In a statistical report of the year 2005, Brå informs that the Middle East and North African immigrants are overrepresented in crime in Sweden. Also, in a previous study in Cameroon, I realized that the Bamileke folk (originating from the West Cameroon) is mostly represented in the minor district of the Central Prison of Douala - Cameroon. In an attempt to understand crime perpetrated by migrants, scholars have suggested the unpleasant context of migration, the strain encountered by the migrants as a result of social exclusion, the fact that migrants live in disorganized area where it is more likely to find criminals and the clash of culture between migrants and the natives of the society where they settle. The aim of my research is to find out, on the basis of these four parameters, if it could be possible to understand how the process of criminalization of migrants, in the society where they settle, occurs. In this research, I focus on juvenile delinquency. In order to perform the research and attempt to answer the question, I made of use documentary analysis backed up with data gathered from experience, unstructured observation and interviews I performed among the minority groups. The results of my research do not support that the unpleasant context of exit might be a factor leading to criminalization in the particular case of minority’s youth. It also suggests that it is not the minority’s culture that makes them to be labelled as criminals; it is rather the essentialized perception of the minority group’s culture as being a threat to the dominant group’s values and interests, which contributes in labelling a minority group as criminals. In return, labelling people of the minority group as criminals contributes to their discrimination in the society, thus making them to develop criminal attitudes in order to escape the strain they encounter through discrimination; as this occurs, the young migrant may internalize the idea that he is criminal as a result of a self-fulfilling prophecy. Discrimination contributes also in making the minority group to settle in disorganized areas where criminal activities are more likely to occur among youths. These findings are important because it might help to understand the risk of criminalizing some actions as belonging to a minority group’s culture. Indeed, doing so seems to reinforce the labelling of people of the minority group as criminal without proper analysis that may explain why they chose to act the way they act. It furthers their discrimination in the society which in turn may force them to use illegal ways to respond to the strain they encounter through discrimination.

Being socially excluded seriously threatens individuals’ need to belong and emotional well-being. This article investigates to what extent different coping strategies help overcome these detrimental effects: thinking about real-life friends/enemies (i.e., orthosocial relationships, OSRs) and thinking about (dis)liked media characters (i.e., parasocial relationships, PSRs). Across three experiments (NPilot = 129, NStudy1 = 132, NStudy2 = 855), we first induced social exclusion using a virtual ball-tossing game. Afterward, we manipulated different relationship types and valences and compared them to non- or less-relational control conditions. As hypothesized, belongingness and emotional well-being increased from pre- to post-coping. This effect was fully mediated by perceived relationship closeness to the respective person(a). Highlighting that PSRs represent more than surrogates (i.e., secondary replacements of OSR), both relationship types did not differ in coping effectiveness. Moreover, positive relationships were more effective in fulfilling both coping goals than negative ones.

Bisher finden subjektive Bewertungen von Erreichbarkeiten durch individuelle Verkehrsnutzer in den Verkehrswissenschaften und der Verkehrsplanung noch kaum Beachtung. Objektive Maßzahlen bestimmen einen Großteil der Theorie und Praxis. Auch die Zusammenhänge zwischen Mobilität und Wohlbefinden einerseits und zwischen Mobilität und gesellschaftlicher Inklusion andererseits sind noch wenig erforscht. Insbesondere im Hinblick auf benachteiligte, von Exklusion betroffene Menschen bestehen große Wissenslücken. Diese Arbeit sucht sich theoretisch und methodologisch den Mobilitätsbedürfnissen sozial benachteiligter Bevölkerungsgruppen anzunähern, um zu helfen, die vorherrschenden Defizite abzubauen. Ergebnis soll ein umfassender Katalog aus Empfehlungen für ein Forschungsdesign sein, der zukünftigen wissenschaftlichen Projekten Anleitung bietet. Neben der interdisziplinären Studie wissenschaftlicher Literatur stellen Experteninterviews die zentrale methodische Herangehensweise dar. Obschon für das Forschungsdesign bei bisherigen Forschungsarbeiten zu thematisch verwandten Themenstellungen vielfach Anleihen genommen werden können, muss ein eigenes methodisches Vorgehen gestaltet werden. Denn Eigenschaften, die häufig bei sozial Benachteiligten vorkommen, machen ein ganz der Zielgruppe angepasstes Verfahren notwendig. Zahlreiche weitere Schritte, insbesondere Testläufe der methodischen Empfehlungen, werden notwendig sein, um Mobilitätsbedürfnisse angemessen erheben zu können.

