Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal o estudo da não-participação de mulheres em situação de pobreza em cursos oferecidos por um Centro de Referência de Assistência Social (CRAS), localizado em município do Estado de São Paulo. Por meio de metodologia qualitativa baseada na psicologia sócio-histórica, foram entrevistadas três mulheres, buscando-se apreender os sentidos atribuídos por elas a tais cursos. Os resultados evidenciaram que as entrevistadas atribuem valor positivo aos cursos mas que não os relacionam com a possibilidade de obter melhorias significativas em suas vidas. Suas formas de agir parecem basear-se essencialmente em necessidades emergenciais, sem que sejam traçadas estratégias para o alcance de determinados objetivos a médio e longo prazo. Evidenciaram também a importância das relações sociais de gênero na determinação de suas escolhas. As falas das entrevistadas apontaram para a existência de acentuadas divisões de poder e de trabalho na esfera familiar, com o homem ocupando o lugar de autoridade, ficando reservado a elas, principalmente, o cuidado com os filhos, o marido e a casa. Mesmo quando trabalham fora, os fundamentos patriarcais familiares não parecem ser abalados. Esses resultados encontram ressonância com aqueles obtidos em pesquisas com temática semelhante. Invertendo a direção do olhar, também foi discutida a questão dos cursos, concluindo-se que o oferecimento dessas modalidades específicas não é condizente com aquilo que é preconizado pelo novo paradigma da Assistência Social. Concluiu-se que são necessários amplos debates e estudos sobre como devem ser organizados os serviços oferecidos pelos CRAS, para que estejam, de fato, em sintonia com os objetivos propostos. / The objective of this research was to study the non-participation of women from lower social classes in courses offered by a Social Service Assistance Reference Center (or CRAS, in Portuguese), in a municipality of the State of São Paulo. Using a qualitative methodology based on socio-historical psychology, interviews were conducted with three women aiming at learning the meanings attributed by them to those courses. Results pinpointed the positive aspect of those courses in the viewpoint of those women, though they dont relate them to an eventual possibility of attaining a significant improvement of their lives. Their behavior seems to be fundamentally based on urgent needs, not as evidence of planned strategies to achieve defined objectives in medium and long run. Another conclusion was the importance of social relations of gender in the determination of their choices. Their manifestations made clear the existence of profound sexual divisions of power and work in the family environment, with man occupying the authoritative place, resting to the women the role of caring for children, husband, and home. Even when these women have a place in the work market, family patriarchal elements dont seem to be challenged. Such results are supported by others obtained from studies of similar nature. From the opposite point of view, courses were also discussed and the conclusion was that the offer of such specific modalities is not in agreement with the new paradigm proposed by Social Assistance. The conclusion is that ample debate and studies on how the courses offered by CRAS should be organized are necessary, so that they could really attend their proposed objectives.

The diploma thesis deals with the approaches of Roma parents living in socially excluded localities in Chomutov to the education of their children. The thesis deals with the issue of social exclusion in the Czech Republic and also in the locality of Chomutov. The thesis also informs about the so-called Strategic Plan for Social Inclusion for the years 2017-2020, which was prepared for the city of Chomutov, in cooperation with the city management and the Agency for Social Inclusion and describes in detail the Local Inclusion Plan, which forms an important part of the Strategic Plan for Social Inclusion . It also deals with the issue of education and education for Roma children, segregation of Roma children in schools, inclusive education. The work also deals with Roma parents, Roma children and their pupil role, their social environment with respect to the fulfillment of the given goal. Furthermore, it informs about the personality of a teacher who works with Roma children at school and his / her competences. As a method of data collection, the method of individual interviews with Roma parents was used to achieve the chosen goal. At the end of this work there is a summary of the results of the analysis and recommendations for improving the access of Roma parents in the area of their children. These...

