To improve quality of software systems, change-based fault prediction and scope-bounded checking have been used to predict or detect faults during software development. In fault prediction, changes to program source code, such as added lines or deleted lines, are used to predict potential faults. In fault detection, scope-bounded checking of programs is an effective technique for finding subtle faults. The central idea is to check all program executions up to a given bound. The technique takes two basic forms: scope-bounded static checking, where all bounded executions of a program are transformed into a formula that represents the violation of a correctness property and any solution to the formula represents a counterexample; or scope-bounded testing where a program is tested against all (small) inputs up to a given bound on the input size. Although the accuracies of change-based fault prediction and scope-bounded checking have been evaluated with experiments, both of them have effectiveness and efficiency limitations. Previous change-based fault predictions only consider the code modified by a change while ignoring the code impacted by a change. Scope-bounded testing only concerns the correctness specifications, and the internal structure of a program is ignored. Although scope-bounded static checking considers the internal structure of programs, formulae translated from structurally complex programs might choke the backend analyzer and fail to give a result within a reasonable time. To improve effectiveness and efficiency of these approaches, we introduce local semantic analysis into change-based fault prediction and scope-bounded checking. We use data-flow analysis to disclose internal dependencies within a program. Based on these dependencies, we identify code segments impacted by a change and apply fault prediction metrics on impacted code. Empirical studies with real data showed that semantic analysis is effective and efficient in predicting faults in large-size changes or short-interval changes. While generating inputs for scope-bounded testing, we use control-flow to guide test generation so that code coverage can be achieved with minimal tests. To increase the scalability of scope-bounded checking, we split a bounded program into smaller sub-programs according to data-flow and control-flow analysis. Thus the problem of scope-bounded checking for the given program reduces to several sub-problems, where each sub-problem requires the constraint solver to check a less complex formula, thereby likely reducing the solver’s overall workload. Experimental results show that our approach provides significant speed-ups over the traditional approach. / text

本文探討多樣化經濟(economy of scope)之成本特性, 及其在實證之運用。廠商同時 生產多種產品, 不但可達成策略上的目的( 即水平合并或垂直合并 ), 還可能比分開 由多家廠商生產來得更有效率, 而這就是多樣化經濟之定義。因此, 確認廠商是否具 多樣化經濟特性, 不但有助於經營決策, 同時也提供政策施行之依據。但是, 該如何 自廠商得具體營業數據里判斷其是否具多樣化經濟呢? 幸運的是多樣化經濟還有另一 定義, 即成本具劣可加性。而兩兩產品間的互補性是其成立的充分條件, 至於其間如 何關連, 及是本文的重點之一。 其次, 由前面所得知的成本劣可加性抑或互補性, 可介translog成本函數加以測試。 本文的第二重點, 即是運用此一理論架構, 探究旅行業之經營模式是否真正符合經濟 效益。一般而言, 旅行業的產出可分為四大類: 來華觀光業務、出國旅游業務( 包括 出國觀光、商務及探親 )、國民旅游以及其它業務( 包括代辦出入國手續、客票代售 與總代理 ), 那么, 何種組合最有利呢? 再者, 政府於民國七十七年元月一日開放旅 行業執造, 根據前述的模型, 我們可就理論上分析政策是否正確。以上就是本論文之 提要。

Der Aufsatz rekonstruiert die Dialektik von Individualisierung und moderner Sozialpolitik und führt zu diesem Zweck die Diskussionsstränge um die Entstehungsbedingungen von staatlicher Sozialpolitik und um die Weiterentwicklung von Sozialpolitik zusammen. Die Analyse befaßt sich zunächst mit Individualisierung als Voraussetzung für die Entstehung moderner Sozialpolitik, um dann, ebenfalls noch in historischer Perspektive, die Bedeutung von Sozialpolitik für die Vollendung der modernen Individuen als Staatsbürger zu betrachten. Anschließend wird die sozialpolitische Strukturierung von Lebensläufen in der Gegenwart diskutiert und dargelegt, daß Sozialpolitik nicht nur reguliert, sondern auch Handlungsspielräume eröffnet und deren individuelle Nutzung möglich macht. Zuletzt wird nach aktuellen staatlichen Reaktionen auf individuelles Handeln gefragt. Die Beobachtung der historischen Kontinuität, mit der Individuum und Sozialpolitik von den Anfängen der gesellschaftlichen Moderne bis in die Gegenwart aufeinander einwirken und in ihrer Entwicklung miteinander verwoben sind, soll dazu anregen, die Analyse moderner Sozialpolitik in eine umfassende gesellschaftstheoretische Perspektive zu stellen.

