Detta examensarbete är en del av forskningsprojektet COMMAND som genomfördes av forskningsinstitutet RISE SICS Västerås tillsammans med SSAB under 2018 och 2019. Ett delmål med forskningsprojektet var att hjälpa industriföretag presentera mätvärden och maskindata på ett mer användarvänligt och överskådligt sätt. Examensarbetet har haft som mål att uppfylla detta mål genom att skapa graf som representerar data med punkter istället för linjer. I texten nedan kallar jag detta för Punktgraf då grafen baseras på punkter som segmenterar och komprimerar data för att skapa översikt.  Grundläggande principer för framtagandet av grafer studerades i “The Visual Display of Quantitative Information” och Colin Ware’s designprinciper om närhet, likhet och pop-out applicerades för att underlätta avläsning av grafen. En Unity-scen skapades för att snabbt generera exakt men simulerad data för att utvärdera punktgrafens potential. Det första testet visade att läsandet av grafen var ansträngande. Hög kognitiv belastning gjorde läsbarheten svårare snarare än lättare. Efter en uppdaterad version skapats genomfördes ett nytt test och intervju för att utvärdera resultatet av förändringarna. Efter dessa iterationer tog artefakten en mer användbar form som föreföll öka användarens förmåga att överblicka stora datamängder och upptäcka tidigare dolda mönster i stora dataset. Det identifierades också att punktgrafen skulle kunna bli ett användbart verktyg, inte bara för bevakning av industrimaskiner, utan också inom generell dataanalys. / This thesis work is part of the research project COMMAND that was conducted by the research institute RISE SICS Västerås together with SSAB during 2018 and 2019. One of the work-packages in the project was aimed to help industry companies present their machine data as an overview and in a more user friendly way. The  goal of this thesis work  was to make it easier to detect anomalies in the data for the purpose of predictive maintenance. The result from this thesis work is a type of graph that presents data in the form of stacked points rather than lines. I call this a “node based graph” as the nodes of the graph segment to compress the data to increase overview. To develop this artifact, literature such as “The Visual Display of Quantitative Information” and Colin Ware’s design principles of proximity, likeness and pop-out was applied to help form the graph. A Unity-scene was created to rapidly generate simulated but accurate real time data for visualization tests. The first test however showed an increased strain on the users ability to read the graph. High cognitive load made readability lower rather than higher. For this reason a secondary test was conducted to verify changes made to the artifact during the design process. After iterations were made the design took a more useful form that appeared to increased the users ability to overlook large data sets and detect patterns previously unseen. It also came to light that this particular type of presentation of data perhaps hold higher value outside the initial target audience, and that its redesign could turn it into a beneficial tool, not just monitoring of industrial machines, but for data analysis in general. / COMMAND - Communication and maintenance for the digital factory

Wind turbines have been utilized for centuries to harness energy from the wind. Commercial wind turbine blades are typically made from composite materials, which are difficult to recycle, leading to blades ending up in landfills at the end of their lifecycle. Additionally, these materials contribute to microplastic pollution. In response to growing environmental concerns, there has been an increased focus on addressing such issues. The Swedish company SeaTwirl AB develops offshore vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWT), and this study focuses on optimizing the weight of a blade from a new 10-15 MW VAWT concept using steel as the material. Steel has long been recyclable, making it an interesting material for wind turbine blades. The specific steel used in this study is the ultra-high-strength steel "Strenx 1300" from SSAB, which is not only extremely durable but is also expected to be fossil-free by 2026, by implementation of the manufacturing technology HYBRIT. The study found that a single blade made from Strenx 1300, when designed and optimized for 35 years of operational use, would weigh approximately 193.4 tonnes and would require 6016.8 meters of welds with a fatigue class of FAT 125. A rough estimation of the weight of a fiberglass VAWT of the same size resulted in approximately 300 tonnes. Therefore, this study concludes that it may be feasible to construct a commercially competitive VAWT blade using environmentally friendly, fossil-free steel. This approach would make wind energy a more sustainable energy source without the problems of recyclability and microplastic pollution. / Vindkraftverk har använts i århundraden för att utvinna energi från vinden. Kommersiella vindkraftverksblad tillverkas vanligtvis av kompositmaterial, vilket är svårt att återvinna och leder till att bladen hamnar på soptippar vid slutet av deras livscykel. Dessutom bidrar dessa material till mikroplastföroreningar. Som svar påväxande miljöproblem har det därför blivit ett ökat fokus på denna typ av frågor. Det svenska företaget SeaTwirl AB utvecklar vertikalaxliga vindkraftverk (VAWT) för offshore-användning, och denna studie fokuserar på att optimera vikten av ett blad från ett nytt 10-15 MW VAWT-koncept med stål som material. Stål har länge varit återvinningsbart, vilket gör det till ett intressant material för vindkraftverksblad. Det specifika stål som används i denna studie är det höghållfasta stålet "Strenx1300" från SSAB, som inte bara är extremt hållbart, men också förväntas bli fossilfritttill 2026, tack vare implementeringen av tillverkningsteknologin HYBRIT. Studien visade att ett enskilt blad tillverkat av Strenx 1300, när det är utformat och optimerat för 35 års driftstid, skulle väga cirka 193,4 ton och kräva 6016,8 meter svets med en utmattningsklass FAT 125. En grov uppskattning av vikten av en VAWT av samma storlek i glasfiber resulterade i cirka 300 ton. Därför drar denna studie slutsatsen att det kan vara möjligt att konstruera ett kommersiellt konkurrenskraftigt VAWT-blad med miljövänligt, fossilfritt stål. Detta tillvägagångssätt skulle göra vindenergi till en mer hållbar energikälla utan problemen associerade med återvinning och mikroplaster.

