The dissertation assesses how the state is building the relationships with the child as an individual who has rights. It obtains knowledge how children as a social group and as individuals are supported by Lithuanian social policy. The study reveals the construction of one of the main contexts of humanistic pedagogies, when in the analysis of relationships between children and adults children are in the centre. Research aim is to ground theoretically and to asses empirically the meaning of the social-educational contexts of child’s rights and policy in development of understanding of Lithuanian welfare state and to demonstrate it as a paradigm of new knowledge. This is an interdisciplinary qualitative study based on a postmodern paradigm of phenomenology which analyse social educational contexts of child’s policy and rights in the development of Lithuanian welfare state in the first decade of Independence 1990-2001 and compares with six OECD countries: Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom. The analysis is based on Esping-Andersen's typology of welfare states. The study has reveled that the pattern of Lithuanian welfare regime does not correspond the exact regime in Esping-Andersen's typology of welfare states from the perspective of children's policy. The development of Lithuanian children's policy demonstrates lack of understanding of a child as an individual and creates a weak background for child-oriented social-educational reconstructions. The study has... [to full text]

Poststructuralist and other critical analyses of sexuality, gender and identity are used to examine how New Zealand and Danish young adults drew on and challenged available discourses as they responded to representations of sexual interactions in the film Chasing Amy. The conversations about sexual practices in mixed gender, women only and men only focus groups illustrate the complex ways in which people construct their identities using subject positions available to them in different contexts as they responded to the movie, the talk of others and the researcher. The strengths and limitations of this approach to facilitating talk are examined as well as the conversations that occurred. The ways in which researchers in New Zealand and Denmark are themselves discursively positioned as theorists and investigators of gender and sexuality is also examined. The thesis illustrates how multiple connections and differences emerge across national and local environments. Talk about sexual negotiations among young adults recruited through university student networks suggests that assumptions about agency, sexual autonomy, reciprocity and women’s and men’s equal right to enjoy sex are still gendered while also challenging traditional understandings about men, women and sexual pleasure. This was, for example, highlighted in talk about receiving and giving oral sex in long-term heterosexual relationships and the ‘need’ for women to explore their bodies and become ‘capable (s)experts’ through masturbation. The thesis finally explores how gendered collective and individual identities sometimes intersect with social identities associated with ethnicity, religion, nationality and sexual identification. These intersections disrupt attempts in cross-national projects – including this thesis research – to form conclusions about national differences and other social identities.

Women are being elevated into more leadership roles in society - roles that have long been primarly held by men. Women are also rising within male-dominated professions, and recent studies indicate that more women are being placed in key management positions. In order to gain credibility in leadership, women must find a management style that exudes authority, but also corresponds with the expectations of appropriate female behavior within masculine organizational contexts. In examining women in roles that are traditionally held by men, we conducted an interview-study to investigate and analyze the communication strategies of female managers in male-dominated companies. The study included analysis of communication strategies used by women as compared to their male colleagues. We note that research in this area has previously been done, but there has been a fairly limited focus examining only female communication strategies. Our study shows that the women use a variety of communication strategies, rather than a single strategy, and the main conclusion we can draw is that the women are proficient in changing communication strategies and methods depending on their audience. The study also shows an unexpected fact that goes against the published research on female communication in typically male dominated roles: Women in male-dominated professions choose to take on the communication style of men, using straight, simple and factual communication, rather than detailed, less direct communication styles generally associated with women.