This compilation thesis investigates risk and safety management at the Swedish local governmentallevel. It sets special focus on municipal implementation of overall international and nationalstrategies and objectives regarding holistic, cross-sectorial and multi-strategic risk and safetywork, and the prevention of accidents and injuries. The overall aim for this thesis have been to empirically map and provide an overview of theadministrative structures for, and the prevailing management perspectives applied in the societalrisk and safety management in Sweden, as well as to study the diffusion of strategic intentions forthis area down to the municipal level. Three different sources constitute the thesis empirical base: two different set of official planningdocuments, written by Swedish municipal officials on commission of the local politiciansand one set of data from a survey investigation with municipal officials representing differentdepartments/functions. The documents were investigated using content analysis, while datafrom the survey were analyzed using statistical measures. This thesis provides through its empirical works an outlook on the general characteristics andarchetypical features of the Swedish local level’s administrative structures and managementperspective on risk and safety management; and proposes a municipal typology and a set of valuecharacters for allocation and institutionalization of risk and safety-tasks. This thesis also suggestsa conceptual framework for overviewing risk and safety management’s systemic steering elementsin its framework report. Based on the findings made, it seems as if the local level’s compliance tothe strategic level’s ambitions for the risk and safety area is hindered by practical implementationdifficulties and that much work remains in order to reach stated strategic objectives regardingholistic, inter-sectorial and multi-strategic management approaches, and preventive risk andsafety work. / Baksidestext The compilation thesis investigates Societal Risk and Safety Management (SRSM) at the Swedish local governmental level. It sets special focus on municipal implementation of overall international and national strategies and objectives regarding holistic, cross-sectorial and multi-strategic risk and safety work, and prevention of accidents/injuries and promotion of safety. Three different sources constitute the thesis empirical bases: two different sets of official governmental planning documents, written by Swedish municipal officials on commission of the local politicians and one set of data from a survey investigation with municipal officials (n=1283), representing different administrative departments/functions within different municipalities. The official documents were investigated using content analysis methodology, while data from the survey were analyzed using various statistical investigations. This thesis suggests a conceptual and systemic model for SRSM’s contextual and analytical elements, and provides through its empirical works an overview of management perspectives and administrative structures applied, and it proposes a municipal typology and a set of value characters for allocation and institutionalization of SRSM-tasks locally.

This paper utilizes a critical (political) discourse analysis to examine security dialogue as revealed through policy; in order to facilitate this task, the following publically available political documents will be analyzed: Smart Border Declaration; Security and Prosperity Partnership (SPP), and the pending Beyond Borders deal. The objective is to highlight the complexities and realities of the security era as it pertains to North American border security. In other words, I am interested in the administration of border security policy in its practical context. Reviewing the Beyond Borders deal and situating it within the overall national security policies that govern the Canadian border facilitates the identification of limitations posed by the security mentality dominant in border governance. This thesis advocates that those studying border security policies in order to formulate alternative options do so in a manner that appreciates the unique polity milieu of the border. The analysis presented here has policy implications and concludes with recommendations and projections for the Beyond Borders deal. / Thesis (Master, Sociology) -- Queen's University, 2011-10-14 13:59:44.787

This thesis was written in company J.P Plast, Ltd. Contains all important parts to managed the risks. In the theoretical part we have done general definition of risks, risk management and etc. The first part of work includes analyzes of actual situacion at the company. In the practical part I did it actual situation by SLEPT analysis, SWOT, finance analysis and etc. According to analyzes we found risks and suggested actions to improve the competitive position of company on the market.

