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Flaggskeppsbyggnader är både en del av städers marknadsstrategier och en plats där stadens varumärke manifesteras i de praktiker byggnaden bjuder in till. Denna uppsats undersöker hur flaggskeppsbyggnader används som ett instrument i platsmarknadsföring genom en fallstudie på Sara kulturhus i Skellefteå. Utifrån en kvalitativ ansats har semistrukturerade intervjuer utförts med aktörer med relation till kulturhuset och Skellefteås platsmarknadsföring. Sara kulturhus är byggt i lokalproducerat trä, vilket givit en lokal förankring där materialvalet, tillsammans med byggnadens höjd, gett staden en atmosfär av modernitet vilket uppmärksammats i internationell media. Således har byggnaden blivit ett flaggskepp även i människors medvetande vilket ökat stadens attraktivitet. Kulturhuset öppnades för allmänheten 2021 och nyhetens behag börjar nu avta. Kulturhuset kommer därför möta utmaningar för att behålla sin roll som Skellefteås ansikte utåt. Studiens deltagare vill uppnå detta genom att kontinuerligt lyfta designen i trä och ambitionerna om hållbarhet. Ett av kulturhusets mål är att det ska vara ett hus för alla, men i en stad som Skellefteå med en diversifierad befolkning finns det hinder för att nå ett sådant mål.

Staphylococcus aureus est une bactérie pathogène portée par 30% de la population humaine. Cette bactérie agressive est responsable d'1/5ème des maladies acquises à l’hôpital (infections nosocomiales). Le passage d’un état commensal (portage) à un état infectieux implique le contrôle de l’expression de facteurs de virulence (toxines, adhésines…) ; ce qui nécessite un large arsenal de régulateurs bactériens comprenant des protéines (facteurs de transcription) et des ARN régulateurs (ARNrég). Parmi ces derniers, l’ARN Srn_3610_SprC est impliqué, entre autres, dans la prévention de la phagocytose et dans l’atténuation de la virulence de la bactérie. Or, cet ARN, dont l’expression est habituellement faible, se retrouve fortement exprimé durant les premières minutes de la phagocytose. Le but de cette thèse a été d’identifier les régulateurs transcriptionnels de srn_3610_sprC. SarA, un des facteurs de transcription majeur de S. aureus impliqué dans de nombreuses étapes clé de la virulence (antibiorésistance, formation de biofilm…), a été caractérisé comme le répresseur fort de l’expression de srn_3610_sprC. L’identification du site de fixation de SarA sur le promoteur de ce gène a permis de révéler un second ARNrég, Srn_9340, dont l’expression est également réprimée par SarA. Dans les 2 cas, SarA empêche la fixation de l’ARN polymérase sur leur promoteur, entrainant un faible niveau de transcription. La recherche du signal permettant l’induction de la transcription de ces gènes via le décrochage de SarA est en cours. En parallèle, les données de fixation de SarA sur ces 2 promoteurs ont permis d’identifier de nouvelles cibles de SarA. Nous poursuivrons cette recherche de cibles via une analyse à haut débit par RNASeq. / Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial pathogen responsible for about 1/5 of health-care associated infections. Nevertheless, 30% of humans are healthy carriers of this bacterium. Switch from commensal to infectious mode requires that virulence factors (toxins, adhesins), involved in S. aureus pathogenicity, are regulated by transcription factors (TF) and small non-coding RNA (sRNA). One of these sRNA, Srn_3610_SprC, has a key-role in prevention of phagocytosis and in attenuation of S. aureus virulence. Whereas srn_3610_sprC is usually poorly expressed, its expression is up-regulated during the first minutes of phagocytosis process. The aim of this thesis was to identify TF regulating srn_3610_sprC expression. We characterized SarA, the main TF of S. aureus, as a repressor of srn_3610_sprC transcription. Following SarA binding site determination, we highlighted a second sRNA (Srn_9340) also transcriptionally repressed by SarA. For both sRNA, SarA prevents RNA polymerase binding on their promoters. The next challenge will be to determine SarA derepression signal allowing high level of sRNAs transcription. Meanwhile, researches on SarA binding sequences allowed us to identify new SarA targets. To better understand SarA functions in S. aureus (antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation), we are now initiating a global study for the determination of SarA targets.

