Les matériaux en contact avec des fluides biologiques peuvent être colonisés par de nombreux microorganismes (bactéries, levures…) et des macromolécules telles que les protéines. Lorsqu’il s’agit de bactéries pathogènes, l’adhésion bactérienne devient un problème, en particulier dans les milieux agroalimentaire et biomédical, car elle se poursuit jusqu’à la formation de biofilms bactériens, des bio-structures plus résistantes à l’action des antibiotiques que les bactéries isolées. Malgré une littérature abondante sur les processus d’adhésion bactérienne, l’interface surface – bactérie est encore mal comprise principalement à cause du manque de caractérisation à l’échelle moléculaire. Dans ce travail, nous utilisons une technique d’optique non linéaire du second ordre, la spectroscopie vibrationnelle de Génération de Fréquence Somme (SFG) à large bande, pour sonder spécifiquement des interfaces ordonnées à l’échelle moléculaire. Le principe consiste à envoyer un faisceau picoseconde visible et un faisceau femtoseconde infrarouge (accordé aux longueurs d’onde des vibrations des molécules de la surface) sur le substrat en contact avec des biomolécules en milieu aqueux. L’optimisation de la déconvolution et la modélisation du spectre SFG expérimental, réalisées dans le cadre de travail, permettent d’obtenir quantitativement la conformation des molécules de la surface du substrat. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la colonisation d’une surface structurée en « brosse » composée de monocouches autoassemblées (SAM) hydrophobes d’OctaDécaneThiol (ODT) par des bactéries Lactococcus lactis. Afin de reproduire les conditions naturelles de la colonisation bactérienne, nous avons aussi étudié le rôle de la présence de protéines, en l’occurrence l’albumine de sérum bovin. L’étude par spectroscopie SFG couplée avec des mesures de microscopie confocale de fluorescence a permis de proposer un mécanisme de l’adhésion bactérienne sur la SAM d’ODT, qui dépend de la présence des protéines. Nous avons démontré que les bactéries seules en suspension avaient un impact sur la conformation du support pouvant conduire à une augmentation ou à une diminution de la colonisation bactérienne selon le caractère hydrophobe / hydrophile de la paroi bactérienne. La présence des protéines avant ou pendant la colonisation bactérienne conduit à de nouveaux changements structuraux de la SAM d’ODT et à une importante diminution de l’adhésion bactérienne et du biofilm résultant (indépendamment du caractère hydrophobe / hydrophile de la paroi bactérienne). Cette étude démontre d’une part la faisabilité et l’intérêt de la spectroscopie vibrationnelle SFG pour l’étude de l’adhésion bactérienne in situ, et d’autre part que l’effet des bactéries et des protéines sur la conformation des surfaces est à prendre en compte lors de l’ingénierie de nouveaux matériaux à effet antiadhésif et/ou bactéricide. / Materials exposed to a fluid can be contaminated by microorganisms and macromolecules such as proteins. In food industry or biomedicine, surface colonization by pathogenic bacteria is harmful because it leads to biofilm formation, a microbial consortium more resistant to antiobiotics than planktonic bacteria. Despite of an abundant literature on bacterial adhesion, bacteria-surface interactions still require more studies, in particular at the molecular level. In this work, Broad Band Sum Frequency Generation (BBSFG) spectroscopy was employed to investigate specifically well-ordered interfaces at the molecular level. BBSFG consists in overlapping in time and in space a picosecond visible beam and a femtosecond infrared beam onto the sample in contact with bacteria in water. The IR beam is tuned to the wavelength range of suitable vibrational transitions of adsorbed molecules. Optimisation of the deconvolution procedure of SFG spectra and modeling were performed to derive quantitatively the molecular conformational changes of the interface in response to bacterial adhesion. We have studied the colonization of a well-defined “brush” surface composed of hydrophobic OctaDecaneThiols (ODT) Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM) by Lactococcus lactis bacteria. In order to mimic natural conditions of bacterial adhesion, where bacteria and proteins coexist, we have also studied the role of Bovin Serum Albumin (BSA) proteins. SFG data and fluorescence confocal microscopy measurements led us to propose a mechanism of bacterial adhesion onto the ODT SAM which depends on the presence of BSA. We have demonstrated that adhesion of bacteria in distilled water induces measurable effects on the ODT SAM conformation and on the bacterial adhesion strength, depending on the hydrophobic / hydrophilic character of the bacterial cell wall. Different behaviors of the ODT were observed when BSA proteins were present before or during bacterial colonization. In particular, BSA leads to a marked antimicrobial effect (independent of the hydrophobic / hydrophilic character of the bacterial surface). This study demonstrates the potential of BBSFG to study in situ bacterial adhesion. It also shows that the modification of surface properties by bacterial adhesion must be taken into account for the design of materials suitable to control or eradicate biofilm formation.