How does the satisfaction (or the lack of satisfaction) of the innate need to have meaningful interpersonal relationships affects behavioural self-regulation? How does having/lacking interpersonal relatedness impact one’s perception of future interpersonal relationships? This doctoral dissertation aimed to answer these two fundamental questions by integrating the views of two complementary theories, need to belong theory (NBT; Baumeister & Leary, 1995) and self-determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000). Using a series of two laboratory experiments and one longitudinal study, this thesis examined the effects of social exclusion and inclusion on satisfaction of basic psychological needs, self-determined motivation, and self-regulation of behaviours. In Study 1 (N=72), social exclusion and inclusion were manipulated in order to examine their effects on the satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs proposed by SDT, that is the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Findings from this first experiment revealed that social exclusion decreases satisfaction of the three needs, whereas social inclusion increases satisfaction of these needs when compared to the control condition. Furthermore, significant differences were found between the exclusion condition and the inclusion condition for the reported levels of satisfaction of the needs for competence and relatedness. The effects of social exclusion and inclusion on basic needs satisfaction were further investigated in Study 2 (N=70); also, the second study examined how self-determined motivation and behavioural self-regulation are affected. More specifically, it tested whether participants’ persistence at a laboratory task, as well as their intentions for a future peer interaction (intentions to compete against a peer participant and intentions to collaborate with a peer participant) are influenced by social exclusion and inclusion, through the meditating effects of basic needs satisfaction and self-determined motivation. The results suggested that social exclusion, via the effects of basic needs and motivation decreases peer collaboration, whereas social inclusion was shown to have an opposite effect on peer collaboration. The effect of condition via the mediating effects of basic needs satisfaction and motivation failed to predict persistence at the task and peer competition. Lastly, Study 3 (N=624) assessed naturally occurring social exclusion and inclusion in a population of junior high school students. This third study investigated the independent contributions of SDT and NBT in the prediction of academic motivation and high school dropout. Peer relatedness, perceived needs support from parents, and perceived needs support from teachers were examined as potential predictors of academic motivation and high school dropout. Findings suggested that peer relatedness plays an important role in the prediction of academic motivation, but, that perceived needs support from parents and perceived needs support from teachers are stronger predictors of that outcome. Results from this study also revealed that peer relatedness contributes to the prediction of high school dropout, beyond what can be explained by academic motivation, perceived needs support from parents, and perceived needs support from teachers. However, perceived needs support from parents was shown to be the most essential predictor of high school dropout. In sum, findings from this doctoral dissertation suggested that social exclusion has detrimental effects on one’s motivation and behavioural self-regulation. In contrast, social inclusion fosters social support which promotes satisfaction of the basic psychological needs, self-determined motivation, and successful self-regulation. This doctoral thesis contributed to the application of SDT and NBT by comparing elements of the two complementary frameworks. It also offered an original contribution to research on social exclusion and inclusion by examining their impacts on self-determined motivation, and basic needs satisfaction, as well as testing them in both the laboratory setting and the natural setting.

Sport is a cultural phenomenon that has spread throughout the world (Harvey & Houle, 1994). For youth, sport is perceived as a context that can play a major role in person’s psychosocial development across their life-span (Danish, Petitpas, & Hale, 2007). However, despite the increase in research in this field, very little work has examined how sport may play a role in the psychosocial development of youth with intellectual disabilities (ID). Moreover, an area of study that has also grown related to the lived experiences of individuals living with a disability including ID is social inclusion (SI). Similar to research related to psychosocial development, very little research has been conducted to examine whether the context of sport can foster social inclusion for youth with ID. Special Olympics Canada (SOC) is an organization “dedicated to enriching the lives of Canadians with an intellectual disability through sport” (SOC, 2010, “SOC Mission Statement”, para.1) and may be an organization that has the potential to positively impact the lives of its youth participants. Thus, the purpose of this research was to examine whether stakeholders perceived SO as impacting the psychosocial development and social inclusion. The results indicated that SO, by all stakeholders, is perceived as an organization that is facilitating the psychosocial development of its athletes through the incorporation of strong social support networks and the development of life skills. In addition, SO was perceived as facilitating social inclusion for youth, particularly in the context of school and their surrounding community.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether parents that obtain long-term maintenance support in Enköping, consider the support as adequate when trying to meet their children's basic needs. The thesis also intends to investigate whether parents experience that their children, because they receive income support, have been socially excluded or stigmatized in their daily lives because of the family’s maintenance support. Further, the thesis aims to examine if there are any discrepancies in the above mentioned issue in relation to how long the parents have received maintenance support. Theoretical starting points used in this thesis mainly consist of the child perspective, social exclusion and the stigmatization theory. The empirical data is based on questionnaires and thus the method for the investigation is of a quantitative nature. Because of the small number of respondents and the large non-respond rate it is important to emphasize that the result merely shows tendencies among the respondents and therefore cannot be seen as a general opinion among all parents who receives long-term maintenance support. The results of the questionnaires show that parents consider the money to be sufficient to a greater extent when meeting the