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien var att undersöka om och hur lärare i ämnet idrott och hälsa, utbildade vid GIH arbetar normkritiskt utifrån faktorerna klass, kön och etnicitet. Vidare har ett syfte varit att undersöka vilka pedagogiska verktyg som de har fått från GIH för att förbereda dem att arbeta med dessa faktorer. Frågeställningar: Hur arbetar lärarna normkritiskt i sin undervisning utifrån klass, kön och etnicitet? Hur har lärarutbildningen vid GIH förberett lärarna att arbeta normkritiskt med dessa faktorer? Metod Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ utgångspunkt där djupintervjuer användes som metod. Urvalet bestod av fem idrottslärare som undervisar i gymnasieskolan. Samtliga respondenter har gått lärarprogrammet på GIH och arbetat maximalt tre år som idrottslärare. En intervjuguide utformades utifrån syftet och Lindströms modell av Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK). Vilken även användes vid analys av resultatet. Resultat Resultatet visar att de intervjuade lärarna till viss del arbetar normkritiskt när det gäller genus genom att ge utrymme för diskussion och genus-uppgifter. Resultatet visar även att lärarna i studien uppvisar pedagogiska ämneskunskaper när det gäller normer kring genus, något som saknas när det gäller normer kring klass och etnicitet. Vidare visar resultatet att alla respondenter fått en teoretisk utbildning från GIH när det gäller normer kring genus och en del praktiska kunskaper för tillämpning i undervisningen. När det kommer till teoretiska kunskaper gällande normer kring både klass och etnicitet delger alla respondenter att dessa kunskaper har ingått minimalt i undervisningen på GIH. De didaktiska kunskaperna kring samma normer menar alla intervjuade lärare att det saknades helt eller endast diskuterade vid ett fåtal tillfällen. Slutsats   Lärarna uppvisar liknande arbetssätt när det handlar om normkritisk pedagogik. Lärarna arbetar inte normkritiskt enligt Lindströms pedagogiska ämneskunskaps modell. Dock arbetar de normkritiskt till viss del då det handlar om genus, men detta arbete saknas när det kommer till faktorerna klass och etnicitet. Lärarna arbetar snarare aktivt med de normer och den värdegrund som styrdokumenten anger samt låter eleverna arbeta med genus på ett uppgiftsorienterat sätt. Att det ser ut på detta sätt kan kopplas till GIH:s lärarutbildning då den lägger fokus på genus medan de andra faktorerna hamnar i skymundan. / Aim The aim of the study was to investigate if and how Physical Education (PE) teachers, with an education from the Swedish school of sports and health science (GIH) and a maximum work experience of 3 years work with norm critical teaching according to the study factors social class, gender and ethnicity. Moreover, an aim has been to investigate what kind of pedagogical tools the interviewed teachers have received from GIH to prepare them how to teach with these factors in mind. Research questions: How do the teachers work norm critical in their teaching according to social class, gender and ethnicity? How has the teacher education at GIH prepared the teachers to work norm critical with these factors? Method The study was carried out in a qualitative perspective and in-depth interviews were used as research method. One PE teacher teaching in the Swedish compulsory school participated in the pilot interview and five PE teachers teaching at Swedish high schools participated in the study. All respondents in the study have finished a teacher program at GIH and a maximum of 3 years’ working experience as a PE teacher. An interview guide was created according to Lindström’s model of PCK. Results The Result shows that the interviewed teachers work in a norm critic way to some degree when it come to gender through discussions and gender tasks. Furthermore the result shows that the respondents show some sort of Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) when it comes to norms regarding gender, something that they do not have when it comes to norms regarding social background and ethnicity. Moreover the result shows that the respondents have acquired a theoretical knowledge and some practical knowledge about gender norms from GIH. When it comes to theoretical knowledge concerning social background and ethnicity norms all the respondents agree that this knowledge have been included minimally in their education. The didactical knowledge about these norms was not included in their education or was discussed at very few occasions. Conclusions The teachers of the study show similar working methods regarding norm critical pedagogy. According to Lindström’s PCK model, the teachers do not work norm critical. Though, they do in some extent work norm critical regarding gender, but this work does not exist regarding the factors social class and ethnicity. The teachers under study rather work actively with the norms and value principle stated by curriculum. Furthermore they work with gender in a task oriented way. The reason for this can be linked to GIH’s teacher program since the education focus on gender, the other factors, social class and ethnicity only is emphasized briefly during the education.

當代與飲食相關的媒介文本十分豐富，「古早味」更可說是其中討論不絕之重要主題，然而專論飲食懷舊現象的傳播研究卻不多，相關研究亦常將「懷舊」現象簡化為失真的歷史想像。 　　本研究聚焦於古早味書寫文本，認為對過往飲食經驗的懷舊反思具有正面意義，其乃「當代認同建構的過程」，且該建構論觀點也與敘事理論相互呼應。本文因此認為：觀察近年來盛行的古早味媒介文本，應可描繪當代社會的認同形貌。 　　研究發現，古早味敘事乃透過回憶場景、童年節日時光、直系長輩親人等來營造幸福質樸的懷舊氛圍。而個人身世背景、離散經驗與高度現代化社會下的焦慮皆成為結構性壓力，敘事者得以「親情聯繫」、「飲食意義」為刺點並以繼承尋根方式統合建構認同。 / The media texts of “Taiwanese retro food” increase gradually recently. However, there are few communication researches focus on this important phenomenon. Moreover, those researches also simplify nostalgia as “distortive imagination of history” constantly. 　Therefore, this paper aims to argue that the introspection of the past is the progress of identity construction and is also related to narrative theory. Through analysing contemporary media texts of retro food, we probably may depict the appearance of social identity of the time. 　Accordingly, the research found that nostalgic aura was cultivated by the narrative of the important scenes, good old times, and close family members. And the narrators tended to construct personal identity through pursuing family love and holding value of retro food.