Magisteruppsats (4FE18E), Civilekonomprogrammet - Inriktning Controller, Ekonomihögskolan vid Linnéuniveristetet i Växjö, Vårterminen 2021.  Titel: Riskhantering under Covid-19 pandemin - En fallstudie om Enterprise Risk Management på Scania i Oskarshamn Bakgrund: Riskhantering blev ett mycket aktuellt ämne efter finanskrisen 2008 till följd av identifierade svagheter i organisationers riskhanteringssystem. I den förändrade tid som var efter finanskrisen 2008 fick bland annat konceptet Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) mer uppmärksamhet att potentiellt lösa de problem organisationer hade med sina riskhanteringssystem. ERM till skillnad från traditionell riskhantering innefattar en mer systematisk och övergripande riskhantering som integrerar risk i företagsstrukturen och involverar alla individer i företaget. Tidigare forskning har påvisat relationen mellan intern riskstruktur och riskkultur som viktig för att genererar en effektiv riskhantering utifrån ERM. Däremot finns det ett forskningsgap hur dessa komponenter samverkar i praktiken för att funktionen av ERM.  Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskapen om relationen mellan riskstruktur och riskkultur för funktionen av ERM. Detta genom en fallstudie på Scania för att beskriva och analysera arbetet med ERM under Covid-19 pandemin.  Metod: Denna fallstudie är av kvalitativ karaktär med en deduktiv ansats vilket innebär att befintlig litteratur om ERM testas i praktiken. Studiens empiri är insamlad från semistrukturerade intervjuer med krisgruppen på Scania i Oskarshamn. Empiri samlades även in från enkäter besvarade av Scanias medarbetare för att förstå Scanias riskhantering utifrån ERM.  Slutsats: Genom en kartläggning av Scanias riskhanteringsprocess och hur den uppmuntrar till en riskkultur präglad av ett högt säkerhetstänk gick det att identifiera följande områden där relationen mellan riskkultur och riskstruktur spelar en viktig roll för funktionen av ERM; Målsättning & Systematisk riskhantering, Uppmuntran till riskmedvetenhet, Värdet av riskhantering, Riskåtgärder & Förtroende för riskhantering, Information & kommunikation, Öppenhet & Transparens och Tonen uppifrån. Hur relationen mellan intern riskstruktur och riskkultur styrs i dessa områden har således en påverkan för effektiviteten av ERM. / Master thesis (4FE18E), Degree of Master of Science in Business and Economics - Controller, School of Business and Economics at Linnaeus University in Växjö, Spring semester 2021.  Title: Risk Management during the Covid-19 pandemic - A case study about Enterprise Risk Management on Scania Background: Risk management became a topic after the financial crisis in 2008 as a result of identified weaknesses in organizations' risk management systems. The concept of Enterprise Risk management gained more attention after the financial crisis in 2008 as the solution to potentially solve the problems organizations had with their risk management systems. ERM, unlike the traditional risk management, includes a more systematic and comprehensive risk management that integrates risk into the structure of the company and involves all individuals in the company. Previous research has established the relationship between internal risk structure and risk culture as important for generating effective risk management based on ERM. However, there is a research gap on how these components interact in practice for the function of the ERM.  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to increase knowledge about the relationship between risk structure and risk culture for the function of ERM. This through a case study at Scania to describe and analyze the work with Enterprise Risk Management during the Covid-19 pandemic.  Method: This case study is of a qualitative nature with a deductive approach, which means that existing literature concerning ERM is tested in practice. The study's empirical data is collected from semi-structured interviews with the crisis group at Scania in Oskarshamn. Empirical data were also collected from surveys answered by Scania's employees to understand Scania's risk management based on ERM.  Conclusion: Through a survey of Scania's risk management process and how it encourages a risk culture characterized by a high level of security thinking, it was possible to identify the following areas where the relationship between risk culture and risk structure plays an important role in the functioning of the ERM; Objectives & Systematic risk management, Encouragement of risk awareness, The value of risk management, Risk response & Trust for risk management, Information & Communication, Openness & Transparency and the Tone from top. How the relationship between internal risk structure and risk culture is governed in these areas has an impact on the effectiveness of ERM.