O desenvolvimento da nanociência e nanotecnologia promoveu uma nova fronteira no estudo da matéria, permitindo que materiais já conhecidos tivessem suas propriedades redescobertas ao serem manipulados em nível molecular. Vários materiais vêm apresentando relevância na nanociência e nanotecnologia, como os nanotubos de carbono (CNTs), nanopartículas (NPs) e óxido de grafeno, uma vez que os CNTs e óxido de grafeno são dotados de propriedades mecânicas, térmicas e elétricas que os tornam apropriados para o desenvolvimento e a aplicação em dispositivos, especialmente na área biotecnológica e de sensores. Diversas áreas se beneficiam com o uso da tecnologia em nanopartículas (NPs), por exemplo: alimentícia, médica, agronegócio, cosmética, etc. Uma possível perspectiva na utilização desses nanomateriais em sistemas biológicos torna muito interessante investigar como tais materiais interagem em nível molecular com modelos de membranas celulares e com células. Esta tese tem como objetivos: i) investigar detalhadamente a interação entre nanopartículas (Fe3O4/Dextran; Fe3O4/PDAC; PDAC; Dextran) e nanotubos de carbono com modelos de membranas celulares; e ii) desenvolver nanofibras poliméricas pela técnica de electrospinning para ser utilizada com óxido de grafeno como modelos mimetizados (scaffolds) para a diferenciação de células-tronco neurais. Os filmes ultrafinos foram fabricados utilizando as técnicas de Langmuir e Langmuir-Blodgett. Esses nanomateriais foram avaliados através da técnica de Espectroscopia vibracional por Geração de Soma de Frequências. A espectroscopia SFG é sensível a interfaces. Nanofibras de Poli(ε-Caprolactone) foram fabricadas pela técnica de electrospinning. Scaffolds com óxido de grafeno/Nanofibras de Poli(ε-Caprolactone) foram desenvolvidos como suportes sólidos para a diferenciação de células-tronco neurais de rato. Óxido de grafeno em diferentes concentrações foi incorporado nas nanofibras poliméricas. Os modelos deste sistema foram investigados por imagens de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Os resultados mostraram que a carga eletrostática de cada fosfolipídio utilizado pode influenciar nas interações com os nanomateriais (nanopartículas ou nanotubos de carbono), podendo resultar em uma desestruturação no modelo de membrana celular. Scaffolds contendo nanofibras de Poli(ε-Caprolactone) com óxido de grafeno representaram um eficiente modelo mimetizado para a interação/diferenciação de células-tronco neurais de rato conforme revelado por imagens de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Estas imagens mostraram que o sistema de nanofibras de Poli(ε-Caprolactone) com 1,0 mg/mL de óxido de grafeno foram ideais para a diferenciação de oligodendrócitos em células-tronco neurais de rato. / The development of nanoscience and nanotechnology promoted a new frontier on the study of matter, allowing conventional materials to exhibit novel or improved properties. Several materials show relevance in nanoscience and nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanoparticles (NPs) and graphene oxide. CNTs and graphene oxide, for example, exhibit unique mechanical, thermal and electrical properties, which make them appropriate to the development and application in devices, especially in biotechnology and sensors areas. Many areas are benefited from the use of nanoparticles (NPs), such as food, medical, agrobusiness, cosmetic etc. The perspective regarding the use of nanomaterials in biological systems requires the understanding on how these materials interact at the molecular level with cell membrane models and with cells. The objectives of this thesis are: i) to investigate the interaction between nanoparticles (Fe3O4/Dextran; Fe3O4/PDAC; PDAC; Dextran) and carbon nanotubes with cell membrane models; and ii) to develop polymeric nanofibers via electrospinning technique, to be used with graphene oxide as mimic models (scaffolds) in the differentiation of neural stem cells. The cell membrane models were manufactured using Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett techniques. These nanomaterials were evaluated through Sum Frequency Vibrational Spectrosocopy (SFG). Poly(ε-Caprolactone) nanofibers were manufactured by electrospinning technique. Scaffolds with graphene oxide/Poly(ε-Caprolactone) were developed as solid supports for differentiation of rats neural stem cells. This biosystem was investigated via Scanning Electron Microscopy and biochemical essays. The results showed that the charge of each phospholipid influenced the interactions with the nanomaterials (nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes), in some cases, resulting in a disruption of the cell membrane model. Scaffolds with Poly(ε-Caprolactone) nanofibers obtained via electrospinning with graphene oxide represented an efficient mimic model for interaction/differentiation of neural stem cells as shown via Scanning Electron Microscopy. The images revealed that the PCL nanofibers system with 1.0 mg/mL of graphene oxide were ideal to the differentiation of oligodendrocytes in neural stem cells.