The aim of the thesis is to describe and analyse development partnership as an organisational form for governing and organising developmental work. The partnerships studied in this thesis are within the EU initiative EQUAL, aimed at combating discrimination and exclusion in working life and the labour market. The empirical material consists of quantitative and qualitative data such as interviews, participant observations and a questionnaire. The theoretical approach is derived from theories on political governing and organisation theory focusing developmental work. Another theoretical orientation is a neo institutional approach to organisation where partnerships are understood as results of complex economic, political and social processes which alter and edit the idea of partnerships. The results indicate that the idea of partnerships, as it is put forward in the EQUAL-programme documents, involves a number of positive values and prerequisites for successful and democratic development work. However, the findings show that partnership is not a quick fix to complex societal problems. Combining top-down and bottom-up strategies, democracy and effectiveness, development and planning and working in equal relations are all dilemmas that become visible when the idea of partnerships is put into practice. These dilemmas are discussed as contradictory elements in the idea of partnership and organising development. / Syftet med avhandlingen är att beskriva och analysera utvecklingspartnerskap som ett sätt att styra och organisera utvecklingsarbete. De studerade partnerskapen var verksamma inom Europeiska Socialfondens programsatsning EQUAL med syfte att motverka diskriminering och exkludering på arbetsmarknaden och i arbetslivet. Det empiriska materialet är genererat ur kvalitativa intervjuer, deltagande observation och en enkätundersökning. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna är ett politiskt styrningsperspektiv och teorier om organisering av utveckling. Vidare används nyinstitutionell organisationsteori för att analysera partnerskapen i relation till en samhällskontext bestående av komplexa ekonomiska, politiska och sociala processer. Resultaten visar att idén om partnerskap i programdokument för EQUAL förknippas med universellt positiva värden och förutsättningar för ett lyckat och demokratiskt utvecklingsarbete. Resultat från de studerade partnerskapen visar dock att partnerskap inte är en enkel lösning för att organisera utvecklingsarbete kring komplexa samhällsproblem. Att kombinera “top-down”- och “bottom-up” – strategier, demokrati och effektivitet, utveckling och styrning och att arbeta i jämlika relationer är dilemman som blir synliga när partnerskapsidén omsätts till praktik. Dessa dilemman diskuteras som motsägelsefulla beståndsdelar av idén om partnerskap som organiseringsform för utvecklingsarbete. / NTG Partnerskap

