Syftet med uppsatsen är att skapa förståelse för de svårigheter som unga vuxna upplever när de försöker begränsa sin användning av sociala medier och hur dessa svårigheter kan förstås utifrån ett maktperspektiv. Studien bygger på åtta kvalitativa intervjuer. Resultatet visar att unga vuxna använder olika strategier för att minska sin användning av sociala medier. Samtidigt befinner de sig i en dragkamp mellan att vilja begränsa sin användning ytterligare och en rädsla för att hamna utanför. När unga vuxna begränsar sociala medier uppstår svårigheter och konsekvenser såsom förlorad kontakt med vänner, förlorad tillgång till information och minskad kommunikation. I analysen används Habermas teori om systemets kolonisering av livsvärlden för att analysera hur sociala medier tränger in i den personliga sfären och påverkar det sociala livet. Detta fenomen understryker ett maktförhållande mellan individen och de sociala medieföretagen. Här används Foucaults perspektiv på makt och motstånd för att analysera de maktförhållanden som påverkar unga vuxnas användning och de strategier som tillämpas för att stå emot detta inflytande. Även i livsvärlden förekommer maktkamper av olika slag; eftersom den höga användningen har blivit norm i samhället skapas ett grupptryck från vänner, familj, arbetsgivare och klasskamrater, som också påverkar unga vuxnas användning. / The purpose of this thesis is to better understand the difficulties experienced by young adults when they try to limit their use of social media, and how these difficulties can be understood from a power perspective. We have conducted eight qualitative interviews. The results show that young adults use different strategies to limit their use of social media. Still, they are caught in a struggle between wanting to limit their use further and a fear of missing out. Leaving social media means that they face a variety of consequences, such as loss of friends, communication, and access to information. In the analysis, Habermas’ theory colonization of the lifeworld is used to analyze how social media penetrate the personal sphere and affect social life. This phenomenon indicates a power relationship between the individual and the social media companies. Foucault’s perspectives on power and counter-power are here used to analyze how this exercise of power affect young adults’ use and the strategies used to resist this influence. There are also power struggles taking place in the lifeworld; due to social norms within the group, friends, family, employers, and classmates create a pressure on young adults to use social media.

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Urban homelessness is one of the most blatant forms of social exclusion in advanced capitalist societies. In Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom, homelessness has become particularly entrenched due to systemic forces such as global economic recession, the restructuring of regional economies, the dismantlement of the welfare state, and the erosion of affordable housing that together have pushed more people towards economic marginality and housing insecurity. Despite years of advocacy and 'high profile' government investments, homelessness has persisted as an intransigent social problem. A central purpose of this doctoral thesis is to provide some insight into how homelessness is being 'managed' in one Canadian city. The papers gathered together in this dissertation are based on three years of ethnographic fieldwork (conducted between 2006 and 2009) in a medium-sized, de-industrializing city in the province of Ontario. The specific focus of the thesis is the emergency shelter system. Over the past ten years, a number of new social service models have emerged in response to rising rates of homelessness. As these have been adopted homeless shelter systems in many Canadian cities have undergone significant reconfigurations. This thesis focuses on some of the new 'management spaces' that are emerging in this unfolding policy context. The first paper explores the experiences of voluntary sector organizations and local state authorities. The second paper explores the experiential dimensions of a unique service environment providing emergency shelter and social services. The third paper examines the personal experiences of chronically homeless men as they adapt to life in an innovative 'special care' facility. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Soziale Ausgrenzung ist ein wesentlicher emotionaler Stressor. Ziel der Arbeit war die Erfassung hormoneller Prozesse nach cyberball-induzierter sozialer Ausgrenzung sowie nachfolgendem TSST, Frauen zeigen nach sozialer Ausgrenzung eine Aktivierung der HPA-Achse im Sinne eines verstärkten ACTH-Anstieges im Gegensatz zu den integrierten Frauen oder männlichen Testpersonen.

