A contaminação do ambiente por elementos químicos é um problema crescente em várias regiões do planeta. Muitos destes elementos químicos, que incluem o Cd, Pb e As são tóxicos aos humanos.De acordo com os órgãos de saúde como a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), 90% da ingestão destes elementos tóxicos ocorre por meio do consumo de alimentos (Tavares et al., 1992; Virga et al., 2007). Neste sentido, a estimativa da exposição pela alimentação é fundamental para avaliação de risco de possíveis efeitos adversos. A avaliação da exposição alimentar consiste em associar os dados de consumo alimentar de uma determinada população com as concentrações observadas dos elementos químicos em sua dieta (Nasreddine, 2010). Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi, determinar a ingestão diária dos elementos químicos tóxicos (As, Pb e Cd) em crianças em idade escolar através dos alimentos fornecidos pela Prefeitura de Ribeirão Preto nas merendas escolares. A metodologia utilizada no trabalho foi de dupla dieta, onde os alimentos analisados já estão prontos para o consumo. As merendas fornecidas por duas escolas municipais (infantil e ensino fundamental) e a cozinha piloto foram coletadas durante todos os dias letivos dos meses de março, junho, agosto e novembro de 2011. Os alimentos coletados foram congelados e liofilizados para posterior análise. As análises foram feitas utilizando a espectrometria de massas com plasma acoplado (ICP-MS) com prévia solubilização ou digestão ácida das amostras, com hidróxido de tetrametilamônio (TMAH) eácido nítrico (HNO3)/peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), respectivamente. A concentração média de As no arroz, feijão, legumes/verduras, carne vermelha, frango, peixe de água doce, peixe de água salgada e carne suína foi respectivamente de: 111 ng g-1, 17,3 ng g-1, 35,6 ng g-1, 34,3 ng g-1, 27,4 ng g-1, 65 ng g-1, 3,3 ?g g-1 e 33,6 ng g-1. A concentração de Cd encontrada nos mesmos alimentos foi respectivamente de: 11,4 ng g-1, 2,9 ng g-1, 24,6 ng g-1, 4,9 ng g-1, 2,6 ng g-1, 4,9 ng g-1, 63,6 ng g-1 e 5,1 ng g-1. Já a concentração de Pb encontrada foi respectivamente: 1,1 ng g-1, 3,4 ng g-1, 23,6 ng g-1, 8,1 ng g-1, 5,1 ng g-1, 4,4 ng g-1, 6,9 ng g-1 e 18,6 ng g-1. Com estes valores encontrados, calculou-se a ingestão média destes elementos químicos tóxicos pelas crianças durante o almoço servido pelas escolas municipais de Ribeirão Preto. A ingestão média de As, Cd e Pb na escola de ensino infantil foi respectivamente de 5,3 ?g, 0,6 ?g e 0,4 ?g; na escola de ensino médio foi respectivamente 6,9 ?g, 0,9 ?g e 0,6 ?g. Estes valores estão abaixo dos valores de referência toxicológicos fornecidos pela Autoridade Europeia de Segurança Alimentar (EFSA) e Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). / Chemical\'s contamination in the environment is a growing worldwide problem. Many of these chemical elements, including Cd, Pb and As are toxic to humans. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 90% of the intake of these toxic elements occurs through the food consumption (Tavares et al., 1992; Virga et al., 2007). Therefore, the estimation of exposure to these chemicals in the diet is essential for risk assessment and, possibly, to determine the relationship between the adverse effects observed in humans and dietary exposure to certain substances. Dietary exposure assessment is an association between the data of food consumption of a specific population with the observed concentrations of chemical elements in their diet (Nasreddine, 2010).In this sense, the objective of this study was to determine the daily intake of toxic elements (As, Pb and Cd) in children through the food provided by the city hall of Ribeirão Preto in school lunches. The methodology used in this study was double-diet, where the foods analyzed are ready for consumption. The meals provided by two local schools and the kitchen pilot were collected during all school days in March, June, August and November of 2011. The food collected was frozen and lyophilized for further analysis. The analyzes were performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after the solubilization with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) or acid digestion with nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) of the samples. The average concentration of As in rice, beans, vegetables, beef, poultry, freshwater fish, saltwater fish and pork were respectively: 111.2 ng g-1, 17.3 ng g-1 35.6 ng g-1, 34.3 ng g-1, 27.4 ng g-1, 65.6 ng g-1, 3.3 mg g-1 and 33.6 ng g-1. The Cd concentration found in the same foods were respectively: 11.4 ng g-1, 2.9 ng g-1, 24.6 ng g-1, 4.9 ng g-1, 2.6 ng g-1, 4.9 ng g-1, 63.6 ng g-1 and 5.1 ng g-1. The Pb concentration was found respectively, 1.1 ng g-1, 3.4 ng g-1, 23.6 ng g-1, 8.1 ng g-1, 5.1 ng g-1, 4.4 ng g-1, 6.9 ng g-1 and 18.6 ng g-1. With these values found, we calculated the average intake of these toxic elements by children during the lunch served by public schools in Ribeirão Preto. The average intake of As, Cd and Pb in elementary school children was respectively 5.3 mg, 0.6 mg and 0.4 mg; in high school was respectively 6.9 g, 0.9 g and 0 , 6 g. These intake values of As, Cd and Pb calculated are below the toxicological reference values provided by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