Sammanfattning Uppsatsen undersöker historien om Svenska skifferoljeaktiebolaget (SSAB): de centrala aktörerna och de argument som de framförde för företagets uppstart, fortlevnad och sedermera nedläggning. Svenska skifferoljeaktiebolaget startades som ett beredskapsföretag under andra världskriget och fick vid krigsslutet status som ett "normalt långtidsföretag". Företaget hade en livslängd på 25 år, från 1941 till 1966. SSABs huvudsakliga ändamål vid starten var att utvinna olja ur alunskiffer i Kvarntorp, Närke, för att sedan sälja detta till marinen. SSAB var alltid helt ägt av staten och var beroende av stora mängder statligt kapital för att kunna finansiera verksamheten. Trots detta gav företaget aldrig ekonomisk avkastning och hade också svårt att nå upp till den förväntade produktionsmängden. Uppsatsen syfte är att försöka ge förståelse för varför ett företag av SSABs karaktär drevs vidare under så lång tid trots de stora kostnaderna för staten. Från uppstarten 1941 fram till beslutet om nedläggning 1961 ändrades argumentation kring fortsatta satsningar på SSAB. Från början var försörjningen av marinens grundläggande behov av drivmedel och smörjolja behov det viktigaste. Detta vidgades till att efter några år se SSABs då mer diversifierade produktion som nödvändig för beredskapen på fler varuområden. Mot slutet anfördes att den inhemsk oljeproduktion skulle kunna minska importbehovet och därmed bättra på handelsbalansen. I slutsatsen för uppsatsen argumenteras för att investeringar för SSABs utbyggnad och fortlevnad i första hand motiverades med att säkra beredskapen för drivmedel, men att investeringarna villkorades av att det fanns potential för framtida avkastning. Genom att använda forskning kring modernitetsmyten och myten om neutralitet kommer uppsatsen dra slutsatsen att den svenska neutralitetspolitiken och tron på den tekniska utvecklingen, samt att de investerade intressena var faktorer som var viktiga i SSABs fortlevnad.

This master thesis was done at Swerim AB in cooperation with SSAB and the Technical University of Luleå in the purpose of preventing spalling problems in hot rolling mills. Spallings are a fatigue damage that occurs on the rolls due to extreme loads and unfavorable conditions between the rolls in a mill. This report describes how the roughing mill, which is the first of a series of hot rolling mills is modelled and simulated in order to compute and improve the load distribution between the rolls. The load distribution tells a lot where the spalling problems occurs. By computer aided design and simulations with the finite element method a parametric computational model was created and used to simulate the load distribution between the work roll and backup roll with worn andfresh rolls. These simulations showed what the load distribution looks like when using new rolls and that the load distribution is especially bad when the work roll is worn. The computational model was used to simulate how the load distribution changes with different geometries on the backup roll to provide valuable input and suggest new designs on the backup roll currently used by SSAB Borlänge.

The purpose of the research is to assess if the franchising conceptual model is an applicable model for the HWP international market expansion in China.  The assessment will be carried out through the extensive investigations into SSAB/HWP internal and external forces including transfer of knowledge in the MNC, position building in business networks, products positioning and sales situation on the Chinese market to define the risk and opportunity.  As well as the theories of the internationalization, marketing strategy and models will be referred to evaluate the franchising model, which can be adopted in China. The research questions are how can the franchising concept be adopted as an applicable model for the Hardox Wearparts international market expansion in China?  What are the appropriate suggestions for the improvements to the further implementation of the model? By adopting four research methods of qualitative research strategy, a multidimensional purpose of the research has been conducted in order to gather first-hand data, study a specific case and investigate the multidimensional environments for the implementation of the HWP international market expansion model.  The main research methods include 1) questionnaire & survey, 2) qualitative interviewing, 3) observation, and 4) collection and qualitative analysis of texts, document, e- research materials and data. The conclusion of the research is that there are several internal- and external factors, which have affected the HWP´s market expansion in China negatively during the year.  It is a sensible decision to emphasize China as a single largest market for the HWP business development. The market seeking strategy by the infusion of the franchising concept is an appropriate decision for the HWP market expansion in China.  The conceptual franchising model by SSAB is appropriate to both the theoretical model and Chinese regulation on the franchises.  However, to implement this franchising model in China, it requires several significant improvements on those four key components/success factors which are 1) internationalization entry model, 2) transfer of knowledge within the MNC, 3) learning in the foreign market network, and 4) position-building in the business networks.   Together with the improvements on four key components/success factors, the franchising concept will be an applicable model for the HWP international market expansion in China.