children's need of food and hygiene and to a lesser extent when it comes to clothing, shoes and recreational activities. The results further indicate a variation among the parents’ perception when it comes to social exclusion and the ability to meet their children’s need of recreational activities. The results in regards to possible stigmatization illustrates that the majority of the parents in the survey had not experienced that their financial situation had led to a different or unequal treatment of their children. However, the results shows that there is differences in the way parents think about the above questions in relation to how long they received income support. / Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vad föräldrar, som långvarigt uppburit försörjningsstöd i Enköpings kommun, anser avseende att kunna tillgodose sina barns grundläggande behov. Syftet är också att undersöka om föräldrarna anser att deras barn, på grund av att de uppbär försörjningsstöd, har socialt exkluderats och stigmatiserats i sitt dagliga liv. Därtill syftar undersökningen till att studera om det finns någon skillnad i föräldrarnas syn kring ovanstående frågor i förhållande till hur lång tid som de har uppburit försörjningsstöd. Teoretiska utgångspunkter är barnperspektiv, social exkludering och stigmateori. Det empiriska materialet bygger på enkätformulär och således är metoden för undersökningen av ett kvantitativt slag. Det är viktigt att poängtera att studiens stora bortfall innebär att det inte är möjligt att generalisera resultaten till populationen. Därmed kan vi enbart uttala oss om de 13 respondenter som besvarat enkäten. Resultaten visar att föräldrarna i högre utsträckning anser att pengarna räcker till att tillgodose barnens behov av mat och hygien och i mindre utsträckning till kläder och skor samt fritidsaktiviteter. Avseende social exkludering finns det en variation i hur föräldrarna anser att de har ekonomiskt utrymme att tillgodose sina barns behov av olika fritidsaktiviteter. Dock visar resultaten att alla föräldrar i någon utsträckning anser att de inte har kunnat tillgodose barnens behov av fritidsaktiviteter. Resultaten för stigmatisering visar att majoriteten av föräldrarna anser att deras ekonomiska situation, att uppbära försörjningsstöd, inte i någon större omfattning medfört att deras barn har behandlats eller känt sig annorlunda. Samtidigt visar resultaten att alla föräldrar i någon grad anser att deras ekonomiska situation innebär en stigmatisering för deras barn. Avseende tidsaspekten visar resultaten att det finns en skillnad i hur föräldrarna anser kring ovanstående frågor i förhållande till hur lång tid de uppburit försörjningsstöd. De som har uppburit försörjningsstöd i 18 månader eller mer tenderar i de flesta frågor att vara mindre nöjda med insatsen än de som har uppburit försörjningsstöd i mindre än 18 månader.

How does the satisfaction (or the lack of satisfaction) of the innate need to have meaningful interpersonal relationships affects behavioural self-regulation? How does having/lacking interpersonal relatedness impact one’s perception of future interpersonal relationships? This doctoral dissertation aimed to answer these two fundamental questions by integrating the views of two complementary theories, need to belong theory (NBT; Baumeister & Leary, 1995) and self-determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000). Using a series of two laboratory experiments and one longitudinal study, this thesis examined the effects of social exclusion and inclusion on satisfaction of basic psychological needs, self-determined motivation, and self-regulation of behaviours. In Study 1 (N=72), social exclusion and inclusion were manipulated in order to examine their effects on the satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs proposed by SDT, that is the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Findings from this first experiment revealed that social exclusion decreases satisfaction of the three needs, whereas social inclusion increases satisfaction of these needs when compared to the control condition. Furthermore, significant differences were found between the exclusion condition and the inclusion condition for the reported levels of satisfaction of the needs for competence and relatedness. The effects of social exclusion and inclusion on basic needs satisfaction were further investigated in Study 2 (N=70); also, the second study examined how self-determined motivation and behavioural self-regulation are affected. More specifically, it tested whether participants’ persistence at a laboratory task, as well as their intentions for a future peer interaction (intentions to compete against a peer participant and intentions to collaborate with a peer participant) are influenced by social exclusion and inclusion, through the meditating effects of basic needs satisfaction and self-determined motivation. The results suggested that social exclusion, via the effects of basic needs and motivation decreases peer collaboration, whereas social inclusion was shown to have an opposite effect on peer collaboration. The effect of condition via the mediating effects of basic needs satisfaction and motivation failed to predict persistence at the task and peer competition. Lastly, Study 3 (N=624) assessed naturally occurring social exclusion and inclusion in a population of junior high school students. This third study investigated the independent contributions of SDT and NBT in the prediction of academic motivation and high school dropout. Peer relatedness, perceived needs support from parents, and perceived needs support from teachers were examined as potential predictors of academic motivation and high school dropout. Findings suggested that peer relatedness plays an important role in the prediction of academic motivation, but, that perceived needs support from parents and perceived needs support from teachers are stronger predictors of that outcome. Results from this study also revealed that peer relatedness contributes to the prediction of high school dropout, beyond what can be explained by academic motivation, perceived needs support from parents, and perceived needs support from teachers. However, perceived needs support from parents was shown to be the most essential predictor of high school dropout. In sum, findings from this doctoral dissertation suggested that social exclusion has detrimental effects on one’s motivation and behavioural self-regulation. In contrast, social inclusion fosters social support which promotes satisfaction of the basic psychological needs, self-determined motivation, and successful self-regulation. This doctoral thesis contributed to the application of SDT and NBT by comparing elements of the two complementary frameworks. It also offered an original contribution to research on social exclusion and inclusion by examining their impacts on self-determined motivation, and basic needs satisfaction, as well as testing them in both the laboratory setting and the natural setting.

