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Anleiherating und Bonitätsrisiko / eine empirische Untersuchung der Renditespreads am deutschen MarktAubel, Peter van 26 January 2001 (has links) (PDF)
Die Arbeit ANLEIHERATING UND BONITÄTSRISIKO untersucht die Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Rating von Anleihen, dem Risiko dieser Anleihen sowie ihren Risikoprämien (Spreads). Dazu wird in einem ersten Schritt - auf analytischer Ebene - untersucht, wie Ratings vergeben werden und welchen Einschränkungen sie unterliegen. Die wichtigsten Einschränkungen für den Kapitalmarkt hinsichtlich der Ableitung von quantitativen Risikogrößen (Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit und ggf. Ausfallschwere) sind: Ordinalität und Relativität der verwendeten Skalen; die Zeitverzögerungen bei Ratingänderungen; die Intransparenz, Subjektivität und Urteilsunabhängigkeit des Ratingverfahrens bzw. der Ratingagenturen; die Erstellung von auftragslosen Ratings; die mangelnde Vergleichbarkeit von Ratings (zeitlich, zwischen Emissionen und zwischen Agenturen); die fehlende Äquidistanz von Ratings; das Risiko fehlerhafter Ratings. In einem zweiten Schritt wird empirisch untersucht, in welcher Höhe vom Markt Spreads (Überrenditen gegenüber den als risikolos geltenden Bundesanleihen) - je nach Rating - für bestimmte Anleihen gefordert werden. Datenbasis sind Kupon-Anleihen (ohne Sonderrechte) des DM-Euromarktes mit täglichen Kursen im Zeitraum Januar 1990 bis Dezember 1995. Die Untersuchungen bestätigen die Relativität: Ratings definieren nur im langfristigen Durchschnitt die Renditeabstände zwischen den verschiedenen Klassen. Kurzfristige Veränderungen der Spreads hingegen hängen von Veränderungen des allgemeinen Zinsniveaus und dem Verlauf der Zinsstrukturkurve ab. Diese beiden Größen weisen dabei einen negativen Einfluß auf, d.h. Zinserhöhungen führen zu Verringerungen der Spreads. Grundsätzlich gilt dabei aber, dass diese Effekte umso stärker ausfallen, je geringer die Bonität der Anleihen ist. Zusätzlich hängen die Spreadänderungen auch (positiv) von Veränderungen der Spreads der jeweils anderen Klassen ab. Als mögliche Erklärungsansätze bieten sich für diese Beobachtung auch an, dass der Markt Schwankungen der erwarteten Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeiten antizipiert und/oder Veränderungen der allgemeinen Risikoeinstellung vorliegen.
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Ensaios sobre estrutura a termo da curva de juros e spreads de títulos corporativosPalaia, Daniel Rodolfo Antonelli 01 December 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-12-01 / Este trabalho é composto por três capítulos que se dedicam a discutir aspectos distintos a respeito do importante mercado de títulos corporativos norte-americano. No primeiro capítulo, 'Mercado de Títulos Corporativos Norte-Americano: Evolução e Fatos Estilizados', mostramos como se deu a evolução do mercado de crédito norte-americano nas últimas décadas no que diz respeito à sua relevância para a economia. Nesse estudo mostramos também as principais mudanças regulatórias que afetaram de forma relevante esse mercado nos últimos anos. Trabalhos recentes encontraram evidências de que mudanças regulatórias no mercado de títulos corporativos provocam redução dos spreads e diminuem a liquidez dos ativos de crédito. Finalmente, ilustramos nesse capítulo as principais correntes teóricas e alguns fatos estilizados a respeito de curvas de juros e de spreads de títulos corporativos. No segundo capítulo, 'Fatores Latentes Globais e Idiossincráticos na Estrutura a Termo da Curva de Juros de Títulos Corporativos', analisamos a maneira como fatores globais e idiossincráticos influenciam a estrutura a termo das curvas de juros de emissores corporativos norte-americanos para diferentes níveis de classificação de risco, setor de atividade e período de análise. Os resultados são inéditos, pois a metodologia utilizada nunca foi aplicada anteriormente para essa classe de ativos, e indicam que a influência dos componentes latentes globais nos fatores de nível é menor quanto pior a classificação de risco. Um segundo resultado importante é que as curvas de setores de atividade distintos como o financeiro e industrial são influenciadas de maneira