This study aims to perform a feasibility study on the DTU 10MW-RWT wind turbine blades constructed in the fossil-free high-strength steel 1300 MPa from SSAB. The acceptance criteria, on which the study is based, are taken from the DTU composite wind turbine model. A maximum weight of 41 000kg and a maximum tip displacement of 12.5 m are chosen. By fulfilling the acceptance criteria, the results of this study could contribute to a more sustainable future by decreasing the carbon dioxide emissions of wind turbine blades and improving their  recycling options. To perform weight optimization the Finite Element Analyses software Abaqus and the optimization software Tosca Structure are used.  The study is conducted based on Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) up until the design concept SG2. The study results in a preliminary design of the wind turbine blade constructed in SSAB Strenx 1300 and proofs that Tosca is a suitable software for performing weight optimization. The results show that it would be feasible to replace the wind turbine blades with SSAB Strenx 1300 MPa, but it will result in a weight increase for the current design. For further studies, it is recommended to consult with the stakeholders on how much weight increase of the blade is acceptable and study on how to modify the design of the steel wind turbine blade.

This paper analyzes Swedish steel company’s SSAB commitment to the green transition focusing on how and why aspects. The how part of this problem relates to topical conjunctures, which emerge independently of a company. The why part of this problem relates to institutional commitments carried on within a company and how a company potentially can differ vis-à-vis other companies. Formally the research question for this dissertation is: "To what extent did policy windows, policy entrepreneurs, proactive development pair and networks, and resources contribute to SSAB’s commitment to green transition for steel production in the 2020s?". Due to the explorative nature of my research question, the case study method is used where secondary data is gathered from Swedish newspapers (Dagens Nyheter, Dagens Industri and Svenska Dagbladet), SSAB press releases, annual reports, and other relevant publications. The study uses a deductive approach, where the theory provides a framework through which gathered findings are analyzed. The main theories and concepts used in this study are Kingdon’s “Policy Windows” or Agenda-Setting Theory and Policy Entrepreneurs, Fridlund’s concept of Development Pair and Networks, and Penrose’s Resource Theory.

Energy efficiency and renewable energy use are two main priorities leading to industrial sustainability nowadays according to European Steel Technology Platform (ESTP). Modernization efforts can be done by industries to improve energy consumptions of the production lines. These days, steel making industrial applications are energy and emission intensive. It was estimated that over the past years, energy consumption and corresponding CO2 generation has increased steadily reaching approximately 338.15 parts per million in august 2010 [1]. These kinds of facts and statistics have introduced a lot of room for improvement in energy efficiency for industrial applications through modernization and use of renewable energy sources such as solar Photovoltaic Systems (PV).The purpose of this thesis work is to make a preliminary design and simulation of the solar photovoltaic system which would attempt to cover the energy demand of the initial part of the pickling line hydraulic system at the SSAB steel plant. For this purpose, the energy consumptions of this hydraulic system would be studied and evaluated and a general analysis of the hydraulic and control components performance would be done which would yield a proper set of guidelines contributing towards future energy savings. The results of the energy efficiency analysis showed that the initial part of the pickling line hydraulic system worked with a low efficiency of 3.3%. Results of general analysis showed that hydraulic accumulators of 650 liter size should be used by the initial part pickling line system in combination with a one pump delivery of 100 l/min. Based on this, one PV system can deliver energy to an AC motor-pump set covering 17.6% of total energy and another PV system can supply a DC hydraulic pump substituting 26.7% of the demand. The first system used 290 m2 area of the roof and was sized as 40 kWp, the second used 109 m2 and was sized as 15.2 kWp. It was concluded that the reason for the low efficiency was the oversized design of the system. Incremental modernization efforts could help to improve the hydraulic system energy efficiency and make the design of the solar photovoltaic system realistically possible. Two types of PV systems where analyzed in the thesis work. A method was found calculating the load simulation sequence based on the energy efficiency studies to help in the PV system simulations. Hydraulic accumulators integrated into the pickling line worked as energy storage when being charged by the PV system as well.