In a norm game, under certain conditions, there exist Nash equilibria of mutual cooperation. Experimental work demonstrates that even in one-shot situations the level and proportion of cooperative behavior increases if an punishment option is available to the players of a public goods game. It is therefore important to analyze conditions such that this is consistent with a rational choice approach. The paper is meant as a first step toward this task. The main result will be that nonstandard assumptions about human motivations or preferences can explain norms with sanctions even in one-shot situations. This is shown by an analysis of the norm game with two well-known recent models of fairness from behavioral game theory.

Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés aux infirmières soignantes qui possèdent un diplôme d’études collégiales ou un baccalauréat. L’infirmière est celle ayant reçu une formation collégiale et la clinicienne, une formation universitaire de premier cycle. Au niveau législatif, selon que l’infirmière soit titulaire ou non d’un baccalauréat, le champ de pratique autorisé demeure le même. Cependant, l’étendue de la pratique pourrait varier selon la formation reçue et le poste occupé. Cette étude descriptive et interprétative de type qualitatif avait pour but de décrire l’étendue de la pratique des infirmières et des infirmières cliniciennes dans une unité de médecine et de chirurgie et d’identifier les facteurs organisationnels influençant l’étendue de la pratique. Le cadre de référence ayant été utilisé est le cadre d’analyse de l’étendue de la pratique conçu pour le Collège des infirmières autorisées de la Nouvelle-Écosse (CRNNS, 2005). Selon ce cadre, l’étendue optimale de la pratique des infirmières se divise en 4 catégories distinctes, soit le processus de soins infirmiers, les pratiques relationnelles, le leadership ainsi que l’enseignement et le transfert des connaissances. La collecte de données a été conduite au moyen d’entrevues individuelles semi-structurées auprès de 8 informateurs clés soit trois infirmières et trois infirmières cliniciennes d’une unité de médecine et de chirurgie et de deux gestionnaires. Les résultats semblent montrer que les différentes composantes de l’étendue de la pratique sont mobilisées tant chez les infirmières que chez les infirmières cliniciennes interviewées. Toutefois, les résultats semblent montrer que certaines composantes, soit le leadership et le transfert des connaissances, semblent davantage mobilisées chez les infirmières cliniciennes. De plus, l’étude a permis d’identifier les différents facteurs organisationnels qui semblent influencer l’étendue de la pratique des infirmières et des infirmières cliniciennes. La charge de travail semble être le principal facteur d’influence. Nous avons aussi pu constater l’influence certaines composantes reliées à l’environnement de travail et à la composition et aux caractéristiques des équipes de soins. / The goal of this descriptive and interpretative study was to first describe the scope of nursing practice of registered nurses with a Bachelor’s degree in nursing and those with a nursing diploma in a medical and surgical unit of a regional hospital. The second goal was to identify the organizational factors that influence the scope of nursing practice in that unit. The framework that has been used is the Framework to Analyse Scope of practice, made for the College of Registered Nurses in Nova Scotia (CRNNS, 2005). According to that framework, the full scope of practice of the registered nurse is divided in 4 components: the nursing process, the professional nursing relationships, the leadership and the fonction of teaching and knowledge transfert. For this study, 8 interviews have been realized. The participants were: 3 nurses with a nursing diploma, 3 nurses with a bachelor’s degree and 2 administrators. The results seems to show that all the components of the nursing scope of practice seems to be used by the nurses with a Bachelor’s degree in nursing and those with a nursing diploma. But, the results seem to show that the nursing scope of practice is not fully extended in that unit. We remarked also that two elements of the nursing scope of practice, the leadership and the teaching and knowledge transfert, are more used by nursed with a Bachelor’s degree, compared to those with a nursing diploma. The principal factors which seem to influence the scope of nursing practice in this unit are the nursing workload and some components according to the work environment and to the composition and caracteristics of the nursing teams.