distinta pelos fatores globais e idiossincráticos no que diz respeito aos componentes de nível e inclinação. No terceiro capítulo, 'Estrutura a Termo da Curva de Spreads de Títulos Corporativos', estudamos as variáveis que influenciaram os fatores de nível e inclinação das curvas de spreads corporativos nos Estados Unidos. O modelo estimado nesse estudo incorpora, ao contrário de estudos anteriores, fatores latentes das curvas de juros do tesouro e de spreads, variáveis macroeconômicas e setoriais. Concluímos que o componente de nível da curva de juros norte-americana afeta positivamente o nível dos spreads. Os resultados diferem da literatura tradicional, mas estão em linha com estudos recentes que controlam períodos de elevada volatilidade de ativos com quebras estruturais. Palavras-chave: Spreads; Classificação de risco; Curva de juros; Títulos corporativos / This work consists of three chapter dedicated to discussing different aspects of the important North American market for corporate bonds. In the first chapter, we show the evolution of the American credit market in recent decades, concerning its relevance to the economy. In this study we also show major regulatory changes that significantly affected the market in recent decades, as well as some references that indicate how these changes impacted the price and liquidity of credit assets. Finally, this chapter illustrates the main theoretical works and their contributions in the area of spreads and term structure of the corporate yield curve. In the second chapter, "Global and Idiosyncratic Latent Factor in the Term Structure of Corporate Yield Curve Bonds", we analyze, in an unprecedented way, how global and idiosyncratic factors influence the term structure of the yield curves for corporate issuers from different ratings, activity sector and period of analysis. The results are unprecedented for this asset class because they had never been applied before to sovereign curves. The results indicate that the influence of global components decrease as the rating worsens. A second important result is that curves, for different sectors such as financial and industrial, are influenced differently by global and idiosyncratic factors regarding the level components and slope. In the third chapter, "Term Structure of Corporate Bond Spreads Curve" we study the determinants of level and slope factors in corporate spreads in the United States from February 2002 to September 2012. The estimated model incorporates, unlike previous studies, latent factors of yield curves and treasuries spreads, macroeconomic and sectoral variables. We conclude that the level component of the treasury yield curve positively affects the level of spreads. The results differ from traditional literature, but are in line with recent studies that control periods of high assets volatility with structural breaks.
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Análise dos determinantes dos spreads soberanos dos países emergentesFerraz, Flávia Coelho Branco Junqueira 30 May 2011 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2011-05-30 / O objetivo deste trabalho é estimar os efeitos da crise financeira recente sobre os spreads dos títulos soberanos dos países emergentes. Os resultados corroboram a visão de que a atual crise financeira teve um impacto significativo sobre a percepção de risco dos países emergentes, elevando o prêmio de risco. A taxa de crescimento da economia, a taxa de câmbio real, as reservas internacionais, as dívidas interna e externa e o VIX também afetaram significativamente os spreads soberanos. Por fim, mostramos que a percepção de risco do Brasil foi menos afetada pela crise que nos demais países emergentes. / This study aims to estimate the effects of the recent economic crisis on the sovereign bonds spreads of emerging countries. The results support the view that the current financial crisis had a significant impact on the perception of emerging country risk, raising their risk premium. The economic growth rate, real exchange rate, international reserves, domestic and foreign debt and VIX also significantly affected the sovereign spreads. In addition, we also demonstrate that the perception of the Brazilian risk was less affected by the crisis than the remaining emerging countries.