Sport is a cultural phenomenon that has spread throughout the world (Harvey & Houle, 1994). For youth, sport is perceived as a context that can play a major role in person’s psychosocial development across their life-span (Danish, Petitpas, & Hale, 2007). However, despite the increase in research in this field, very little work has examined how sport may play a role in the psychosocial development of youth with intellectual disabilities (ID). Moreover, an area of study that has also grown related to the lived experiences of individuals living with a disability including ID is social inclusion (SI). Similar to research related to psychosocial development, very little research has been conducted to examine whether the context of sport can foster social inclusion for youth with ID. Special Olympics Canada (SOC) is an organization “dedicated to enriching the lives of Canadians with an intellectual disability through sport” (SOC, 2010, “SOC Mission Statement”, para.1) and may be an organization that has the potential to positively impact the lives of its youth participants. Thus, the purpose of this research was to examine whether stakeholders perceived SO as impacting the psychosocial development and social inclusion. The results indicated that SO, by all stakeholders, is perceived as an organization that is facilitating the psychosocial development of its athletes through the incorporation of strong social support networks and the development of life skills. In addition, SO was perceived as facilitating social inclusion for youth, particularly in the context of school and their surrounding community.

I denna studie undersöks följderna av en revisionsrapport kring det kommunala uppföljningsansvaret i Stockholms stad. I rapporten, som är från 2009, ger stadens revisorer rekommendationer för hur arbetet med att följa upp ungdomar 16-19 år kan effektiviseras. Revisorerna anser bland annat att kommunstyrelsen bör utarbeta ett förslag till kommunfullmäktige om hur innebörden av det kommunala uppföljningsansvaret kan förtydligas. Revisorerna påpekar vidare att det finns behov av att utveckla samverkansformer mellan olika aktörer för att ungdomarna ska kunna erbjudas mer än enbart utbildning. Detta är vad ungdomarna i dagsläget erbjuds, genom Gymnasieslussen, men ingen söker aktivt upp de individer som tackar nej till utbildning eller inte nås. Studiens resultat visar att kommunstyrelsen inte följt revisorernas rekommendation om att ge fullmäktige underlag för ett förtydligande. Vidare framkommer att det kommunala uppföljningsansvaret från och med 1 januari 2011 överförts till den nystartade Arbetsmarknadsnämnden. Vilka följder detta får för arbetet med ungdomarna, om det innebär några förändringar eller förbättringar enligt revisionens rekommendationer, ger studien inte svar på då ansvariga politiker valt att inte medverka. Genom intervjuer med två borgarrådssekreterare framkommer att det saknas målformuleringar och visioner för arbetet med det kommunala uppföljningsansvaret. Det finns heller inga resurser avsatta för arbetet i stadens budget 2011-2013. / This study examines the impact of an audit on the responsibility of municipal monitoring in the city of Stockholm. The report, which dates from 2009, gives the city auditor’s recommendations for how the process of following up youths between the ages of 16-19 can be streamlined. The auditor’s consider among other things that the city should prepare a proposal for the city council about the meaning of the municipal monitoring responsibility and how it can be better clarified. The auditor’s also observed that there is a need to develop forms of collaboration between the participants so that the youths could be offered more than just education. This is what the youths are currently being offered by Gymnasieslussen, however no one is actively searching out those individuals who either turn down the education or were not possible to contact. The results of this study demonstrate that the city has not complied with the auditor’s recommendation to give the council the foundation for a clarification. Furthermore, it appears that the responsibility of municipal monitoring was transferred from January 1, 2011 to the newly created Labour Council. The study does not answer questions as to what effects this has on the working with youths and it is unclear if changes and improvements could occur in accordance with the audit recommendations. Interviews which were conducted with two vice-Mayors found that a lack of goal formulation and vision exists regarding the responsibility of municipal monitoring. In addition there are no resources allocated for such work in the city’s budget from 2011-2013.