Bakgrund: Stigmatisering har påtagliga negativa konsekvenser för individer inom autismspektrumtillstånd (AST). De har ett beteende som stämplas som normbrytande eftersom de inte följer de sociala normerna. Det gör att individer inom AST blir exkluderade, stämplade och diskriminerade för att de beter sig annorlunda, jämförelsevis med en “neurotypisk”, en individ utan diagnos inom AST. Dessa negativa stämplar och stereotyper från omgivningen gör att individer inom AST har högre risk att få en psykisk ohälsa än de “neurotypiska” och de hamnar i att stigmatisera sig själva, d.v.s. självstigmatisering. Syftet: Syftet är att ta reda på vilken kunskap som finns kring stigmatiseringsprocessen och stigmatiseringens konsekvenser. Metod: Jag har använt mig av en scoping study för att kartlägga den forskning som har gjorts kring stigmatiseringens konsekvenser för individer inom AST. Resultat: Stigmatisering har negativa konsekvenser för individer inom AST. Deras livsvillkor försämras när de blir stigmatiserade och lever i större utsatthet för exkludering på arbetsmarknaden, bostadsmarknaden, inom vården, ekonomisk utsatthet och socialt utanförskap. De lägger stor vikt på att kamouflera sig i sociala sammanhang vilket ökar risken för utmattning och psykisk ohälsa. Genom kamouflering bidrar det till instabil identitet och lägre självkänsla. Den instabila identiteten medför en sämre självbild och försöker istället att uppfylla de stereotyper som finns kring AST. / Background: Stigmatization has tangible negative consequences for individuals with autism spectrum conditions (AST). They have behavior that is labeled as norm-breaking because they do not follow the social norms. This means that individuals within AST are excluded, labeled and discriminated against because they behave differently, compared to a "neurotypical", an individual without a diagnosis within AST. These negative labels and stereotypes from the environment mean that individuals within AST have a higher risk of getting a mental illness than the "neurotypical" and they end up stigmatizing themselves, i.e. self-stigmatization. The purpose: The purpose is to find out what knowledge exists about the stigmatization process and the consequences of stigmatization. Method: I have used a scoping study to map the research that has been done around the consequences of stigma for individuals within AST. Results: Stigmatization has negative consequences for individuals within AST. Their living conditions deteriorate when they become stigmatized and live in greater vulnerability to exclusion in the labor market, the housing market, in healthcare, economic vulnerability and social exclusion. They place great emphasis on camouflaging themselves in social contexts, which increases the risk of exhaustion and mental illness. Through camouflage, it contributes to a disturbed identity and lower self-esteem. The identity disturbance leads to a worse self-image and instead tries to fulfill the stereotypes that exist around AST.

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No description available.

When highly successful entrepreneurs with big technology-based ideas are at the center of the academic and business discussions, this research concentrated on exploring the motivations of everyday entrepreneurs in Malmö. Most of the time everyday entrepreneurs are not considered to be worthy of observation, analysis or an inspiration for others. As they seem far away from being highly financially successful, curiosity was, if not for a big-scale profitable business, then why did they become entrepreneurs? The psychological aspects of the entrepreneurial decision-making process were explored during this research, as „motivation‟is at the heart of this thesis. Researchers have conducted extensive studies on psychological traits that separates entrepreneurs from general people. 4 most discussed indicators of entrepreneurial motivation were employed in this study as a foundational framework to understand the psychology of everyday entrepreneurs. Additionally, the theory of storytellingwas the tool for the interviewees to express themselves and facilitator of critical thinking for the researcher. Stories of 17 everyday entrepreneurs in Malmö is the basis of this research. This is a qualitative study conducted with semi-structured interviews standing on the philosophy of social constructivism. Connections between indicators of entrepreneurial motivation and the core features of human agency was established from the collected empirical data. Studying previous contexts of these everyday entrepreneurs and the journey of their becoming self-employed revealed their status regarding social exclusion and how they created opportunities to be socially included. The significance of human agency in entrepreneurial motivation studies and a new perspective of social exclusion in the light of human agency is situated at the departure of this thesis.