I min kvalitativa studie har jag genom textanalyser, intervjuer och receptionsanalys undersökt hur kvinnor och män framställs i reklam. Genom att göra denna triangulering har jag kunnat belysa forskningsfrågorna från olika håll och därför fått en tydligare helhetsbild. Syftet med uppsatsen är att öka förståelsen för om och hur, kvinnor och män könsstereotypiseras i reklam, samt hur de resonerar kring detta. Jag har även i uppsatsen undersökt om det går att urskilja mönster eller teman i hur kvinnor och män resonerar om den som könsstereotypiserats är av motsatt kön. För att undersöka forskningsfrågorna tar uppsatsen avstamp i, anmälda reklamers bedömningar som gjorts av näringslivets självreglering gällande reklam och marknadskommunikation, Reklamombudsmannen och Reklamombudsmannens opinionsnämnd. Undersökningen visar att såväl kvinnor som män, är bra på att uppfatta könsstereotypisering och görandet av kön i reklam. En av de i uppsatsen utvalda reklamerna blev inte fälld av Reklamombudsmannens opinionsnämnd, men både jag och informanter kunde identifiera könsstereotyper och könsmarkörer i den. Samtliga informanter uttryckte sig uppfatta könsstereotyper gällande både kvinnor och män, i de för uppsatsen utvalda reklamerna. Analysen visar också att individen i sig, verkar ha större betydelse för hur och om informanterna resonerar kring könsstereotypisering, än deras fysiska kön. / In my qualitative study, I examined textual analyses, interviews and reception analysis of how women and men are portrayed in advertising. By doing this triangulation, I have been able to highlight the research questions from different angles and therefore gotten a clearer general picture. The purpose of the essay is to increase understanding of whether and how, women and men are gender stereotyped in advertising and how they reason about this. I have also examined whether it is possible to distinguish patterns or themes, in how women and men reason if the gender-stereotyped is of the opposite sex. In order to analyse the research questions, the essay takes off in the assessments of notified advertisings made by industry's self-regulation regarding advertising and marketing communications, Reklamombudsmannen and Reklamombudsmannens opinionsnämnd. The survey shows that both women and men are good at perceiving gender stereotyping and the making of gender, in advertising. One of the selected advertisements was not convicted by Reklamombudsmannens opinionsnämnd, but both me and informants could identify gender stereotypes and gender markers in it. All informants expressed themselves to perceive gender stereotypes regarding both women and men, in the, for the essay chosen, advertisements. The analysis also shows that the individual itself, seems to be more important for how and if the informants reason about gender stereotyping, than their sex.

Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-11T18:39:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Gessé de Souza Silva.pdf: 2297152 bytes, checksum: 5787b0b93213b9cf2f9cafe807ad31ba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-25T15:20:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Gessé de Souza Silva.pdf: 2297152 bytes, checksum: 5787b0b93213b9cf2f9cafe807ad31ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-25T15:20:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Gessé de Souza Silva.pdf: 2297152 bytes, checksum: 5787b0b93213b9cf2f9cafe807ad31ba (MD5) / Esta pesquisa visou dois objetivos. O primeiro deles foi descrever compreensivamente a experiência da agressão sexual envolvendo mulheres adultas fora do espaço doméstico. O segundo, decorrente do anterior, foi analisar os processos de paralisação e/ou recomposição existencial que podem se constituir. A consecução destes objetivos exigiu a discussão em maior relevo das seguintes temáticas: a temporalidade, o corpo, a culpabilidade e o trauma. As análises são guiadas pela fenomenologia. Em especial, realizou-se uma revisão do conceito de trauma, veiculado em quatro interpretações: a psicanalítica, a psiquiátrica, a auto-terapêutica, difundida nos livros de auto-ajuda, e a do senso comum. Buscou-se apontar os limites de tais perspectivas na compreensão dos chamados “efeitos” da agressão sexual. A descrição detalhada da experiência de 14 (quatorze) mulheres violentadas na cidade de São Salvador – Bahia – e entrevistadas ao longo de três anos (2004-2006), permitiu questionar as concepções usuais do trauma. Pois estas se caracterizam: 1. pela pouca relevância dada à pesquisa dos contextos de interação social após a violência como elementos essenciais da construção de sentidos para a experiência; 2. por apresentarem uma concepção de causalidade linear, ora focada no poder traumático da violência em si mesma, ora destacando as fragilidades psicológicas dos indivíduos afetados. Ao longo da apresentação dos resultados, é definida a noção de construção social do trauma, para se referir às diversas dinâmicas sociais que dificultam ou obstaculizam a retomada do cotidiano após as agressões. Em tais processos, enfatiza-se o lugar da dimensão macrossocial ligada a questões como: a estigmatização, a radicalização do