Paris has been recurrently affected by floods in the recent years. Such events of heavy precipitations are expected to grow in intensity while being concentrated on shorter periods of time. Subsequently, the risk of floods will increase. The municipality must act accordingly and achieve resilience. Paris is part of the biosphere as an social-ecological system, human activities and the environment are complexely interrelated. The system must become resilient to surprise events to ensure its sustainability. Adaptive governance has been recognized in the field of flood risk management as the means to achieve such resilience. An adaptive governance presents five characteristics: a multilevel feature, public participation, tailor-made solutions, appropriate scale and learning capacity. This thesis aims to analyse how the municipality of Paris incorporates the adaptive approach in its flood risk governance. It also aims to identify the elements it lacks to develop a successful adaptive flood risk governance. Based on the analysis of interviews held with officials of several departments of the municipality and of a selection of official text-based documents several conclusions were drawn. When analysing the multilevel feature of the flood risk governance it appeared that institutional fragmentation was the result of a lack of leadership at the scale of Paris. Regarding public participation, I observed a lack of measures in the governance, both at the basin scale and at the municipality’s scale. However, the municipality does possess the tools to involve citizens in the decision-making process. Tailor-made solutions are duely recommended and implemented, however, multiple constraints hinder their implementation. The governance showed particular interest in the role of the appropriate scale to adress flood risk. The learning capacity is clearly displayed in plans and honed by the municipality. It appears that the adaptive flood risk governance of Paris is in need of a leader that will coordinate the actors, make the strategies coherent and address the constraints to the implementation of tailor-made solutions.

Financial sustainability is underrepresented in both the research on and practice of sustainability management and reporting. This article proposes a conceptual measure of financial sustainability and examines its association with capital market returns. The measure is positioned at the intersection of sustainability management, risk management and risk governance. Financial sustainability is regarded as a crucial control parameter complementing shareholder value and can be viewed by riskaverse investors as a secondary condition of investment decisions. It reduces refinancing and insolvency risks, leading to risk-adjusted excess returns in an imperfect capital market with financing restrictions and insolvency costs. We propose measuring a firm’s financial sustainability in terms of four conditions: (1) firm growth, (2) the company’s ability to survive, (3) an acceptable overall level of earnings risk exposure, and (4) an attractive earnings risk profile. We show that the application of a conditions-based investment strategy to European firms with high financial sustainability (i.e., firms fulfilling all four conditions) over the period from July 1990 to June 2019 results in monthly excess returns of 0.39%. This portfolio’s risk is lower than the risk of market investment. We find that the excess returns increase when incrementally adding each of the four conditions to the investment strategy.

Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une évaluation multicritère de plusieurs « scénarios de vie avec le feu » en forêt méditerranéenne. Le cas d’études concerne le massif des Maures (Var ; France), un territoire fortement soumis au risque « feux de forêt » et ayant connu d’importantes transformations socio-économiques au cours des dernières décennies. Cette étude cherche également à tester et comparer la pertinence de plusieurs cadres évaluatifs comme outils d’aide à la gouvernance du risque « feux de forêt ». La thèse est composée de trois parties principales clairement distinctes d’un point de vue aussi bien thématique que méthodologique. La première partie de la thèse a pour objet l’« Economie du feu », autrement dit, l’ensemble de concepts et d’outils généralement proposés par la Science Economique pour l’analyse du risque « feux de forêt » (modèle C+NVC, « budget optimal de protection », etc.). Nous soulignons par rapport à ce premier cadre évaluatif jusqu’à trois sophismes fondamentaux qui démontrent son inadéquation par rapport à la complexité, l’incertitude, l’ambiguïté et l’incommensurabilité qui caractérisent le phénomène du feu. La thèse se focalise dans un deuxième temps sur la présentation d’une approche alternative au sein de laquelle plusieurs scénarios semi-qualitatifs sont évaluées dans une logique participative et multicritère. La deuxième partie de la thèse est ainsi consacrée à la présentation de l’approche des Scénarios Environnementaux, puis de chacune des étapes du processus prospectif mené sur le terrain avec la participation des acteurs locaux. Ce processus aboutit à quatre « avenirs du feu » dans les Maures : (i) l’AFFRONTEMENT technique ; (ii) la (RE)COLONISATION de la forêt ; (iii) la DOMESTICATION du feu ; et (iv) l’ADAPTATION collective. Enfin, dans la troisième partie de la thèse, nous présentons les Approches Participatives MultiCritère (APMC), puis nous analysons le processus d’exploration réalisé sur le terrain par les acteurs locaux eux-mêmes à travers une plateforme heuristique inspirée de deux APMC communément employées dans la gestion de systèmes socio-écologiques et la gouvernance des risques, à