Ce mémoire s’inscrit dans un contexte où les inégalités sociales ne cessent d’augmenter. Dans les sociétés occidentales, le fossé entre les riches et les pauvres se creuse de plus en plus et celui-ci influence les inégalités de santé. À Montréal, il existe un écart d’espérance de vie de plus de dix ans entre les résidents des quartiers les plus riches et ceux des plus pauvres. Ce mémoire se penche sur ce phénomène en s’attardant aux liens entre les inégalités de santé et le sentiment d’appartenance des résidentes d’Hochelaga-Maisonneuve. À travers l’analyse d’un corpus de données recueillies par une recension des écrits, par des entretiens semi-dirigés ainsi que par des séances d’observations participantes, des pistes de réflexion à ce sujet s’en dégagent. Après avoir exposé une recension des écrits brossant les principaux concepts utilisés dans ce mémoire, ainsi qu’un cadre méthodologique décrivant la cueillette de données et le contexte de l’étude, la perception qu’ont les répondantes de leur santé, ainsi que les facteurs y contribuant sont adressés. Les inégalités de santé étant comprises au-delà de leur aspect individuel, ce projet met de l’avant l’importance des environnements physique et social ainsi que des dynamiques d’inclusion et d’exclusion sur la création de celles-ci. / This thesis was conducted amidst a context of growing social inequalities. In our western societies the gap between rich and poor is widening which influence health inequalities. In Montreal, there is a ten year gap in life expectancy between rich and poor. This thesis is linking health inequalities with a sense of belonging of women living in Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, an area of Montreal. Through datas, gathered by litterature review, interviews and participant observation, we opened up areas to think about our theme. First of all, we write a literature review which describes the basic concepts as health, sense of belongings and social inclusion or exclusion, of this project. The methodology is explained through data collection and the context of the study. After, health is studied through women’s perception and factors which are contributing to it. The fourth chapter is studying the impact of physical and social environment on health. Finally, social exclusions are linked with health inequalities. Consequently, this project is not only understanding health inequalities by their individual aspects.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

The Graduation work "Coherence between social environment and conversion to extremism" sets forth an insight into the issue of extremism and socially excluded locations.The aim of the work was to find relations between these two notions. The extremist scene in the Czech Republic was described in details as well as the crime connected to extremism, and psychological expert account of extremist crime perpetrators. Further, the situation of socially excluded locations was introduced, their increase within recent years, and especially problems of children growing up in these locations. Also were mentioned possible mental deprivations, which may occur at children from these location. In the practical part, 37 directed interviews were carried out with Czech extremist parties (both right and left - wing) members. Based on these interviews a conclusion was reached, whether life in socially excluded location may influence an individual's eventual conversion to extremism.

This thesis focuses on the education of secondary school pupils who are socially disadvantaged. It presents the phenomenon of social disadvantage in the context of education and current legislation. It also describes the current situation and the causes of social disadvantage, particularly the role of the family, and also focuses on pupils and their families from socially excluded localities. A significant amount of space is dedicated to descriptions of the manifestations of social disadvantage in school, the diagnosis of social disadvantage, and the specific education of socially disadvantaged pupils, especially the principles of such education. The goals of this thesis are to demonstrate the effect of social disadvantage on secondary school pupils and to highlight possible solutions to this phenomenon within the education system, the possibilities for support in education, and the role of the school social worker in eliminating the impacts of social disadvantage in education. The thesis also contains case histories of socially disadvantaged female pupils as a demonstration of the professional and important work of the school social worker. KEYWORDS education, social disadvantage, socially disadvantaged pupils, secondary school, social exclusion, school social worker

The theme of this thesis is a conceptualization of media discourse of social inadaptability on example of news reporting on the internet portal iDNES.cz. I am analysing various ideological resources and social conditions which may influence the existence and prevailing of this discourse type. My goal was also to answer the question which social groups and individuals are associated with this label and what characteristics are attributed to them by journalists. The survey examined media texts from 2006 to 2009 within theoretical and methodological framework of the critical discourse analysis by Norman Fairclough.

The final thesis presents findings of the nongovernmental non-profit organizations' entrepreneurial activities in the Czech Republic. The aim of the thesis was to find out if NGOs fulfil criteria for social firm according to defined standards. NGOs necessarily run a business to get additional money for their activities to substitute diminishing state funds. The research focused on NGOs' entrepreneurship was done by electronic questionnaire within this thesis. Its purpose is to inform about motivation, risks, problems, personal characteristics and financial sustainability of social firms. The study has evidence that none of the respondents from Czech NGOs fully met standards' requirements. The organizations usually are not able to earn at least 50 % of the firm's turnover through sales of goods and services and also 25 - 55 % of the workforce is not disadvantaged in gaining employment.