mundo da interioridade; o discurso social culpabilizante e o conseqüente bloqueio do partilhar narrativo de experiências aflitivas. Através da história de vida de três mulheres, tenta-se descrever a complexa dinâmica da normalização que envolve: o engajamento corporal em novos projetos, a construção de sentidos a partir da situação biográfica e a criatividade nas reformulações do cotidiano. This research aimed two goals: first, comprehensively describe the sexual aggression experience involving adult women out of domestic space, and second, resulting from the former, analyze the existential paralysis and/or recomposing processes that may happen in such cases. The accomplishment of both objectives required a discussion that gave emphasis to the subjects as follows: the temporality, the body, the feelings of guilty, and the trauma. The analyses were guided by the phenomenology. Primarily, a review of the trauma concept, broached in four interpretations, was carried out: the psychoanalytical, the psychiatric, the self-therapeutic (mainstream in self-help books), and the common sense. One tried to indicate the limits of such perspectives in an attempt to understand the so-called “sexual aggression effects”. The detailed description of fourteen cases of raped women living in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, result of interviews carried out for three years (2004-2006), allowed the questioning of the usual concepts of trauma. Such concepts characterize themselves by 1) give little importance to the research of contexts of social interaction after the violence as essential elements to the “making” of senses for the experience and 2) present a linear causality concept sometimes focused on the traumatic power of the violence itself, sometimes emphasizing the psychological weakness of the affected individual. Through the presentation of the results the idea of social construction of the trauma was defined in order to refer to the various social complex dynamics that impair or create obstacles to starting over their routine after the aggression. Under such circumstances, one should think of the macro-social dimension as having a relevant connection with subjects like stigmatization, inner world radicalization, guilty social speech and the consequent blockage of the afflictive experiences narrative sharing. Through three raped women’s stories one tries to describe the complex dynamics of normalization that involves “the bodily” engagement in new existential projects, the “building” of meaningfulness from the biographical situation and the creativity on reformulating the day-by-day.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-08-18T18:46:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Moreira Zanini.pdf: 1290506 bytes, checksum: 41c7c0924876851a82287822dd335ffe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Moreira Zanini.pdf: 1290506 bytes, checksum: 41c7c0924876851a82287822dd335ffe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / We realized that the traditional paradigms are now considered singular and dictatorial. On the other hand, sets out a new meaning whose north is the “political correctness”. Understanding the advertising as a socio-cultural product, this research is initially a bibliographic study, aimed the conceptualization and analysis of issues related to your theme. With this properly seized context, a pragmatic discourse analysis was performed on a corpus of advertisements aired between 2009 and 2014, on brazilian television through open format. Our investigation focused on the ways that elements postulated by politically correct thinking are being added to advertiser gender, in constructions of meaning. We could observe a rebuke trend of certain groups to advertising content that touch on very specific themes, with interpretations marked by a high degree of subjectivity; and what is being sought, oftentimes, through an empowerment permitted by our present context, is in fact the suppression of certain themes within the advertising communication. / Ao que se percebe, paradigmas até então vigentes passam a ser considerados singulares e ditatoriais. Em contrapartida, estabelece-se uma nova acepção, cujo norte é o pensar “politicamente correto”. Entendendo a publicidade como um produto sociocultural, essa pesquisa inicialmente é bibliográfica visando à conceituação e análise de questões inerentes ao seu tema. Com este contexto devidamente apreendido, uma análise pragmática do discurso foi realizada em um corpus de anúncios publicitários veiculados entre 2009 e 2014, no meio televisivo brasileiro de formato aberto. Nossa investigação se concentrou nos modos com que os elementos postulados pelo pensamento politicamente correto vêm sendo incorporados ao gênero publicitário em construções de sentido. Pudemos observar uma tendência de repreensão de determinados grupos a conteúdos publicitários que tocam em temáticas muito específicas, com interpretações marcadas por um alto grau de subjetividade; e o que se busca muitas vezes, através de um empoderamento permitido por nosso contexto atual, é mesmo a supressão de determinadas temáticas dentro da comunicação publicitária.