O estudo da interação de moléculas orgânicas com a água é de grande importância para diversas áreas das ciências, como por exemplo, na compreensão de sistemas biológicos. Uma elevada diversidade de estudos nesta área já foram realizados, no entanto, alguns aspectos do estudo de filmes finos de aminas anfifílicas não foram satisfatoriamente esclarecidos. Este trabalho aborda filmes de Langmuir de octadecilamina em função do pH e da força iônica de subfases aquosas, investigando a estrutura da monocamada orgânica e sua interação com a água, em diversos graus de ionização. Foi utilizada a Espectroscopia Vibracional por Geração de Soma de Frequências (Sum Frequency Generation - SFG), uma técnica que utiliza o princípio da óptica não-linear para estudar superfícies e interfaces, com o objetivo de investigar a conformação molecular dos filmes de Langmuir de aminas anfifílicas de cadeias longas, seu grau de ionização e a estrutura da água interagindo com a monocamada orgânica. Pôde-se acompanhar a ionização da monocamada em função do pH da subfase pela intensidade do modo de estiramento do grupo NH3+, e verificou-se que ela depende do pH local da interface, que por sua vez é alterado pela ionização da monocamada e é sensível à força iônica da subfase. A água interage com a monocamada via ligações de H com os grupos NH2/NH3+ e forma uma camada com alto grau de orientação perpendicular à superfície, mas relativamente desordenada do ponto de vista da rede de ligações de H (como na água líquida). A conformação das cadeias alquila depende da ionização do filme de Langmuir, sendo bastante compacta e ordenada a altos pHs (filme neutro) e mais expandida e desordenada a baixos pHs. Além disso, foram fabricados filmes de Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) de octadecilamina para comparar a estrutura dos filmes na superfície da água e em substratos sólidos. / The study of the interaction of organic molecules with water is of great importance for many areas of science, such as the understanding of biological systems. A large diversity of studies in this area have been performed, however some aspects of the study of thin films of amphiphilic amines have not been satisfactorily clarified. This dissertation focuses on Langmuir films of Octadecylamine as a function of pH and ionic strength of the aqueous subphase, investigating the structure of the organic monolayer and its interaction with water at various degrees of ionization. Sum-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy (SFG spectroscopy), a non-linear optical technique to study surfaces and interfaces, was used in order to investigate the molecular conformation of the Langmuir films, its degree of ionization and the structure of water interacting with the organic monolayer. The monolayer ionization could be monitored by the intensity of the NH3+ group stretch mode, and it was found that it depends on the local pH at the interface, which in turn is changed by the monolayer ionization and is sensitive to the subphase ionic strength. Water interacts with the monolayer by H bonds with NH2/NH3+ groups, forming a layer with a high degree of orientational order along the surface normal, but relatively disordered regarding the H-bonding network (like in the bulk liquid). The conformation of the alkyl chains depends on the monolayer ionization, being compact and all-trans at high pHs, but more expanded and disordered at low pHs. In addition, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of Octadecylamine were fabricated to compare their structure on the solid substrate to those on the water surface