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Anleiherating und Bonitätsrisiko: eine empirische Untersuchung der Renditespreads am deutschen MarktAubel, Peter van 13 July 2000 (has links)
Die Arbeit ANLEIHERATING UND BONITÄTSRISIKO untersucht die Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Rating von Anleihen, dem Risiko dieser Anleihen sowie ihren Risikoprämien (Spreads). Dazu wird in einem ersten Schritt - auf analytischer Ebene - untersucht, wie Ratings vergeben werden und welchen Einschränkungen sie unterliegen. Die wichtigsten Einschränkungen für den Kapitalmarkt hinsichtlich der Ableitung von quantitativen Risikogrößen (Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit und ggf. Ausfallschwere) sind: Ordinalität und Relativität der verwendeten Skalen; die Zeitverzögerungen bei Ratingänderungen; die Intransparenz, Subjektivität und Urteilsunabhängigkeit des Ratingverfahrens bzw. der Ratingagenturen; die Erstellung von auftragslosen Ratings; die mangelnde Vergleichbarkeit von Ratings (zeitlich, zwischen Emissionen und zwischen Agenturen); die fehlende Äquidistanz von Ratings; das Risiko fehlerhafter Ratings. In einem zweiten Schritt wird empirisch untersucht, in welcher Höhe vom Markt Spreads (Überrenditen gegenüber den als risikolos geltenden Bundesanleihen) - je nach Rating - für bestimmte Anleihen gefordert werden. Datenbasis sind Kupon-Anleihen (ohne Sonderrechte) des DM-Euromarktes mit täglichen Kursen im Zeitraum Januar 1990 bis Dezember 1995. Die Untersuchungen bestätigen die Relativität: Ratings definieren nur im langfristigen Durchschnitt die Renditeabstände zwischen den verschiedenen Klassen. Kurzfristige Veränderungen der Spreads hingegen hängen von Veränderungen des allgemeinen Zinsniveaus und dem Verlauf der Zinsstrukturkurve ab. Diese beiden Größen weisen dabei einen negativen Einfluß auf, d.h. Zinserhöhungen führen zu Verringerungen der Spreads. Grundsätzlich gilt dabei aber, dass diese Effekte umso stärker ausfallen, je geringer die Bonität der Anleihen ist. Zusätzlich hängen die Spreadänderungen auch (positiv) von Veränderungen der Spreads der jeweils anderen Klassen ab. Als mögliche Erklärungsansätze bieten sich für diese Beobachtung auch an, dass der Markt Schwankungen der erwarteten Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeiten antizipiert und/oder Veränderungen der allgemeinen Risikoeinstellung vorliegen.
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Determinants of U.S. corporate credit spreadsKume, Ortenca January 2012 (has links)
This thesis deals with various issues regarding determinants of US corporate credit spreads. These spreads are estimated as the difference between yields to maturity for corporate bonds and default-free instruments (Treasury bonds) of the same maturity. Corporate credit spreads are considered as measures of default risk. However, the premium required by investors for holding risky rather than risk-free bonds will incorporate a compensation not only for the default risk but also for other factors related to corporate bonds such as market liquidity or tax differential between corporate and Treasury bonds. In this study we firstly examine the relationship between bond ratings and credit spreads given that bond rating changes are expected to carry some informational value for debt investors. The findings indicate that bond ratings generally carry some informational value for corporate bond investors. The Granger causal relationship is more evident for negative watch lists and during periods of uncertainty in financial markets. In line with previous studies, our results suggest that changes in credit spreads are significantly related to interest rate levels, systematic risk factors (Fama and French) factors and equity returns.
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Illinois basis regression modelsBailey, Jacob January 1900 (has links)
Master of Agribusiness / Department of Agricultural Economics / Sean Fox / The commodity markets have seen a great deal of volatility over the past decade, which, for those involved, has created many challenges and opportunities. Some of those challenges and opportunities are related to the behavior of the basis – the difference between the local cash price of grain and its price in the futures market. This thesis examines factors impacting basis for corn and soybeans at an Illinois River barge terminal, inland grain terminals in central Illinois, and in the Decatur processing market.
Factors used to explain basis behavior include the price level of futures markets, the price spread in the futures market, transportation cost, local demand conditions, and seasonal patterns. Using weekly data on basis from 2000 to 2013, regression models indicate that nearby corn futures, futures spread, inverted market, days until expiration, heating oil futures, and some months are significant drivers of corn basis. For inland terminals and processor regression models nearby corn futures do not appear to have significant effects. Using the same parameters for soybean basis nearby soybean futures, futures spread, inverted market, heating oil and some months are significant drivers but days until expiration do not appear to have a significant effect.