The healthy and right food plays a very important role in everybody's life. It works as a prevention of many diseases of civilization. Good nutrition can contribute to improve life quality. It gives a longer life and we stay more healthy. The most important thing in forming healthy eating habits is our own family. The next important factor is a school where children spend a lot of time. They create their own views and habits there. There are usually canteens at schools which offer some food to pupils. This dissertation is focussed on basic nutrients, education for a healthy lifestyle and the eating habits of pupils from 6 to 16 years at basic schools. I will also look into which food is preferred by pupils - healthy or unhealthy -their eating habits and the ways of their feeding. The aim of my dissertation is to find and evaluate eating habits of children of younger and older school age and detect if these children are interested in what they eat and if we can influence them by edification. In the practical part of my work I'd like to find out through a questionnaire what children at basic school know about healthy nutrition and a healthy lifestyle. The research was done at a peripheral basic school. The questionnaires were given to all pupils of primary and secondary school. The primary school's...

The purpose of this study is to examine how school meals are organized in a selection of Stockholm's secondary schools and to examine the relationship between school meals and the different parameters that indicate each school's symbolic capital and educational capital. By looking at the statistics from each school on the basis of the final grade average, percentage of pupils with foreign background and gender, I examine whether it is possible to see a relationship between how schools organize meals and which pupils attend the school.  In my study, I systematically went through each school's website and tried to identify how school meals at each school are organized. To increase the validity of the study, I have also conducted a questionnaire survey by mail addressed to school principals.   In order to analyse and understand my results and put them in relation to my current knowledge about the schools in my sample, I am using Bourdieu's theoretical tools that a given aid, both in methodological and analytical purpose. Based on Bourdieu's theories of symbolic capital, cultural capital and educational capital, I can understand and analyse school meals are organized and focused as part of schools' symbolic assets in competition with other schools.   The first part of the study shows that there are four different organizational models for school meals, fully equipped kitchen and canteen, heating kitchen and canteen, school meals in restaurants and school meal card.    In the second part, I have examined the relationship between the type of organization for school meals used and the symbolic resources available at the school. I can conclude from the results that it is difficult to find a correlation between the symbolic resources and the different categories. But even though it is not possible to see all the schools' symbolic assets equally clear, there are still some very telling examples. In many ways, these examples can be seen as polar opposites to each other based on Mikael Palme’s concepts ”goal rational” and ”education oriented” schools.