Studien är en källstudie vars syfte är att undersöka huruvida SARA B-SAFER fungerar som riskbedömningsinstrument och om brottsutvecklingen för våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer har ökat eller minskat under tidsperioden, åren 2000-2012. Urvalet för studien är Kalmar polismyndighet och Södertörn polismästardistrikt. Underlaget för studien är tidigare forskning från hur Polisen har arbetat med SARA B-SAFER och offentlig statistik på antalet anmälda brott från Brottsförebyggande rådet (BRÅ). Resultaten i studien visar på en ökning av antalet anmälda brott för våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer, samtidigt som anmälningarna ligger på en förhållandevis jämn nivå. Vidare indikerar studien på att det finns en komplexitet kring SARA B-SAFER som riskbedömnings-instrument, då det finns indikationer på att instrumentet har en prediktiv validitet. Åtgärder för att skydda brottsoffren hamnar i skymundan och SARA B-SAFER fungerar då inte preventivt, vilket kan förklara antalet ökade anmälningar för att instrumentet predicerar rätt. / This study aims to appose if the SARA B-SAFER are successful as a risk-assessment tool and if the crime development for spousal against women have risen or declined between the years 2000-2012. Kalmar Police County and Södertörn Manor are participating and statistics over crimes for spousal violence against women are studied in these areas. The material for the study is earlier research and statistics from Brottförebyggande rådet (BRÅ). The result in the study show that the crimes for spousal violence against women have increased but lay on a stable level. Further there is a complexity about SARA as a risk-assessment tool, when it seems to work on a predictive level, but not as much on a preventive stage, as wishes. The predictive factor on SARA can explain the increased numbers of crimes.

This essay aims to explain the attraction toward the main character Stavrogin that the other characters experience in Dostoevsky's The Possessed, his great novel from 1871. I will mainly employ the terms “orientation” and “disorientation” in my analysis of Stavrogin's power of attraction. The theory used for this reading is principally inspired by Sara Ahmed's Queer Phenomenology – Orientation, Objects, Others (2006), and the meaning I attach to the terms “orientation” and “disorientation” is derived from Ahmed's use of them. Ahmed's queer phenomenology helps us to reflect upon how Stavrogin functions as a point of orientation in the novel. This makes him a demonic influence on the other characters, in the sense that he disorientates them. The Possessed asks us what happens when we “lose our way”, and confusion as well as disorientation is a general theme of the novel. This topic has been raised before, but few have connected the demonic disorientation with the underlying unconventional desires, such as Peter Verchovensky's desire for Stavrogin. In this essay I attempt to show how Stavrogin can be thought of as a “new” orientation for the other characters, and how their following him causes them to follow lines that lead to destruction.