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Ensaios em microeconomia bancária / Essays in microeconomics of bankingCosta, Ana Carla Abrão 23 July 2004 (has links)
O presente trabalho visa a analisar aspectos específicos da microeconomia bancária no que se refere à relação entre banco e consumidor. Três diferentes abordagens são adotadas. No primeiro capítulo a abordagem é teórica. Um modelo de equilíbrio geral com incerteza é desenvolvido, com o objetivo de analisar a relação depositante banco e as características do equilíbrio dos contratos de depósito bancários. Questões como eficiência e concentração são analisadas, tanto em um contexto estático quanto na relação de longo prazo entre bancos e depositante. Os resultados sugerem contratos de equilíbrio com características contingentes ao espaço de contratos factíveis e uma relação entre esforço eficiente do banco e não comprometimento pleno do depositante na relação de longo prazo. A segunda parte do trabalho se concentra em analisar empiricamente a relação entre banco e tomador de recursos e tem como objetivo contribuir com avanços metodológicos para a decomposição do spread bancário no Brasil. Para tanto, estima-se uma função custo multiproduto para o setor bancário brasileiro e calcula-se, a partir dela, os preços de Aumann-Shapley dos diversos produtos oferecidos pelos bancos. Essa aplicação da teoria de alocação de custos conjuntos à firma bancária permite que se faça a alocação dos custos administrativos de forma mais precisa, melhorando a decomposição do spread no Brasil. Além disso, novos avanços são conseguidos em termos de precisão por meio da ampliação da amostra e portanto pela correção de um grave viés de seleção presente na abordagem original do Banco Central. A terceira - e última - parte do trabalho faz uma discussão institucional dos sistemas de resolução de insolvências coorporativas e da relação destes com a decisão do banco de emprestar e portanto com o funcionamento do mercado de crédito. A motivação foi a de analisar um aspecto específico da relação banco tomador com impactos diretos sobre preço e volume de empréstimos concedidos. Neste ponto, questões relacionadas a incentivos e eficiência emergem e são analisados tendo como pano de fundo a reforma do sistema legal de insolvência brasileiro, atualmente em curso. / The present work analyzes specific aspects of microeconomics of banking, concerning the relationship between financial intermediaries and non-financial agents. Three different approaches are adopted. In the first chapter the approach is theoretical. A model of general equilibrium with uncertainty is developed, analyzing the relationship between banks and depositors and the characteristics of the equilibrium deposit contracts. Efficiency and concentration issues are analyzed, in a static context and in a long-term relationship among banks and depositors. Results suggest that deposit contracts observed in equilibrium are contingent to the space of contract possibilities and that it exists a relationship between efficient effort exerted by the bank and no full commitment by depositors in a long term relationship. Chapter 2 makes an empirical analysis of the bank-borrower relationship, contributing with methodological improvements for the decomposition of banking spreads in Brazil. A multi-product cost function for the Brazilian banking industry is estimated and used to calculate the Aumann-Shapley prices for each of the defined banking products. That application of cost allocation to the banking firm allows a better allocation of administrative costs, improving on the original decomposition made by Brazilian Central Bank. Additionally, a more accurate decomposition results from the use of a larger sample and therefore the correction of a serious selection bias present in the original approach. The third chapter concentrates on an institutional discussion about insolvency resolution. The main motivation was the analysis of a specific aspect of the bank-borrower relationship and its impacts on price and volumes of loan concessions. At this point, incentives and efficiency issues emerge and are analyzed having the Brazilian legal system of insolvency reform, now in course, as a background.