O estudo da interação de moléculas orgânicas com a água é de grande importância para diversas áreas das ciências, como por exemplo, na compreensão de sistemas biológicos. Uma elevada diversidade de estudos nesta área já foram realizados, no entanto, alguns aspectos do estudo de filmes finos de aminas anfifílicas não foram satisfatoriamente esclarecidos. Este trabalho aborda filmes de Langmuir de octadecilamina em função do pH e da força iônica de subfases aquosas, investigando a estrutura da monocamada orgânica e sua interação com a água, em diversos graus de ionização. Foi utilizada a Espectroscopia Vibracional por Geração de Soma de Frequências (Sum Frequency Generation - SFG), uma técnica que utiliza o princípio da óptica não-linear para estudar superfícies e interfaces, com o objetivo de investigar a conformação molecular dos filmes de Langmuir de aminas anfifílicas de cadeias longas, seu grau de ionização e a estrutura da água interagindo com a monocamada orgânica. Pôde-se acompanhar a ionização da monocamada em função do pH da subfase pela intensidade do modo de estiramento do grupo NH3+, e verificou-se que ela depende do pH local da interface, que por sua vez é alterado pela ionização da monocamada e é sensível à força iônica da subfase. A água interage com a monocamada via ligações de H com os grupos NH2/NH3+ e forma uma camada com alto grau de orientação perpendicular à superfície, mas relativamente desordenada do ponto de vista da rede de ligações de H (como na água líquida). A conformação das cadeias alquila depende da ionização do filme de Langmuir, sendo bastante compacta e ordenada a altos pHs (filme neutro) e mais expandida e desordenada a baixos pHs. Além disso, foram fabricados filmes de Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) de octadecilamina para comparar a estrutura dos filmes na superfície da água e em substratos sólidos. / The study of the interaction of organic molecules with water is of great importance for many areas of science, such as the understanding of biological systems. A large diversity of studies in this area have been performed, however some aspects of the study of thin films of amphiphilic amines have not been satisfactorily clarified. This dissertation focuses on Langmuir films of Octadecylamine as a function of pH and ionic strength of the aqueous subphase, investigating the structure of the organic monolayer and its interaction with water at various degrees of ionization. Sum-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy (SFG spectroscopy), a non-linear optical technique to study surfaces and interfaces, was used in order to investigate the molecular conformation of the Langmuir films, its degree of ionization and the structure of water interacting with the organic monolayer. The monolayer ionization could be monitored by the intensity of the NH3+ group stretch mode, and it was found that it depends on the local pH at the interface, which in turn is changed by the monolayer ionization and is sensitive to the subphase ionic strength. Water interacts with the monolayer by H bonds with NH2/NH3+ groups, forming a layer with a high degree of orientational order along the surface normal, but relatively disordered regarding the H-bonding network (like in the bulk liquid). The conformation of the alkyl chains depends on the monolayer ionization, being compact and all-trans at high pHs, but more expanded and disordered at low pHs. In addition, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of Octadecylamine were fabricated to compare their structure on the solid substrate to those on the water surface

O desenvolvimento da nanociência e nanotecnologia promoveu uma nova fronteira no estudo da matéria, permitindo que materiais já conhecidos tivessem suas propriedades redescobertas ao serem manipulados em nível molecular. Vários materiais vêm apresentando relevância na nanociência e nanotecnologia, como os nanotubos de carbono (CNTs), nanopartículas (NPs) e óxido de grafeno, uma vez que os CNTs e óxido de grafeno são dotados de propriedades mecânicas, térmicas e elétricas que os tornam apropriados para o desenvolvimento e a aplicação em dispositivos, especialmente na área biotecnológica e de sensores. Diversas áreas se beneficiam com o uso da tecnologia em nanopartículas (NPs), por exemplo: alimentícia, médica, agronegócio, cosmética, etc. Uma possível perspectiva na utilização desses nanomateriais em sistemas biológicos torna muito interessante investigar como tais materiais interagem em nível molecular com modelos de membranas celulares e com células. Esta tese tem como objetivos: i) investigar detalhadamente a interação entre nanopartículas (Fe3O4/Dextran; Fe3O4/PDAC; PDAC; Dextran) e nanotubos de carbono com modelos de membranas celulares; e ii) desenvolver nanofibras poliméricas pela técnica de electrospinning para ser utilizada com óxido de grafeno como modelos mimetizados (scaffolds) para a diferenciação de células-tronco neurais. Os filmes ultrafinos foram fabricados utilizando as técnicas de Langmuir e Langmuir-Blodgett. Esses nanomateriais foram avaliados através da técnica de Espectroscopia vibracional por Geração de Soma de Frequências. A espectroscopia SFG é sensível a interfaces. Nanofibras de Poli(ε-Caprolactone) foram fabricadas pela técnica de electrospinning. Scaffolds com óxido de grafeno/Nanofibras de Poli(ε-Caprolactone) foram desenvolvidos como suportes sólidos para a diferenciação de células-tronco neurais de rato. Óxido de grafeno em diferentes concentrações foi incorporado nas nanofibras poliméricas. Os modelos deste sistema foram investigados por imagens de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Os resultados mostraram que a carga eletrostática de cada fosfolipídio utilizado pode influenciar nas interações com os nanomateriais (nanopartículas ou nanotubos de carbono), podendo resultar em uma desestruturação no modelo de membrana celular. Scaffolds contendo nanofibras de Poli(ε-Caprolactone) com óxido de grafeno representaram um eficiente modelo mimetizado para a interação/diferenciação de células-tronco neurais de rato conforme revelado por imagens de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Estas imagens mostraram que o sistema de nanofibras de Poli(ε-Caprolactone) com 1,0 mg/mL de óxido de grafeno foram ideais para a diferenciação de oligodendrócitos em células-tronco neurais de rato. / The development of nanoscience and nanotechnology promoted a new frontier on the study of matter, allowing conventional materials to exhibit novel or improved properties. Several materials show relevance in nanoscience and nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanoparticles (NPs) and graphene oxide. CNTs and graphene oxide, for example, exhibit unique mechanical, thermal and electrical properties, which make them appropriate to the development and application in devices, especially in biotechnology and sensors areas. Many areas are benefited from the use of nanoparticles (NPs), such as food, medical, agrobusiness, cosmetic etc. The perspective regarding the use of nanomaterials in biological systems requires the understanding on how these materials interact at the molecular level with cell membrane models and with cells. The objectives of this thesis are: i) to investigate the interaction between nanoparticles (Fe3O4/Dextran; Fe3O4/PDAC; PDAC; Dextran) and carbon nanotubes with cell membrane models; and ii) to develop polymeric nanofibers via electrospinning technique, to be used with graphene oxide as mimic models (scaffolds) in the differentiation of neural stem cells. The cell membrane models were manufactured using Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett techniques. These nanomaterials were evaluated through Sum Frequency Vibrational Spectrosocopy (SFG). Poly(ε-Caprolactone) nanofibers were manufactured by electrospinning technique. Scaffolds with graphene oxide/Poly(ε-Caprolactone) were developed as solid supports for differentiation of rats neural stem cells. This biosystem was investigated via Scanning Electron Microscopy and biochemical essays. The results showed that the charge of each phospholipid influenced the interactions with the nanomaterials (nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes), in some cases, resulting in a disruption of the cell membrane model. Scaffolds with Poly(ε-Caprolactone) nanofibers obtained via electrospinning with graphene oxide represented an efficient mimic model for interaction/differentiation of neural stem cells as shown via Scanning Electron Microscopy. The images revealed that the PCL nanofibers system with 1.0 mg/mL of graphene oxide were ideal to the differentiation of oligodendrocytes in neural stem cells.