L'éducation sexuelle est d'abord culturelle, chaque culture a une définition de la sexualité qui se construit socialement et se pérennise au sein des familles. Si elle a longtemps été inexistante et silencieuse dans les familles de culture arabo-islamique, les filles de migrantes se sont vues remettre en question certains principes de leur culture d'origine et adopter une éducation sexuelle différente de celle de leur mère, alliant éducation religieuse et vision occidentale. Elles mettent en place des stratégies éducatives basées sur la quête de sens, la logique, la raison et la religion. Pour ce faire, elles transmettent une morale et se réfèrent bien souvent aux textes scripturaires pour convaincre leurs filles des bienfaits d'une sexualité axée sur la préservation. Elles insistent également sur la différence avec les « autres ». Afin d'appréhender au mieux l'éducation à la sexualité telle qu'elle a lieu dans les familles de culture arabo-islamique, notre enquête s'est étendue sur deux terrains de recherche : la France et la Kabylie. Ce choix a notamment permis de mieux saisir les évolutions à l’œuvre dans les familles françaises et de comprendre comment la trajectoire migratoire a transformé le rapport que les femmes entretiennent aux différentes formes de sexualités / Sex education is firstly cultural. Sexuality is a social construction which is being perpetuated inside families. For a long time, it has been inexistent and silent within Arab-Muslim families. Today, mothers are concerned about their culture and some principles. They adopted a new sex education, different from their mother's, combining religion and western vision. They are opting for educational strategies based on the quest of meaning, logic, reason and religion. That is why they transmit a morality and often refer to scriptural texts to convince their daughters about the benefits of a sexuality based on preservation. They insist on the “others” differences.

Cette thèse, basée sur une approche qualitative, étudie les dynamiques de la pauvreté dans la campagne égyptienne à travers le cas du village de Nazlet Salmân (gouvernorat d’Assiout, Haute Égypte). L’objectif était de comprendre la nature de ces dynamiques au niveau du groupe domestique, et d’analyser les dynamiques et les changements à plusieurs échelles (macro et micro). Le cadre théorique choisi est la construction sociale de la pauvreté. L'étude a démontré que l'identification et la définition, par les villageois, de « celui qui est pauvre » et « celui qui ne l’est pas », est constitué principalement en fonction des considérations locales, selon un ensemble de critères liés à l'accès aux ressources, aux revenus, aux dépenses et au statut social. En face, le concept de pauvreté adopté par l'État est défectueux, et malgré sa correspondance avec le concept local sur le revenu, il ne tient pas compte des ressources et se limite uniquement à la « pauvreté extrême ». La principale finalité recherchée par les pauvres est de parvenir à la « sécurité sociale », en s’appuyant sur des stratégies multiples, fondées sur la diversification des sources de revenus et d'emplois dans l'agriculture et hors agriculture, par l’émigration de travail, par l'exploitation des individus et des ressources de la famille. A chaque fois que la possession de terre disparait ou diminue pour une famille, l’instabilité et l’insécurité sociale s’accroissent. L'État a joué un rôle majeur dans l'appauvrissement des paysans à travers des politiques agricoles et des conceptions du développement qui ne correspondent pas aux besoins et aux désirs des pauvres. / This thesis is based on a qualitative approach to study the dynamic of poverty in the egyptian countryside, through the case study of the village of Nazlet Salmân, located in the Asyut governorate, in Upper Egypt. This study was initially aimed at understanding the nature of the dynamic of poverty at the level of the domestic group, and analyzed these dynamics or changes on a variety of scales (micro and macro). For this study, the social construction of poverty has been used as the theoretical framework. The study showed that the concept of poverty among the village poor is mainly based on local considerations that play a key role in the “identification and definition” of the one who is poor and the one who is not, according to a set of criteria based on the evaluation of access to resources, income, expenditure and social status. Also, the concept adopted by the State is defective, and despite the intersection with the local concept of “income”, it does not include resources, but is limited only to “extreme poverty”. The main objective sought by the poor is to achieve social stability and security. In fact it relies on multiple strategies based on the diversification of means of income and employment inside and outside the agricultural sector, the labour migration, the exploitation of both the individuals and the family resources to achieve it. Each time a family’s land disappears or diminishes, this family experiences more social instability and insecurity. The study has shown also the role the state played in the peasant’s impoverishment through its agricultural politics and its vision of development which did not meet the poor’s needs and desires.