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Ensaios em microeconomia bancária / Essays in microeconomics of bankingAna Carla Abrão Costa 23 July 2004 (has links)
O presente trabalho visa a analisar aspectos específicos da microeconomia bancária no que se refere à relação entre banco e consumidor. Três diferentes abordagens são adotadas. No primeiro capítulo a abordagem é teórica. Um modelo de equilíbrio geral com incerteza é desenvolvido, com o objetivo de analisar a relação depositante banco e as características do equilíbrio dos contratos de depósito bancários. Questões como eficiência e concentração são analisadas, tanto em um contexto estático quanto na relação de longo prazo entre bancos e depositante. Os resultados sugerem contratos de equilíbrio com características contingentes ao espaço de contratos factíveis e uma relação entre esforço eficiente do banco e não comprometimento pleno do depositante na relação de longo prazo. A segunda parte do trabalho se concentra em analisar empiricamente a relação entre banco e tomador de recursos e tem como objetivo contribuir com avanços metodológicos para a decomposição do spread bancário no Brasil. Para tanto, estima-se uma função custo multiproduto para o setor bancário brasileiro e calcula-se, a partir dela, os preços de Aumann-Shapley dos diversos produtos oferecidos pelos bancos. Essa aplicação da teoria de alocação de custos conjuntos à firma bancária permite que se faça a alocação dos custos administrativos de forma mais precisa, melhorando a decomposição do spread no Brasil. Além disso, novos avanços são conseguidos em termos de precisão por meio da ampliação da amostra e portanto pela correção de um grave viés de seleção presente na abordagem original do Banco Central. A terceira - e última - parte do trabalho faz uma discussão institucional dos sistemas de resolução de insolvências coorporativas e da relação destes com a decisão do banco de emprestar e portanto com o funcionamento do mercado de crédito. A motivação foi a de analisar um aspecto específico da relação banco tomador com impactos diretos sobre preço e volume de empréstimos concedidos. Neste ponto, questões relacionadas a incentivos e eficiência emergem e são analisados tendo como pano de fundo a reforma do sistema legal de insolvência brasileiro, atualmente em curso. / The present work analyzes specific aspects of microeconomics of banking, concerning the relationship between financial intermediaries and non-financial agents. Three different approaches are adopted. In the first chapter the approach is theoretical. A model of general equilibrium with uncertainty is developed, analyzing the relationship between banks and depositors and the characteristics of the equilibrium deposit contracts. Efficiency and concentration issues are analyzed, in a static context and in a long-term relationship among banks and depositors. Results suggest that deposit contracts observed in equilibrium are contingent to the space of contract possibilities and that it exists a relationship between efficient effort exerted by the bank and no full commitment by depositors in a long term relationship. Chapter 2 makes an empirical analysis of the bank-borrower relationship, contributing with methodological improvements for the decomposition of banking spreads in Brazil. A multi-product cost function for the Brazilian banking industry is estimated and used to calculate the Aumann-Shapley prices for each of the defined banking products. That application of cost allocation to the banking firm allows a better allocation of administrative costs, improving on the original decomposition made by Brazilian Central Bank. Additionally, a more accurate decomposition results from the use of a larger sample and therefore the correction of a serious selection bias present in the original approach. The third chapter concentrates on an institutional discussion about insolvency resolution. The main motivation was the analysis of a specific aspect of the bank-borrower relationship and its impacts on price and volumes of loan concessions. At this point, incentives and efficiency issues emerge and are analyzed having the Brazilian legal system of insolvency reform, now in course, as a background.
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Three Essays on the Impact of Electronic Screen Trading in Futures MarketsHill, Amelia Mary January 2001 (has links)
This dissertation consists of 3 essays that examine the impact of electronic screen trading in futures markets. The research provides empirical evidence on increasingly significant issues given the rapid global advances in technology used in securities markets. Each essay addresses the scarcity of conclusive research in order to aid researchers, regulators, exchange policy makers and systems builders as they confront issues related to electronic trading systems.
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Pricing corporate debtReneby, Joel January 1998 (has links)
The thesis builds a model for pricing the liabilities of a firm. The liabilities - stocks, loans, bonds - fundamentally all depend on the value of the firm's assets. By looking at balance sheet data, such as the nominal amount of debt outstanding, and market prices, such as time series of stock prices, the value and volatility of the assets can be estimated. Finally, e.g. bank loans to the same firm can be priced in terms of these values. Thus, the purpose of the whole exercise is to use the information content in stock prices to infer the value of loans. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.
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