Uppsatsen tar sin utgångspunkt i dagens hållbara stadsutveckling och fokuserar på transportplaneringens roll i denna. Uppsatsen tar också sin utgångspunkt i hur transportforskare under senare år betonat problematiken med att människor med olika socioekonomiska förutsättningar har olika förutsättningar till mobilitet. För att motverka dessa processer har forskare under senare år utvecklat en rad koncept, verktyg och arbetsmetoder. Fokus för uppsatsen ligger på en undersökning av konceptet transport poverty och dess förekomst i Malmö. För att verkställa uppsatsens syfte - att undersöka konceptet transport poverty och dess förekomst i utvalda delar av Malmö, genomförs en litteraturstudie och en fallstudie i tre delar av Malmö. Uppsatsförfattarna redogör i litteraturstudien för hur transport poverty är ett koncept som belyser och förklarar relationer och samband mellan bristande transportmöjligheter och sociala problem. Uppsatsförfattarna redogör i litteraturstudien för hur transport poverty är ett koncept som består av fyra delar som behandlar aspekter som människors socioekonomiska förutsättningar, mobilitet, tillgänglighet, och utsatthet för trafikens externa effekter. I fallstudien används sedan litteraturstudiens resultat kring hur transport poverty kan identifieras och mätas och användas i en mätning av transport poverty i Malmö. Fallstudien utgår ifrån Malmö stads nyligen antagna Trafik- och mobilitetsplan och dess uppdelning av Malmö i femton så kallade TROMP-områden. I fallstudien används sekundärdata i form av befolkningsstatistik, resvaneundersökningar och tillgänglighetsindex som sedan integreras i en analys och visar på förekomsten av transport poverty i områdena Rosengård/Sorgenfri, Fosie och Limhamn. Slutsatser att dra från fallstudiens resultat är att förekomsten av transport poverty i de studerade områdena skiljer sig åt. Förekomsten av transport poverty är utifrån den integrerade analysen mycket större i områdena Fosie och Rosengård/Sorgenfri än i Limhamn. Analysen visar att de områden med sämst förutsättningar att med överkomliga medel betala för transport också är de områden där förekomsten av transport poverty är som störst. Analysen pekar på hur områdenas olika socioekonomiska förutsättningar tycks kunna förklara mycket av fallstudiens resultat. I ljuset av den tidigare forskningen kan dessa resultat ytterligare problematiseras och nyansera bilden av de transportrelaterade sociala konsekvensernas uppkomst och bakomliggande orsaker. Med hjälp av teorier kring social exclusion kan förekomsten av transport poverty i de studerade områdena betraktas vara beroende på människors individuella förutsättningar, men också av hur lokala, nationella och globala faktorer, såväl inom som utanför transportområdet, skapar, och återskapar transport poverty i Malmö. / This master thesis focuses on the role of transport planning in todays sustainable urban development. It starts off by highlighting the problems of unequal mobilities and how research on transport planning during later years has developed concepts, tools and methods to counteract such processes. The thesis main purpose is to examine the concept transport poverty and its presence in different geographical areas of Malmö. The purpose is executed through a literature review over the concept and a case study over its presence in three different areas. Conclusions from the literature review is that transport poverty is a concept that highlights and explains the inter-relationships between transport disadvantage and social policy issues. The literature review also makes clear that transport poverty is a broad, overarching notion, which encompasses the sub-concepts (lack of) transport affordability, mobility poverty, accessibility poverty and exposure to transport externalities. The results from the literature review are then used to develop indicators and methods to be used in the case study´s measure of transport poverty in Malmö. The case study starts off from the city of Malmös newly adopted transport plan and its division of Malmö into fifteen so-called TROMP-areas. The authors base their study on secondary data covering demographics, travel surveys and accessibility indexes in the areas Rosengård/Sorgenfri, Fosie and Limhamn. The case study leads to a number of conclusions. The presence of transport poverty in the areas that is studied differs, and is considerably greater in the areas Fosie and Rosengård/Sorgenfri than in Limhamn. The integrated analysis also shows that the areas with the greatest presence of transport poverty are also the areas suffering mostly from a lack of transport affordability. These findings could be explained by the areas different socioeconomic conditions. In light of previous research and its thesis of the appearance and underlying causes of the transport-related impacts, the results from the case study could be further problematized. Using theories of social exclusion, the presence of transport poverty in different parts of Malmö could be considered to be dependent on peoples individual circumstances, but also of how local, national and global factors, within and outside the transport sector, creates and recreates transport poverty in Malmö.

In a statistical report of the year 2005, Brå informs that the Middle East and North African immigrants are overrepresented in crime in Sweden. Also, in a previous study in Cameroon, I realized that the Bamileke folk (originating from the West Cameroon) is mostly represented in the minor district of the Central Prison of Douala - Cameroon. In an attempt to understand crime perpetrated by migrants, scholars have suggested the unpleasant context of migration, the strain encountered by the migrants as a result of social exclusion, the fact that migrants live in disorganized area where it is more likely to find criminals and the clash of culture between migrants and the natives of the society where they settle. The aim of my research is to find out, on the basis of these four parameters, if it could be possible to understand how the process of criminalization of migrants, in the society where they settle, occurs. In this research, I focus on juvenile delinquency. In order to perform the research and attempt to answer the question, I made of use documentary analysis backed up with data gathered from experience, unstructured observation and interviews I performed among the minority groups. The results of my research do not support that the unpleasant context of exit might be a factor leading to criminalization in the particular case of minority’s youth. It also suggests that it is not the minority’s culture that makes them to be labelled as criminals; it is rather the essentialized perception of the minority group’s culture as being a threat to the dominant group’s values and interests, which contributes in labelling a minority group as criminals. In return, labelling people of the minority group as criminals contributes to their discrimination in the society, thus making them to develop criminal attitudes in order to escape the strain they encounter through discrimination; as this occurs, the young migrant may internalize the idea that he is criminal as a result of a self-fulfilling prophecy. Discrimination contributes also in making the minority group to settle in disorganized areas where criminal activities are more likely to occur among youths. These findings are important because it might help to understand the risk of criminalizing some actions as belonging to a minority group’s culture. Indeed, doing so seems to reinforce the labelling of people of the minority group as criminal without proper analysis that may explain why they chose to act the way they act. It furthers their discrimination in the society which in turn may force them to use illegal ways to respond to the strain they encounter through discrimination.