Title: Extent and Cause of Private Tutoringat Czech Primary School Summary: This dissertation explores the catch-up classes (shadow education) phenomenon and its forms. Presented research aims to map the scope and root causes of shadow education in the Czech primary/elementary school. Using a questionnaire for parents of primary school students, the research seeks answers how age, gender and social-economic family status relates to preferred form of this education type. The dissertation is based on the results of Mrs. M. Hoschl's research and develops it further. Research sample has been expanded to the area outside of the capital city. Attention has also been paid to comparison between the situation in the Czech Republic and foreign countries. Key words: shadow education - forms, scope, root-cause, shadow education of socially and/or culturally handicapped childre

v anglickém jazyce The aim of this thesis named Development aspects of the relationship between judicial system and administrative structure in Czechoslovakia (1918-1938) considering the development of the German administrative justice is to analyse the basic development aspects of the relationship between executive and judicial power in Czechoslovakia. The capstones of the thesis are particularly state administration of the courts, territorial scope and administrative justice. Moreover, a comparative part describing the administrative justice and the gradual elimination of the separation of powers in Germany in the thirties was added. The thesis is composed of five chapters. The first one introduces the matter. The second chapter defines the essential terms like separation of powers, executive and judicial power, state and public administration, judicial system, as well as state administration of the courts, territorial scope and administrative justice. The third chapter deals with the history of the relationship between administration and judicial system in Austria and Austro-Hungarian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. The following, most important chapter describes the constitutional development after the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918. The fourth chapter is divided into...

In the novel, Kärlek i Europa, the main character Birgitta travels to Europe searching for a new approach to life: to her gender, her sexuality and her social class. The places she visits represent two different discourses: the Stockholmean discourse where life is strictly adjusted to gender and class and the European discourse where the frame of life is more open concerning gender, sexuality and social class. The purpose of this essay is to examine what kinds of scope for action the two discourses enables Birgitta in terms of gender, sexuality and social class. By employing a discourse theoretical method combined with intersectional theory focusing on the power axis of gender, sexuality and social class, I hope to reach my goal of investigating what the discourses enables Birgitta. My results show that, in some respects, the ideals for a woman within the European discourse are less strict than the ones within the Stockholmean discourses. My results also show that while Birgitta leaves the Stockholmean discourse regarding her gender and sexuality, she never fully leaves in terms of her social class. Her habitus is so fully developed that it enables her to float between the classes while travelling Europe.

[pt] Este trabalho investiga a abrangência das políticas educacionais voltadas para o Ensino Médio da rede pública estadual de Minas Gerais no período de 2007 a 2010, período este que correspondente ao choque de gestão implementado pelo governador Aécio Neves. Considerando o desempenho médio dos estudantes por município nas avaliações em larga escala promovidas pelo governo estadual, aspectos sócio demográficos dos municípios mineiros e características intrínsecas das Superintendências Regionais de Ensino – SRE medidas pelo índice de complexidade das superintendências - ICS, inicialmente o estudo traz referências e discute conceitos sobre políticas educacionais e abrangência das políticas educacionais, apresentando os principais indicadores sociais e demográficos dos municípios mineiros e mapeando as políticas educacionais implementadas no período analisado. Em seguida, investiga-se a relação entre a abrangência das políticas educacionais voltadas para o Ensino Médio e os indicadores sócio demográficos municipais. O resultado da estimação do modelo mostrou que embora o governo mineiro tenha implementado um conjunto variado de projetos e programas, a análise da abrangência destes programas revelou a inexistência de um planejamento integrado, sugerindo que os programas e projetos propostos foram elaborados de forma centralizada, não levando em consideração as reais demandas educacionais das escolas e as características sociais e demográficas dos municípios mineiros. Com relação à abrangência das políticas implementadas, verificou-se que as mesmas foram implementadas de forma pulverizada e com pouca unidade entre si, não chegando a constituir uma política educacional global de Estado. O trabalho também revelou a partir da análise do desempenho médio dos estudantes do terceiro ano do ensino médio que a desigualdade educacional existente entre os municípios manteve-se inalterada ao longo do período. / [en] This work investigates the scope of the education policies for the public high school education of the state of Minas Gerais from 2007 to 2010. This period corresponds to the Management Shock introduced by governor Aécio Neves. The study regards the average performance of the students per municipality in the large scale evaluations promoted by the state government, demographic aspects and intrinsic characteristics of the municipalities of the Regional Office of Education, assessed by the rate of complexity of the offices. At first, the study brings references and discusses concepts on education politics and their scope, presenting the main social and demographic indicators of the municipalities as well as mapping the education politics implemented in the period studied. Then, the relation between the scope of the education politics for the high school education and the demographic municipal indicators is investigated. The estimation results of the model showed that the analysis of the scope of these programs revealed the non-existence of an integrated planning, although the government of Minas Gerais had implemented a varied set of projects and programs. This suggests that the programs and proposed projects were prepared in a centralized way, not taking into account the real education demands of the schools and the social and demographic characteristics of the municipalities. Regarding the scope of the policies implemented, it was found that they were implemented in a scattered form and with little unity among themselves, without being able to provide a general educational state policy. The study also revealed, based on the analysis of the average performance of the 3rd year high school students, that the existing educational inequality between municipalities remained unchanged throughout the period.