savoir, la Multi-Criteria Mapping (cartographie multicritère) et l’Approche INTÉGRAAL. L’analyse des résultats obtenus à travers ce processus d’exploration permettent d’établir plusieurs recommandations susceptibles d’améliorer les pratiques actuelles de gouvernance du risque et de décupler l’acceptabilité sociétale des mesures de gestion aujourd’hui en place. / This thesis aims to: (i) explore and evaluate several ways of living with fire in Mediterranean forests; (ii) appraise different evaluative frameworks for wildfire risk governance. The case study concerns the Massif des Maures (Var; France), a fire-prone territory where structural socio-economic transformations are coming about since 50 years now. The thesis consists of three main parts clearly distinguishable (thematically as well as methodologically). First part focuses on “Fire Economics”, that is, the set of theoretical concepts and methodological tools commonly applied by economists for the study of wildfire risk (C+NVC model, “most efficient program level”, etc.). We highlight up to three fundamental sophisms in such an evaluative framework. We thus underline its inadequacy for dealing with the complexity, uncertainty, ambiguity and incommensurability of wildfires phenomenon. The focus of the thesis moves then to the presentation of an alternative approach in which several semi-qualitative and integrated Scenarios are explored through an inclusive Multi-Criteria reasoning. Second part thus treats Environmental Scenarios, an approach which is first presented in a general way and whose application to our case study is then analysed in detail, from the very first interviews with local actors to the final scenarios generated with their participation. These scenarios are: (i) Technical Confrontation; (ii) Forest (re)Colonisation; (iii) Fire Domestication; and (iv) Collective Adaptation. Third part deals with Participatory Multi-Criteria Approaches (PMCA). We first present and contextualise these evaluative frameworks as an example of Value-Articulating Institution (VAI). We then apply to our case study a hybrid PMCA inspired from two approaches frequently used in social-ecological systems management and risk governance: Multi-Criteria Mapping and INTÉGRAAL Approach. The thesis concludes with several recommendations that could improve social acceptability of current fire management strategies and more generally, enhance fire risk governance practices.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic showed that disastrous events can develop in ways both new and surprising. It demonstrated that an infectious disease can easily spread over the globe in a matter of weeks. While there has been a surge of policy changes during the COVID-19 pandemic there is uncertainty regarding which of these changes will remain permanent and which will be terminated. The pandemic highlighted the complex structures of governance in modern societies and raised new interest in how institutions of governance work. The COVID-19 pandemic has opened a window of opportunity for politicians and leaders to transform institutional settings.    Aim: This thesis will bring further insight into potential policy change, during a protracted crisis. The aim is to examine the role of COVID-19 pandemic in enabling changes on the agenda regarding risk governance, the Swedish crisis management system, and the overall organisation of governmental responsibility through a qualitative content analysis of governmental reports. The study investigates the policy process and agenda setting during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic at the Swedish national government. The focus is on the beginning of the crisis before the issue became better known.    Method: This study has been conducted through a qualitative case study design. The information has been retrieved from documents, that were analysed through a qualitative document analysis. Based on the case (Sweden and its national Government and Parliament), the information has been documents provided by these government bodies. In total 72 documents were chosen based on specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. These documents were then coded in NVivo 12.    Results: The analysis resulted in different themes, labelled here as: risk constructs, risk governance, crisis management, power, responsibility policy stream, political stream, and problem stream. The overall picture is that issues related to COVID-19 were at a low level during the beginning of 2020, with an increase beginning I March and apart from a drop in May, continued to rise in prevalence reaching its hight in June 2020. The data show that the COVID-19 pandemic is described in tones of great uncertainty, that it was something that could be used for learning or improvement. The data further showed discussions regarding jurisdiction and co-operation and that it started discussions on how to manage a crisis. The different risk governance strategies that came through were discursive strategy, precaution strategy, prevention strategy and risk-based strategy. Where the risk-based strategy was the most prevalent. The data show a general positive stand towards giving the Government a clearer and wider mandate to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. There is also focus on voluntary actions, safeguarding democracy and human rights.   Conclusion: This study reveals that the discussions on the coded themes coincide with the reported infection rates of the virus. The COVID-19 pandemic is argued to have caused an increase on the agenda regarding power, responsibility, and risk governance. It opened a policy window for an increase in centralisation for the national government.

