health system confronts severe difficulties not only its infrastructure but also the legislative, the code of public health in general and the law of 4 March 2002 for the rights of patients, particular, can be an effective source for in-depth changes. However, if in France the Law of 4 March 2002 occupies a prominent place in the corpus of rules of health law, there is no denying that the patient's rights today facing implementation difficulties. Even if the concern of the french parliament was to maximally protect the rights of patients, some flaws still to report

The focus of this master thesis is the concept of environmental democracy at the level of the Aarhus convention. Environmental democracy rights which are the rights to access to information, public participation in decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters were mentioned for the first time at the global level in Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in 1992. With this Principle the main role of public participation in decision-making in environmental matters was acknowledged and it had a significant impact on fulfillment of sustainable development goals. To these days the most important elaboration of Principle 10 in international law is Aarhus Convention signed within the framework of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in 1998. Main research question of this thesis is if it is possible to measure environmental democracy on the level of the region of UNECE, so the implementation of the Aarhus Convention provisions by its member states. Therefore, the research problem is the creation of the theoretical framework and the methodological procedure for building of composite indicator which will measure environmental democracy rights at the level of Aarhus convention. That will be demonstrated on the first pillar of the Convention. This thesis...

As it is evident from the title, in my thesis I would like to provide an overview of the undertakings' procedural rights in proceedings under Article 101 and/or 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Given the extensive investigative powers that are granted to the European Commission by the Council Regulation No 1/2003 and the consequences of being found guilty of violating Article 101 and/or 102 of the TFEU, it is necessary to ensure that the undertakings have enough ways available to exercise their right to defence and other rights and privileges guaranteed by the EU law and international treaties such as European Convention on Human Rights (e.g. the right to respect for private life). For this reason the EU law provides a range of procedural rights that should guarantee that both all the fundamental rights are observed and also serve as a system of checks and balances that prevents the misuse of the Commission's investigative powers. My thesis will focus individual rights of undertakings that are provided to them by the Council Regulation No 1/2003 and EU courts judicature. I will analyse their scope and purpose, the conditions under which they can be exercised and their limitations. Simultaneously a comparison between the rights of undertakings in the EU and U.S. legal system will...