La société en nom collectif est au XVIIIe siècle la forme juridique de société la plus utilisée en France. À la fois société de personnes et société de commerce elle a des antécédents qui ont assuré sa notoriété et qui ont consacré l’usage qu’en font les marchands et les négociants. Elle figure ainsi dans l’ordonnance du commerce de 1673 sous le nom de « société générale » car elle est choisie par la plupart de ceux qui veulent créer une société. Alors que les associés en nom collectif affichent publiquement leurs noms et sont responsables sur tous leurs biens des dettes de la société, les autres sociétés de l’époque que ce soit les commandites ou les sociétés anonymes ont à l’inverse des associés qui restent le plus souvent dans l’ombre. Cette situation ambiguë n’est pas sans conséquences. Les nombreux changements qui marqueront le XVIIIe siècle n’ébranleront pas cependant la société en nom collectif dans ses assises et sa solidité. La cohérence de son modèle lui assurera même sa pérennité alors que le Code de commerce de 1807 tenant compte des évolutions intervenues depuis l’ordonnance de 1673 changera les dispositions concernant les sociétés sans modifier pour autant celles relatives à la société en nom collectif. En utilisant de nombreux textes issus des sources de l’époque, les principales caractéristiques de cette société et les motifs qui ont conduit les commerçants à l’adopter comme cadre juridique de leurs activités ont été recherchés à travers une grande variété d’exemples. Cette approche a conduit également à examiner son mode de fonctionnement afin d’apprécier les conditions et les moyens de son développement. Enfin, la société en nom collectif a été analysée à travers les difficultés auxquelles elle était confrontée du fait de ses associés ou de celles résultant de sa dissolution qu’elle soit voulue ou subie. Dans ce contexte, la société en nom collectif est présentée, tour à tour, dans ses fondements, dans ses affaires et dans ses épreuves. / The most common form of partnership used in France during the eighteenth century was general partnership, société en nom collectif. As a partnership and trade model it was already well known and was used by both the merchant and the business communities. The 1673 commercial order, ordonnance du commerce, refers to it as a general partnership because this was the form most commonly chosen to create a company/partnership. Whereas the names of the partners in a general partnership were in the public domain, with these partners assuming unlimited liability for company debt, the names of partners in other forms of company at that time, such as limited partnerships or anonymous companies, generally remained undisclosed. Although this ambiguous situation was to have consequences, the various changes taking place during the 18th century did not affect the basic principles of the general partnership, with the model remaining unchanged under the 1807 Commercial Code review of partnerships: acknowledgement of the fact that it was a coherent and durable model. A wide variety of companies was examined by referring to 18th century French records in order to evaluate the main characteristics of these companies and the reasons why business people opted for this model. This research involved examining the ways in which such partnerships were created and built and the conditions required for their growth and development, as well as management of risk. In addition, this company model was examined in relation to difficulties arising from both loss of partners and winding up of business activity, whether voluntary or involuntary. This study examines the foundations, scope and risks and difficulties encountered by general partnerships.