Sammanfattning Regeringens intention med den nya lagen om sjukförsäkring som infördes i juli 2008 och kompletterades i januari 2010, var att gå från en passiv långtidssjukskrivning till ökad rehabilitering och en möjlighet till återgång till arbetsmarknaden samt ett minskat utanförskap.  Den mediala debatten i samklang med våra praktikplatser gjorde oss nyfikna på hur förändringen har påverkat livet för den enskilde individen. Vårt syfte är således att undersöka vilka konsekvenserna blir för enskilda individer i samband med och efter beskedet om utförsäkring från sjukförsäkringen. Vi ville utan att ha några förutfattade meningar lyfta fram intervjupersonernas berättelse så vi valde att ha en explorativ ansats, men tog stöd av en semistrukturerad intervjuguide baserad på tre teman som vi ville veta mer om. Temana är; ekonomisk situation, upplevelser av relationer med berörda myndigheter och upplevelser av samhällets syn och deras syn på sin självbild.   Resultaten är komplexa och visar att de teman vi valt ut påverkar varandra, med det menar vi att det ena inverkar på det andra. De teorier vi valt att använda i analys av materialet är Ekonomi- skam modellen, Kasamteori samt teori om social uteslutning. Vi kan se en väg som leder från ekonomisk uteslutning vidare till social uteslutning för personer som utförsäkrats samt att den ekonomiska stress de utsätt för i kombination med skamgörande erfarenheter ger hög risk för psykisk ohälsa. I vår avslutande diskussion reflekterar vi om lagstiftarens intention med reformerna har haft den avsedda effekten för de utförsäkrade. / Abstract The governments intentions with the new law in sickness benefits that was introduced in July 2008 and was supplemented in January 2010, was to go from a passive long-term sick leave to increased rehabilitation and a possibility to return to the labor market, along with reduced exclusion. The media debate in unison with our trainee jobs made us curious about how this change has affected the individual. Our purpose is accordingly to make researches into the consequences for the individuals in connection with and after expiration of sickness benefits. We wanted without preconceived opinions emphasize the interviewee’s stories so we chose to have an explorative inception. But we took support in a semi- structured interviewguide based on three topics we wanted to know more about. The topics are; economic situation, experiences of the relation with concerned public authorities and experiences of societies view on them and their own view on themselves. The results are complex and show that one factor affects another, which means that one thing, leads to another. The theories we have used are a model for Economics- shame, Kasam and social exclusion theories. We can see a road that leads from economic exclusion to social exclusion for the persons whose period of sickness benefits has expired. And also that the economic stress combined with shameful experiences gives a high risk of psychic illness. In our concluding discussion we reflect about if the government’s intentions with the new laws have had the intended effect for these persons.

A SOCIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF STREET CHILDREN IN ANKARA Pehlivanli, Ezgi M.A. Department of Sociology Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Kayhan Mutlu January 2007, 105 pages This thesis draws a profile of children who work/ live on the streets of Ankara relying on children&rsquo / s life histories and social workers&rsquo / opinions about the situation in the context of Social Exclusion. Social is a new concept, was first used in 1960&rsquo / s around Europe in order to define the groups, who are faced to material and socio-cultural deprivation due to the difficulties experienced by the Welfare States. This study assumes that street children can be explained in the context of social exclusion. Employing qualitative methods, this study main aim of this study is to understand the reasons for children to start working on street. After the introductory chapter, Chapter II provides a theoretical framework, in which street children and the concept of social exclusion are examined. Chapter III focuses on the findings from the life histories of children who work/live on streets of Ankara. Chapter IV contains the information about the interviews with social workers and a comparison part, in which two types of information, is analyzed in the context of Social Exclusion.