Bakgrund: Klimatförändringarna medför osäkerheter som är en utmaning för samhällsplaneringen. Utifrån Plan- och bygglagen (2010:900) har kommunerna ansvar att planlägga mark inom sitt geografiska område. Kustområden är i många fall högt utvecklade, tätbefolkade och ekonomiskt viktiga, men havsnivåhöjningen förväntas orsaka komplexa risker som kan innefatta förlust av liv, mark och försörjningsmöjligheter om inga åtgärder implementeras. Det är därför allmänt erkänt att klimatanpassningen inte kan vänta. I Sverige har den unika landhöjningen en mildrande effekt på havsnivåhöjningen. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur svenska kommuner hanterar dessa osäkerheter i detaljplaneprocessen med utgångspunkt i olika teorier om beslutsfattande. Metod: Studien har utgått ifrån en flerfallsstudiedesign för att bygga upp fall som kan jämföras och ställas emot varandra för att få ut generaliserande kunskaper. Studien har följt en induktiv kvalitativ metod för att kunna sammanställa stora kvantiteter av underlag och för att ha datan i fokus under hela processen. Fallen Helsingborgs stad och Varbergs kommun har valts ut genom ett strategiskt urval, kommunerna har aktiva eller nyligen beslutade detaljplaner i kustområdet. Två datakällor har använts i studien: expertintervjuer från de utvalda fallen och dokumentation kopplat de utvalda fallen. Transkriberingen av expertintervjuerna och dokumenten har analyserats genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Båda kommuner har i detaljplanearbetet identifierat en risk med översvämning från havet. Helsingborgs stad har ett styrdokument, antaget av fullmäktige, med specificerade säkringsnivåer för byggnation i närheten av kusten. Denna nivå har använts fram tills idag, men den diskuteras i ett separat planuppdrag som finns inom kommunen på grund av nytillkommen forskningsbaserad kunskap. Hållbarheten för byggnationen är viktig och IPCC:s scenario RCP8,5 har använts för att ta fram nivåer och tidsperspektivet är år 2150. Befintlig bebyggelse kan medföra att ett kortare tidsperspektiv används för att passa in i området. Varbergs kommun identifierar att kunskapen förändrats sedan deras styrdokument antogs och tar kontakt med olika myndigheter för att få kunskap om hur de ska arbeta. Dessa myndigheter säger olika saker och till slut meddelar Länsstyrelsen att en expertutredning måste genomföras. Kommunen har valt att ta höjd för värsta scenariot år 2150, men kan inte höja marken tillräckligt mycket på grund av befintlig byggnation och har därför en föreskrift i detaljplanen om färdigt golv-nivå. Slutsats: Havsnivåhöjningen innebär att komplexa och kombinerade risker, men kusten är populärt att bosätta sig vid och kortsiktig tillväxt går före säkerhet även om områden identifieras som olämpliga av tjänstepersoner. Osäkerheten och ständigt tillkommande ny kunskap medför en utmaning för kommunerna. Kommunerna vill bidra till att skapa hållbara bostadsområden, men också att den befintliga platsens förutsättningar ska kunna inverka på klimatsäkringen. Detaljplaner påverkas tydligt av myndigheter och experter. Helsingborg använder sig av beslutsstrategierna försiktighetsprincipen och As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) i samhällsplaneringen, medan Varberg använder ALARP. Ett nytt teoretiskt ramverk har tagits fram under studiens process. / Background: Climate change brings uncertainties that pose challenges for urban planning. Under the Swedish Planning and Building Act (2010:900), municipalities are responsible for land-use planning within their defined geographical area. Coastal areas are in many cases highly developed, densely populated and economically important, and sea level rise is expected to expose these areas to complex risks that may result in loss of life, land and livelihoods if actions are not implemented. It is therefore widely recognised that climate adaptation cannot wait. Land elevation in Sweden have a mitigating effect on the sea level rise. The aim of this study is to investigate how Swedish municipalities deal with these uncertainties in the zone planning process based on different theories of decision making. Method: The study is based on a multi-case study design in order to build up cases that can be compared and weighed against each other in order to gain generalizable knowledge. Qualitative method was used as an inspiration to compile large amounts of evidence and to keep the focus on the collected data throughout the process. The cases Helsingborg City and Varberg Municipality have been selected through a strategic selection: the municipalities have active or recently adopted zone plans in the coastal