The purpose of this essay is to examine the ideal image of masculinity in the monthly Swedish women magazine Veckorevyn, nr.2 2016. The intention is to explore how Veckorevyn’s own policy correspond to the construction of the ideal image of masculinity. The analysed material contains three texts from the same number of copy: two texts of which explicitly refers to masculinity and one text describing the feminist-policy of the magazine. The magazines feminist-policy is about the magazines work of changing sexist attitudes towards young women. The essay refers to a social constructivist perspective in defining gender and language. The method used is based upon Michael Halliday’s social semiotic approach SFG, systemic functional grammar, when analysing the text material, as well as Faircloughs critical discourse analysis. The results of the text analysis indicate that the image of masculinity presented in the magazine is closely connected to stereotypical ideas of men as sexually confident and independent. The analysed material contains a high level of material and relational processes, constructing a concrete, predefined and less negotiable image of masculinity towards the reader. The critical discourse analysis shows a high frequency of different discourses co-existing in the texts linked to the magazines ideal reader of young women: commercial/consumer-discourse (such as advertisements), health-discourse and men-women-discourse – all of which are closely linked to desire and consumption. These desire-discourses fail to relate to the magazines own feminist-policy, describing both men and women as stereotypically linked to sexuality and desire. The result of the critical discourse analysis indicates that the different discourses of the magazines own anti-sexist policy co-exist and collides with a sexist and stereotypical commercial/consumer-based discourse. These results adhere to previous research of Veckorevyn by Anja Hirdman (2001). The indications contribute in defining the Veckorevyn-magazine targeted to young women as a complex, contradictive and multi-discursive platform of ideas and values. According to Litosseliti (2006:121), the presence of the magazines own feminist-policy also risks producing new forms of sexism due to the magazines contradictive and stereotypical discourses. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka den ideala bilden av manlighet i det svenska kvinnomagasinet Veckorevyn. Vidare undersöks hur Veckorevyns egna kravställande policy överensstämmer med konstruktionen av den ideala bilden av manlighet. Det analyserade materialet innehållet tre texter från samma upplaga av Veckorevyn nummer 2, 2016. Två texter som explicit refererar till manlighet och en text som beskriver Veckorevyns egna feministiska policy. Veckorevyns feministiska policy handlar om tidningens arbete mot skeva könsroller och att förändra sexistiska attityder gentemot unga kvinnor. Uppsatsen bygger på ett socialkonstruktivistisk perspektiv i definitionen av genus och språk. Metoden bygger på Michael Hallidays sociala lingvistiska angreppssätt SFG, systemisk-funktionell grammatik, i analysen av textmaterialet samt Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys. Resultatet av textanalysen indikerar att bilden av manlighet som presenteras i Veckorevyn är nära förknippat med stereotypa idéer av män som sexuellt självsäkra och självständiga. Det analyserade materialet innehåller en hög andel materiella och relationella processer, vilket konstruerar en konkret, fördefinierad och mindre förhandlingsbar bild gentemot läsaren. Den kritiska diskursanalysen visar en hög frekvens av olika diskurser som samexisterar i texterna kopplade till tidningens läsarideal av unga kvinnor: kommersiell/konsument-diskurser (t.ex. reklam), hälso- och förbättringsdiskurser and män-kvinno-diskurser. Alla diskurser är nära sammanlänkade med begär och konsumtion. Dessa begärs-diskurser misslyckas med att relatera till Veckorevyns egna kravställande feministiska policy. Policyn undermineras i det analyserade materialet då både män och kvinnor länkas till stereotypa drag av sexualitet och begär. Detta ligger även i linje med tidigare forskning av Anja Hirdman (2001:257).  Resultaten av den kritiska diskursanalysen indikerar att diskurserna av Veckorevyns egna anti-sexism- och feministiska policy kolliderar med en stereotyp kommersiell- och konsumentbaserad begärsdiskurs. Dessa resultat relaterar även till tidigare forskning av Veckorevyn av Anja Hirdman (2001). Sammantaget bidrar dessa indikationer till att ge en bild av Veckorevyns textproduktion riktat mot ett läsarideal av unga kvinnor som komplex, motsägelsefull och multidiskursiv plattform av idéer och värderingar. I likhet med Litosseliti (2006:121), kan Veckorevyns egna feministiska policy, som en del av en postfeministisk diskurs, bidra till att producera nya former av sexism med anledning av Veckorevyns motstridiga och stereotypa diskurser.

Denna uppsats har som avsikt att ta reda på hur två gym förmedlar värderingar runt träning i sina informerande webbtexter. Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på vilken läsarroll som erbjuds i texterna, vilken modelläsare som konstrueras och hur gymmen legitimerar träning. Studien utgår från det teoretiska ramverket Appraisal, som är en förlängning av den mer etablerade språkmodellen Systemisk funktionell grammatik. Materialet som ligger till grund för analysen är hämtade från SATS och Friskis&Svettis hemsidor. Metoden för den kvalitativa textanalysen grundar sig i appraisalteorin och fokuserar på att synliggöra avsändarnas subjektiva värderingar av vad träning är och vem den är till för. Resultatet visar att gymmen tillskriver författaren kunskapsauktoritet som skapar en accepterande läsarroll till textens innehåll och texten som källa. Modelläsaren hos Friskis&Svettis ser sin träning som en del av en kollektiv och prestationsfri gemenskap. Modelläsaren hos SATS ser däremot träning som ett individuellt behov och strävar efter utveckling. Analysen visar att gymmen legitimerar träning genom att förmedla ståndpunkten att den som tränar mår bättre samt att träning är något bra och eftersträvansvärt.