S. aureus est un pathogène humain qui produit une grande variété de facteurs de virulence, dont la leucocidine de Panton Valentine. Cette toxine est à l’origine de symptomatologies potentiellement sévères telles que la pneumonie nécrosante et l’ostéomyélite compliquée récidivante. Malgré la faible prévalence des gènes de la PVL au sein de souches de S. aureus, nous assistons à une émergence et à une diffusion de souches S. aureus résistantes à la méticilline d’origine communautaire (SARM-C) produisant la PVL. Bien que hautement conservée au sein de différents génomes, la PVL produite par les souches SARM-C américaines USA300 porte une substitution His176Arg avec un impact potentiel sur la fonctionnalité de la PVL. Nous avons étudié la distribution de ce polymorphisme au sein d’une sélection de souches SARM-C isolées de divers continents et nous avons confirmé le rôle leucotoxique de la PVL envers les neutrophiles humains quel que soit le fond génétique de la souche d’origine. Nous avons mis au point un modèle expérimental de lapin afin d’étudier le rôle de la PVL secrétée par la souche USA300 dans la pathogenèse de l’ostéomyélite. La PVL s’est révélée être un déterminant de la gravité de la maladie en termes de persistance et extension de l’infection, ainsi que d’amplitude de la réaction inflammatoire. Dès lors que nous avons conforté le rôle pathogène de la PVL, nous avons exploré l’effet des antibiotiques sur l’expression de la leucocidine. Nous avons observé après traitement avec l’oxacilline et l’imipénème une augmentation de la production de PVL. Cette augmentation est le résultat d’une activation transcriptionnelle des gènes de la PVL, activation médiée par les protéines liant la pénicilline et des régulateurs de la virulence staphylococcique, sarA et rot. D’autres antibiotiques la clindamycine, le linézolide et la rifampicine exercent un effet inhibiteur sur la production de PVL et bloquent l’induction de toxine par les bêta-lactamines. Sur la base de ces observations, nous recommandons pour le traitement des infections sévères à S. aureus producteur de PVL l’utilisation de l’oxacilline en association avec la clindamycine ou la rifampicine pour S. aureus sensible à la méticilline et du linézolide pour le SARM. / S. aureus is a human pathogen producing a large variety of virulence factors such as the Panton Valentine leukocidin (PVL). This toxin has been epidemiologically related to severe diseases such as necrotising pneumonia and recurrent osteomyelitis. The world wide spreading of PVL producing community acquired methicillin resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) has been reported. Although highly preserved within various genomes, the sequence of PVL produced by the american CA-MRSA strain USA300 carries a His176Arg substitution with a potential impact on the functionality of the leukocidin. We studied the distribution of this polymorphism within a selection of CA-MRSA strains isolated from various continents and we confirmed PVL toxicity towards human neutrophiles regardless to the genetic background of the harboring strain. We used an experimental rabbit model in order to study the relevancy of USA300 secreted PVL in the pathogenesis of osteomyelitis. We showed that PVL is a determinant of disease severity in terms of persistence and extension of the infection, as well as amplitude of the inflammatory reaction. We investigated the effect of antibiotics on the expression of the leukocidin. We observed increase PVL production after oxacilline and imipenem treatment. This was the consequence of trascriptional activation of PVL genes, mediated by penicillin binding proteins and S. aureus virulence regulators sarA and rot. Other antibiotics such as clindamycin, linezolid and rifampicin decreased PVL production and suppressed the inductor effect of beta-lactams. Based on these observations, we recommend for the treatment of the severe PVL induced diseases the use of oxacillin associated with either clindamycin or rifampicin for methicillin susceptible S. aureus or linezolid for MRSA.