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:09:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 werle_ch_me_sjrp.pdf: 450035 bytes, checksum: 099e05dc79950fa3c945b0a7abcf9810 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os alimentos são passiveis de contaminação por diferentes agentes etiológicos que podem levar ao desenvolvimento de doenças afetando a saúde humana desencadeada por microrganismos patogênicos ou suas toxinas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a merenda servida ás crianças, e as condições de preparo desta, através da análise microbiológica dos principais micro-organismos envolvidos em doenças transmitidas por alimentos.Este trabalho analisou 78 amostras de diferentes tipos de alimento servido para as crianças em 3 escolas do ensino infantil da cidade de São José do Rio Preto, 21 amostras de água utilizada no preparo da merenda e 29 amostras de Swab das mãos dos manipuladores. Avaliou-se a merenda foram quanto a presença de Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, determinação do número mais provável de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, contagem de Bacillus cereus, Clostridios sulfito redutores, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e bolores e leveduras. As amostras de água foram avaliadas quanto a contagem total de bactérias heterotróficas, coliformes totais, termotolerantes e pesquisa de E.coli. Investigou-se coliformes totais, termotolerantes, pesquisa de E.coli, contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e bolores e leveduras nas amostras de swab. Quando presentes cepas de E. coli e S. aureus foi realizado teste de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos. Para avaliação das condições de preparo da merenda realizou-se um check list nas cozinhas das escolas. 100% das amostras estavam de acordo com a legislação na contagem de Bacillus cereus, Clostridios sulfito redutores e pesquisa de Salmonella spp. 7,7% das amostras apresentaram contagens iguais ou superiores a 1100 NMP para coliformes totais, 1,3% não atendiam aos padrões estabelecidos para coliformes termotolerantes, em 6,4% das amostras foi detectado a presença de E.coli 1.3% apresentou... / Foods are susceptible to contamination from different etiologic agents which can lead to the development of illnesses affecting human health triggered by pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins. The objective of the study is to evaluate the conditions in which the school meals are served to the children through a microbiological analysis of the principal food-related pathogens. This work analyzed 78 samples of different types of food served to children from 3 infant schools in the city of São José do Rio Preto, 21 water samples used in the preparation of school meals and 29 swab samples from the hands of the food handlers. The food samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, the most probable number (MPN) of total and thermotolerant coliforms, the amount of Bacillus cereus, sulphite-reducing Clostridium, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, mould and yeast. The water samples were tested for the total heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms, thermotolerants, and traces of E. coli. The swab samples were analysed for total coliforms, thermotolerants, traces of E. coli, the amount of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, mould and yeast. The strains of E. coli and S. aureus found were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. To evaluation of conditions of preparation of the meal took place a check list in school kitchens. 100% of the samples were in accordance with the legislation for the amount of Bacillus cereus, sulphite-reducing Clostridium and traces of Salmonella spp. 7.7% of the samples presented results equal to or above 1100 MPN for total coliforms while 1.3% did not comply with the standards established for thermotolerant coliforms. In 6.4% of the samples the presence of E. coli was detected; 1.3% presented results higher than 10 3 colony-forming units (CFU) for coagulase-positive Staphylococcus and 6.4% of the samples presented... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Esse trabalho teve como finalidade descrever a segurança alimentar no município de Iguatu, tendo como objeto de análise o desenvolvimento de programas de aquisição de alimentos da agricultura familiar e o vínculo que se construiu com outros programas como a merenda escolar e de atendimento às pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade social, como o Programa Leite Fome Zero, a Cozinha Comunitária e o Banco de Alimentos, em fase de implantação. A metodologia adotada constou de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, visando descrever a evolução da política de segurança alimentar no país, a contribuição do desenvolvimento dos programas de aquisição de alimentos na garantia da segurança alimentar e a inserção do município de Iguatu - CE na promoção da segurança alimentar. Os resultados permitiram inferir que no âmbito nacional houve avanços significativos na política de segurança alimentar, alicerçada na Lei de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) e na garantia do direito humano a uma alimentação adequada. Entre os programas de governo destacou-se o PRONAF e o Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos, por possibilitar um olhar específico para a agricultura familiar, haja vista seu preponderante papel na produção de alimentos e contribuição para a segurança alimentar. O município de Iguatu inseriu-se na política de segurança alimentar, ao criar uma legislação municipal específica e as instituições necessárias ao desenvolvimento das ações de SAN. Os programas de aquisição de alimentos da agricultura familiar contribuíram significativamente para alcançar as pessoas em vulnerabilidade social e enriqueceram o cardápio da merenda escolar, com produtos frescos, garantindo principalmente as frutas e hortaliças. A pesquisa permitiu inferir que existe compromisso na esfera municipal de aderir e executar os programas federais que atendem a agricultura familiar e as pessoas em vulnerabilidades social, objetivando a segurança alimentar no município. / This study aimed to describe the food security in the municipality of Iguatu, having as object of analysis the development of programs of acquiring food from the family farming and the bond that was built with other programs such as school meals and assistance to people facing social vulnerability, such as Milk Zero Hunger Program, the Community Kitchen and Food Bank in the implementation phase. The methodology consisted of bibliographic and documentary research, in order to describe the evolution of food safety policy in the country, the contribution of the development of programs of food acquisition in ensuring food security and the analysis of the municipality of Iguatu - CE in promoting food security. The results of the research showed significant advances in the food security policy at the national level, based on the Law of Food and Nutritional Security and on the guarantee of the human right to adequate food. Among the governmental programs, the research highlighted the PRONAF and the Food Purchase Program for its specific emphasis at the family farming, given its leading role in the food production and its contribution to the food security. The municipality of Iguatu got inserted in the food security policy, by creating a specific municipal legislation and the necessary institutions for the development of Food and Nutritional Security actions. Acquisition programs of food from family farmers contributed significantly to reach people in social vulnerability and enriched the school lunch menu, with fresh produce, ensuring especially fruits and vegetables. The research concluded that there is commitment at the municipal level to adhere and to implement federal programs that comply with family farming and with people in social vulnerabilities, aiming at food security at the municipality.

In the theoretical part of the describing local production, the direct and indirect distribution channels, trends in school eating, history, legislation, organic food processing, its labelling, obtain certificates, and the advantages and disadvantages of each sale. The practical part of the thesis is focused on the evaluation of the results of the completed survey in selected school catering facilities in the South Bohemia region. In the framework of the questionnaire investigation was evaluated food consumption, food processing procedures (fresh, frozen, semi-finished products), the proportion of seasonal and unseasonal of food and the share of meat. The analysis is part of the UMBESA project, which seeks to promote and enhance regional, organic, seasonal and fresh food in the catering facilities.

Submitted by Manuel Ruas Pereira Coelho Bonduki (manuel.bonduki@gmail.com) on 2017-04-26T21:06:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Manuel Bonduki - Entre Chicotes e Cenouras Orgânicas v.F.pdf: 2580978 bytes, checksum: 6d37009671d003fb57a0c064023cd07e (MD5) / Rejected by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde Manuel, Para que possamos dar andamento ao seu processo é necessário algumas alterações: Nome da escola apenas, mais nada alem disso. FUNDAÇÃO GETÚLIO VARGAS ESCOLA DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO DE EMPRESAS DE SÃO PAULO RESUMO E ABSTRACT, deve ser feito em apenas 1 folha não pode passar disso. ( contando com as palavras chaves ) Apos as alterações submeter novamente. Qualquer duvida estamos a disposição, Att, Pâmela Tonsa 3799-7852 on 2017-04-27T20:18:40Z (GMT) / Submitted by Manuel Ruas Pereira Coelho Bonduki (manuel.bonduki@gmail.com) on 2017-05-02T20:42:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Manuel Bonduki - Entre Chicotes e Cenouras Orgânicas - Cooperação, coerção e coordenação na implementação das compras da agricultura familiar para o PNAE v.F.pdf: 2576471 bytes, checksum: f37b468b95012ce501260cd260a82496 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-05-03T14:26:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Manuel Bonduki - Entre Chicotes e Cenouras Orgânicas - Cooperação, coerção e coordenação na implementação das compras da agricultura familiar para o PNAE v.F.pdf: 2576471 bytes, checksum: f37b468b95012ce501260cd260a82496 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-03T14:28:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manuel Bonduki - Entre Chicotes e Cenouras Orgânicas - Cooperação, coerção e coordenação na implementação das compras da agricultura familiar para o PNAE v.F.pdf: 2576471 bytes, checksum: f37b468b95012ce501260cd260a82496 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / In federalist nations, the specific institutional structure that articulates autonomy and unity (or self-rule and shared-rule, according to Elazar’s definition in 1987) has been appointed as an obstacle to the expansion of social policies and to its intergovernmental coordination. As stated by Pierson (1995), although highly interdependent, the public policies in federalist countries are only modestly coordinated. Deil Wright (1978), indicates that intergovernmental relations in federalist nations may be organized through a pattern that reinforce hierarchy and dependence of subnational governments or as patterns of negotiation and interdependence. Brazilian researchers on the theme have pointed out that the specific authority structure in terms of fiscal resources, political autonomy, and constitutional jurisdiction in each policy area have an important role on defining the IGR pattern. Besides, although Brazilian municipalities having been able to gain political autonomy, increment its fiscal share and receive constitutional jurisdiction over a wide set of policy areas, the decision on major policies regulatory milestones often remains centralized in the federal level. From this theoretical approach, in the present study we review the vertical distribution of authority in Brazilian National School Meals Program (PNAE) to then assess the coordinating federal ability in the program. This evaluation was conducted based on the case study of the implementation of a federal regulation that stipulated that at least 30% of federal resources should be spent with purchases from family farmers, preferably locals. This was, as we see it, the regulation that have most hardly revealed that a centralized decision structure in the program remained even after the decentralization that took place in 1994, when states and municipalities have started executing the program. The data analysis of 4992 municipalities (90% of the total of Brazilian local governments) from 2011 to 2014 shows that the municipalities’ adaptation to the regulation devolved in a stable and growing pattern, in local governments of all sizes and of all national regions. Although around 60% of municipalities have not reached the minimum target of 30% by 2014, there is a clear progress towards that. We thus conclude that there is a high federal coordinating capacity on the program. This capacity is built upon a centralized authority structure with little room for a cooperative approach, which determines a “inclusive authority” pattern of IGR. On the other hand, there is interdependence in the policy implementation and we could as well find situations of negotiation and cooperation, even with less institutional basis, which adds elements of Wright’s “overlapping authority model” of IGR. Finally, we recommend that the institutional design of the National School Meals Program (PNAE) should evolve to a more cooperative status, including states and municipalities in the policy decision making though negotiating arenas, creating flexible incentives, supporting local innovation, improving the role of states in local coordination and reaching for equalizing regional inequalities. / Nos países federalistas, o arranjo específico que articula autonomia e unidade – ou self rule e shared rule, na formulação de Elazar (1987) – tem sido apontado como um obstáculo à expansão de políticas sociais e à coordenação intergovernamental em sua produção. Para Pierson (1995), apesar de altamente interdependentes, as políticas públicas nos países federalistas são apenas modestamente coordenadas. Deil Wright (1978), por sua vez, observa que as relações intergovernamentais no federalismo podem tanto estruturar-se a partir de padrões que reforçam hierarquia e dependência dos entes subnacionais como a partir de padrões sob a égide da negociação e interdependência. A literatura nacional tem apontado, ainda, que a forma como está estruturada a distribuição vertical de