Nous avons étudié la spectroscopie et la dynamique d’excitation d’un système hybride constitué de molécules et de nanoparticules (NP) sur couche isolante, qui est aussi un catalyseur modèle (NP de Pd épitaxiées sur une couche mince de MgO sur Ag(100)). Nous avons mis en évidence le rôle de la forme et de la taille des NP ainsi que de l’épaisseur de la couche d’oxyde sur l’interaction entre NP et molécule de CO, par des expériences fondamentales capables de différentier les sites d’adsorption (spectroscopie laser vibrationnelle par somme de fréquences (SFG)). De plus, des expériences pompe-sonde nous ont permis de sonder la dynamique d’interaction des électrons excités dans les NP avec les molécules. Une analyse combinée par LEED et STM nous a permis de déterminer les meilleures conditions de croissance du film de MgO. Par la suite des NP de palladium ont été épitaxiées sur ce film avec une densité et une distribution de taille satisfaisantes. Les spectres SFG montre une forte dépendance de la fréquence de vibration avec la taille des NP et le taux de couverture en CO. Le modèle d’interaction dipolaire que nous avons développé met en évidence le fait que le déplacement de la fréquence de CO avec le taux de couverture et la taille des NP a deux causes : l’interaction dipolaire entre molécules d’une part, qui est modélisable, et d’autre part la variation de la liaison chimique molécule-substrat quand la couverture en adsorbats varie. Le modèle nous a permis de montrer que la polarisabilité vibrationnelle de CO varie d’environ 40 % dans notre gamme de taille de nanoparticule. La diminution de la force de la liaison chimique se traduit par la décroissance de la fréquence à couverture nulle avec la taille des NP. Ces variations vont dans le sens de la littérature : quand la taille des NP diminue, la densité d’états électroniques diminue, les liaisons Pd-Pd se contractent et l’énergie d’adsorption des molécules de CO diminue. L’excitation des électrons des NP et du substrat d’Ag se manifeste par une réponse spectroscopique et par la photodésorption de CO. On observe le découplage de l’excitation produite dans l’argent quand l’épaisseur de la couche d’oxyde dépasse quelques plans atomiques. On observe clairement un effet de taille sur l’efficacité de l’excitation électronique des NP sur les molécules de CO, qui diminue avec la taille des NP. Ceci montre que le confinement des électrons dans la particule a davantage pour effet d’augmenter la vitesse de relaxation électronique vers les phonons, que d’exciter plus efficacement les molécules adsorbées. Un modèle optique de double couche (NP/oxyde) sur un substrat d’argent et un modèle à trois températures (électrons, phonons et adsorbats) ont été développés dans le but d’interpréter quantitativement ces observations. Le modèle optique fait apparaître des variations très fortes de l’absorption par la couche de nanoparticules avec son épaisseur équivalente : les variations du coefficient de réflexion et l’effet des interférences multiples ne sont pas négligeables. Les résultats du modèle à trois températures montrent que la température électronique d’une couche continue est deux fois plus importante que celle des NP de taille finie. / We have studied the spectroscopy and excitation dynamics of a hybrid system consisting of molecules and nanoparticles (NPs) on insulating layer, which is also a model catalyst (Pd NPs grown on a thin layer of MgO on Ag(100)). We have highlighted the role of the shape and the NPs size as well as the thickness of the oxide layer in the interaction between NPs and CO molecules, by fundamental experiments allowing to differentiate the adsorption sites (Sum Frequency Generation (SFG)). In addition, pump-probe experiments allowed us to probe the dynamics of interaction between the photoexcited electrons bath in the NPs and the molecules. A combined study by LEED and STM allowed us to determine the growing conditions of MgO film. Subsequently palladium NPs were grown on this film with satisfying density and distribution size. The SFG spectra show a strong dependence of the vibrational frequency with the NPs size and the CO coverage. A dipole interaction model was developed showing that the CO frequency shift with the coverage and the NPs size has two causes: the dipolar interaction between molecules on the one hand, which is modeled, and on the other hand the variation of the molecule-substrate chemical bond when the adsorbate coverage varies. The model has allowed us to show that the vibrational polarizability of CO changes by 40 % in our range of NPs size. The decrease in the strength of the chemical bond results in the decrease of the frequency at zero coverage when the NPs size decreases. These variations are consistent with the literature: upon a decrease