Ce travail porte sur l’étude des mécanismes de phosphorylation des protéines par les sérine/thréonine kinases chez Staphylococcus aureus. Nous avons, tout d’abord, mis en évidence et caractérisé une seconde Ser/Thr-kinase, nommée Stk2. Cette kinase présente peu d’homologies avec les autres Ser/Thr-kinases bactériennes décrites à ce jour, en particulier avec la première Ser/Thr-kinase mise en évidence précédemment chez S. aureus, Stk1. Nous avons ensuite caractérisé dix sites d’autophosphorylation de Stk2 et nous avons montré que trois sites sont nécessaires à son activité. Enfin, nous avons montré que le régulateur global de virulence, SarA, est phosphorylé à la fois par Stk1 et Stk2. La phosphorylation de SarA influence sa capacité de liaison à l’ADN. Cette étude contribue à mieux appréhender, au niveau moléculaire, le rôle des Ser/Thr-kinases dans le métabolisme des bactéries et, plus particulièrement, dans la régulation de leur virulence / We report that protein phosphorylation on serine and threonine is required for controlling staphylococcal virulence. We identified and characterized a second serine/threonine kinase, Stk2, in S. aureus. Biochemical analyses revealed that this enzyme displays autokinase activity on both threonine and serine residues. Stk2 is atypical in the sense that it exhibits a weak similarity with the first Ser/Thr-kinase previously detected, Stk1, and its undergoes a different mechanism of activation compared to the other bacterial Ser/Thr-kinases described so far. We also showed that SarA, a major transcription factor that regulates more than a hundred virulence genes, is phosphorylated by both Stk1 and Stk2. Phosphorylation of SarA leads to strong effects on its ability to bind DNA. The study of Stk1 and Stk2, at the molecular level, provides a better understanding of the role of these staphylococcal Ser/Thr-kinases in bacterial metabolism and, in particular, in the regulation of virulence

Abstract The overall purpose of the survey is to explore what emancipatory potential the feminist literature analysis can reveal in a work. This is done by investigating which resistance strategies the main character Moa Bengtsson uses in Sara Beischers novel Jag ska egentligen inte jobba här (2012. In order to do this, the study is based on a feminist power analysis focusing on resistance. The study is a close reading of the novel Jag ska egentligen inte jobba här by Sara Beischer. The study results in the following conclusions: -          The resistance strategies used by the main character Moa are breaking rules, separating her identities and sisterhood. -          Feminist literature analysis is functional in order to operationalize an intercultural perspective in the sense that it is a critical power analysis whitch shows the structures that exist and find ways to change and / or resist them. -          The novel  opens to renegotiate ones funds to reach ones goal. The analysis assumes that the main character's goal is self-realization and independence, which she also achieves by breaking down restrictive rules and by giving herself scope for action. -          The didactic gains that can be made through a feminist analysis of resistance strategies are that it shows, in a natural and obvious way the possibilities of change offered in a text. Through power analysis, a student may be given the opportunity to reflect on the nature of their enviroment and their own possibilities of resistance.

Die Erfoschung informationsstruktureller Ausdrucksformen hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Untersuchung von Universalien, die der Kennzeichnung von “alten/bekannten” und “neuen/wichtigen” Informationen dienen. Auch wenn die Forschung diesem Thema bereits viel Raum gegeben hat, weiß man heute immer noch sehr wenig über die Realisierungsmöglichkeiten von Topik und Fokus in schlecht dokumentierten Sprachen. Die vorliegende Dissertation leistet mit der Diskussion über die Fokusmarkierungsstrategien einer kleinen Sprachfamilie im Herzen Afrikas einen wichtigen Beitrag zur informationsstrukturellen Grundlagenforschung. Sie gibt einen Überblick über die Realisierungsmöglichkeiten von Topik und Fokus in sechs genealogisch verwandten Sprachen der Sara-Bagirmi-Gruppe (BAGIRMI, KENGA, MBAY, KABBA, NGAMBAY und SAR) und konzentriert sich dabei auf die Untersuchung der prädikatszentrierten Fokustypen. Diese bestehen aus i) Fokus auf der lexikalischen Bedeutung des Verbes, ii) Fokus auf dem Polaritätsoperator („Verum-Fokus“) und iii) Fokus auf dem Tempus-Aspekt-Modus-Operator. Die Arbeit beleuchtet somit nicht nur die grammatische Stuktur unzureichend untersuchter Sprachen, sie liefert mit dem Schwerpunkt auf Nichttermfokus auch Einblick in ein vernachlässigtes Forschungsfeld. Die Untersuchungen im Rahmen der Dissertation zeigen, dass die Sara-Bagirmi-Sprachen eine Vielzahl verschiedener Fokussierungsstrategien aufweisen. Obwohl alle sechs Sprachen zu einer Familie gehören, unterscheiden sich die vorhandenen Strategien formal und teilweise auch funktional voneinander. Der innerfamiliäre Vergleich der Gemeinsamkeiten und der Unterschiede erlaubt zum einen Rückschlüsse auf die Beziehung zwischen Form und Funktion im Allgemeinen. Zum anderen ermöglicht er konkrete Aussagen zur diachronen Entwicklung der ausgewählten Konstruktionen. Die Korpusstudie zu einer der Sprachen ergänzt die Forschungsarbeit. Sie stellt ausgewählte Merkmale der Fokusrealisierung vor und zeigt den Gebrauch der präsentierten