area. Two data sources have been used in the study: expert interviews from the selected cases and documentation linked to the selected cases. The transcripts of the expert interviews and the documents have been analysed through a qualitative content analysis. Results: Both municipalities have identified a risk of flooding from the sea in the zone planning process. The city of Helsingborg has a policy document, adopted by the municipal council, with specified safety levels for construction near the coast. This level has been used for zone planning until now, but it is under discussion in a separate ongoing planning process within the municipality due to newly available research-based knowledge. The sustainability of the new construction is the most important factor for climate adaptation. The IPCC scenario RCP8.5 has been used as a safety measure during the process and the time perspective is set to 2150. In other areas a shorter time perspective might be used due to present development. Varberg municipality acknowledges that their current policy document is outdated due to new and accumulated knowledge on the effects of climate change. The municipality has been in contact with various governmental agencies to identify suitable actions. However, the prerequisites given by different authorities are conflicting, and the County Administrative Board announced that an expert study must be conducted. The municipality has chosen the worst-case scenario of the year 2150 as a condition in their planning. However, since the ground cannot be sufficiently raised due to existing development, they have a finished-floor-level ordinance in the zone plan.  Conclusion: Sea level rise poses complex and combined risks, but due to popularity, short-term growth takes precedence over safety in urban planning even when areas are identified as unsuitable by the civil servants. Uncertainty and the constant addition of new knowledge pose a challenge for local authorities. Municipalities want to build sustainable residential areas, but the conditions of the existing buildings at the location can have an impact on the climate adaptation. Helsingborg uses the precautionary principle and As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) decision-making strategies in their urban planning, while Varberg uses ALARP. During the process of the study a new theoretical framework have evolved.

The issue of environmental risks from the pharmaceutical endocrine disrupter 17 alpha-ethinyl oestradiol (EE2), which is an active ingredient in the contraceptive pill, confronts government responsibilities for citizens' health with potential environmental risks from its presence in aquatic ecosystems. Further to a risk appraisal process conducted under the Water Framework Directive (WFD) between 2006 and 2012, the European Commission recommended the imposition of an environmental quality standard for EE2. In 2013, this recommendation was rejected by politicians. The outcome was both contested and commended. The UK Government was particularly vehement in its opposition and claimed that the risk assessment process for EE2 was not robust. The UK Government also insisted that it had swayed opinion of other EU Member States to convince them that action for EE2 was not proportionate given the extremely elevated costs of risk control options. At the present time, environmental policy for EE2 and other endocrine disrupters remains resolutely ineffective. Despite three distinct policy interventions recommending precautionary action for EE2 during the past twenty years, emissions of this potent, oestrogenic endocrine disrupter continue unabated. This thesis explains why European politicians rejected the European Commission’s risk governance recommendations for EE2 in 2013 under the Water Framework Directive. This comprises its principal empirical contribution. A novel analytical framework which draws on insights from the policy sciences, risk governance and wicked problems literature is developed. This framework is employed to determine whether the policy outcome for EE2, and the decision-making processes that preceded it, were legitimate. The research findings in this respect advance understanding of the implications of specific properties of wicked problems, of which it is argued, EE2 is an example, for the legitimacy of decision-making processes during the risk appraisal and political phases of policy development in Europe. This comprises the principle theoretical contribution of the thesis. Recommendations to promote more effective and legitimate policy development for wicked problems in similar multi-level governance contexts are also made.