in the particle size, the electronic DOS decreases, the Pd-Pd bonds contract and the adsorption energy of CO molecules decreases. The electronic excitation of the NPs and the silver substrate manifested by the spectroscopic response and the CO photodesorption. We observed the decoupling of the electronic excitation produced in silver when the thickness of the oxide layer exceeds a few atomic planes. There is a clear size effect on the efficiency of electronic excitation of NPs on the CO molecules, which decreases as the NPs size decreases. This shows that the effect of electrons confinement in the particle rather consists in an increase in the relaxation rate of electrons to phonons, than in a more efficient excitation of the adsorbed molecules. A double-layer optical model (NP/oxide) on a silver substrate and a three-temperature model (electrons, phonons and adsorbates) have been developed to quantitatively interpret these observations. The optical model results show a very strong variation of the absorption intensity by the layer with its equivalent thickness: variation of the reflection and the effect of multiple interference are not negligible. The three temperatures model results show that the electronic temperature of a continuous layer is two times more important than in the case of finite size NPs.

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att med utgångspunkt i den systemisk-funktionella grammatiken (SFG) undersöka hur bilden av den ideala arbetssökande informatören/kommunikatören ser ut genom att analysera hur denne konstrueras i sex platsannonser hämtade från den ideella, offentliga och privata sektorn. Platsannonsernas innehåll och de kvalifikationer som efterfrågas samt hur modalitet bidrar till att realisera absoluta krav respektive önskemål analyseras. Teoretiskt bygger undersökningen på tanken att sociala identiteter konstrueras i texter. Begreppet den ideala sökande signalerar att det inte enbart är en läsarroll som konstrueras utan en bild som den potentiella sökande bör eftersträva. Undersökningen visar att den ideala sökande informatören/kommunikatören hösten 2013 är en välutbildad, yrkeserfaren generalist samt en driven, självgående, prestigelös person som kan samarbeta och ta egna initiativ. Kongruent förpliktelsemodalitet av hög grad visar sig vara den resurs som främst används för att realisera absoluta krav medan olika sorters "inpackad" modalitet främst realiserar önskemål.

Applying linear programming (LP) to spectroscopy techniques, such as IR, Raman and SFG, is a new approach to extract the molecular orientation information at surfaces. In Hung’s previous research, he has shown how applying LP results in the computational gain from O(n!) to O(n). However, this LP approach does not always return the known molecular orientation distribution information when mock spectral information is used to build the instance of the model. The first goal of our study is to figure out the cause for the failed LP instances. After that, we also want to know for different cases with what spectral information, can the correct molecular orientation be expected when using LP. To achieve these goals, a simplified molecular model is designated to study the nature of our LP model. With the information gained, we further apply the LP approach to various test cases in order to verify whether it can be systematically applied to different circumstances. We have achieved the following conclusions: with the help of simplified molecular model, the inability to extract a sufficient data set from the given spectral information to build the LP instances is the reason that the LP solver does not return the target composition. When candidates coming from one same molecule, even combining all three spectral information of IR, Raman and SFG, the data set extracted is still not sufficient in order to obtain the target composition for most cases. When candidates are coming from different molecules, Raman or SFG spectral information alone contains sufficient data set to obtain the target composition when candidates of each molecule expanded in [0◦, 90◦) on θ. When candidates of each molecule expanded in [0◦, 180◦] on θ, excluding 90◦, SFG spectral information needs to combine with IR or Raman in order to obtain the sufficient data set to obtain the target composition. When the slack variable is introduced to each spectral technique, for the case of candidates coming from different molecules, when candidates expanded in [0◦, 90◦) on θ, Raman spectral information carries sufficient data set to obtain the target composition. When candidates expanded in [0◦, 180◦] on θ, excluding 90◦, SFG and Raman spectral information together carries sufficient data set in order to obtain the target composition. / Graduate / chenfei.cp@gmail.com