Strategien im natürlichen Diskurs. Die vorliegende Dissertation komplettiert die Datenbasis der empirischen Sprachforschung und bereichert mit ihren Ergebnissen die Sprachtheorie um wertvolle Erkenntnisse. So belegt z.B. die Analyse der Fokussierungsstrategien des Sara-Bagirmi die enge Verbindung zwischen prädikatszentrierten Fokustypen und TAM-basierten Kategorien. Sie zeigt außerdem, dass die Klassifikation der prädikatszentrierten Fokustypen neu überdacht werden sollte, da einige der untersuchten Sprachen neben den o.g. Typen auch grammatikalisierte Formen von Intensivierung oder Formen von „Gewissheit“ aufweisen. / The development of information structue and its expression has become increasingly important in the recent decades. The main focus is on the investigation of linguistic universals that are used to identify “old/given” and “new/important” information. Despite of a body of literature on this issue, little is known about the possibilities of realization of topic and focus in poorly documented languages. This investigation contributes to basic informational research in the field of information on the focus marking strategies of a small language family in the heart of Africa. It gives an overview of the way in which topic and focus are implemented in six genealogically related languages of Sara-Bagirmi (BAGIRMI, KENGA, MBAY, KABBA, NGAMBAY and SAR). The focus is on the investigation of predicate-centered focus types. These consist of i) focus on the lexical meaning of the verb, ii) focus on the polarity operator (“truth-value focus”), and iii) focus on the tense-aspect-mode operator. The work thus not only illuminates the grammatical structure of insufficiently studied languages, but also provides an insight into a neglected field of research with emphazising non-term focus. The results show that the Sara-Bagirmi languages have a variety of different focus strategies. Although all six languages belong to one family, the existing strategies differ formally and partly functionally from each other. The inter-familiar comparison of the similarities and the differences allows, on the one hand, conclusions about the relationship between form and function in general. On the other hand, it makes concrete statements on the diachronic development of the selected constructions. The corpus study on one of the languages complements the research work. It presents selected features of the focus realization and shows the use of the presented strategies in natural discourse. This dissertation completes the database of empirical linguistic research and enriches the theory of language with valuable results. Thus, for example, the analysis of the focusing strategies in Sara-Bagirmi confirms the close relationship of predicate-centered focus types and TAM-based categories. It also shows that the classification of the predicate-centered focus types should be reconsidered, since some of the examined languages in addition to the abovementioned types have grammaticalized forms of “intensification” or “definiteness/ certainty”.

In this thesis the aim is to examine how objects matter with regards to orientation in the work To Pieces written by the Finnish author Henry Parland. The question posed by Sara Ahmed in Queer Phenomenology becomes the starting point of this work. The aim of returning to this question is to accentuate the role of objects in the process of orientation. More specifically how the things themselves make up the life-world, which can be described as a “coherency of things”. When the lifeworld and the subject is aligned the world is familiar and open. It becomes a world that lets the subject in question extend itself and act as it intends. When the orientation fails, the subject becomes disorientated, the world falls apart. The things are used as tools to extend the subject in its world. But things are not mere tools for the subject to extend itself with. The things can be seen as having agency, something that is examined through the theory of agential realism by Karen Barad. Here the agency of matter is examined in such a way that the binary opposition of subject-object is questioned. Instead Barad suggest that we return to the matter itself and examine how it intra-acts in such a way that the boundaries and entities are formed within the so-called phenomena. Together these two theories are put to work in the novel To Pieces which becomes a place for them to join together by showing how orientation is formed reciprocally in the subject-object discourse. The novel is full of human intra-action with things, be it mirrors, photografies, cigarettes, hats, or other humans who are reduced to objects. From here the things themselves set in motion a kind of revolution, which questions the anthropocentric order.