autoridade nos campos fiscal, político e de competências em cada área de política pública é importante definidor do padrão de relações intergovernamentais. Identifica ainda que, após 1988, apesar de os municípios terem recebido autonomia política, competências constitucionais sobre amplas áreas de políticas públicas e crescentes parcelas da receita tributária disponível, o poder de decisão sobre os grandes marcos normativos das políticas públicas vem sendo retomado pelo nível federal, no que pode ser considerado tanto um movimento de recentralização quanto de tentativa de coordenação. A partir desta problemática teórica, analisamos a distribuição vertical de autoridade no Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) nos dias atuais para, em seguida, avaliar a capacidade de coordenação federal no programa. Esta avaliação foi realizada com base no estudo de caso da implementação em nível nacional da obrigação criada pelo art. 14 da lei 11.947/09 que determina o dispêndio de, no mínimo, 30% dos recursos repassados pelo governo federal com compras diretamente da agricultura familiar. A forma de implementar a previsão legal foi, ao nosso ver, o processo que mais claramente evidenciou o caráter ainda centralizado do programa, em que pese a descentralização da execução ocorrida em 1994. Analisando os dados referentes a 4992 municípios entre os anos de 2011 e 2014, percebe-se que o processo de adequação dos municípios à lei ocorreu de forma crescente e estável em todas as categorias de municípios e em todas as regiões do país. Concluímos que há grande capacidade de coordenação do FNDE sobre a ação dos municípios no PNAE. Concluímos que esta ampla capacidade de coordenação apoia-se em um modelo centralizado e pouco cooperativo, que se traduz em um padrão de relações intergovernamentais de “autoridade inclusiva” (Wright, 1978). Observa-se, no entanto, que há interdependência na implementação da política e que também estiveram presentes elementos de cooperação e negociação, ainda que menos formais, o que agregou às relações intergovernamentais do programa a presença de elementos do modelo de “autoridade superposta”, configurando uma situação que mistura ambos padrões. Ao fim, recomendamos que o desenho institucional do PNAE avance para uma institucionalidade mais cooperativa, incluindo os municípios e estados na formulação das regras gerais por meio de espaços de negociação, estabelecendo estruturas mais flexíveis de incentivo, revendo o papel atribuído aos estados, apoiando a inovação e buscando equalizar as desigualdades regionais.

Diploma thesis is based on the research which was carried out at the Primary school Velešín in the school year 2007/2008 and was focused on the pupils of fifth, seventh and ninth grades. The objective of the thesis was the analysis of the menus to find out saturation by macro-nutrients and selected micro-nutrients according to the nutritional requirements for school children. Research investigation might be divided into four parts. First part lied in the collection of the menus for the school year, their analysis in the programme NutriDan and following comparison to the norm of need of a school lunch, which is 35 % of a total daily nutritional dose. In the second part the variety of menus was assessed on the basis of repetition rate of particular meals in the school canteen in a month. The third part was the carrying out a questionnaire research of eating habits in pupils. In the fourth part the testing hypotheses were statistically assessed by means of chi-square distribution test. Out of gained results it was found out that required energy was fulfilled only in girls of ninth grade. The fulfilment was at the level 36.14{--}38.29 % of recommended daily dose (RDD). In other grades the energy was undervalued. Proteins were over the limit through the whole year. In the pupils of the fifth grade the fulfilment was in the interval 72.66{--}98.24 % of RDD (the average was 84.7 %), in the pupils of the seventh grade in the interval 55.28{--}74.22 % of RDD (the average was 64.2 %) and in the pupils of ninth grade in the interval 64.93{--}103.15 % of RDD (the average was 82 %). The fulfilment of carbohydrates was insufficient. In the fifth grade it was in the interval 18.81{--}25.35 % of RDD, in the seventh grade only in the interval 16.27{--}23.52 % of RDD and in ninth grade in the interval 21.54{--}29 % of RDD. The intake of lipids was excessive in the girls of the ninth grade (37.56{--}46.21 % of RDD). The fibre was in the norm of need. Out of the observed micronutrients calcium was deficient; the fulfilment was not over 21.62 % of RDD in the pupils of the fifth grade, in the pupils of the seventh grade 19.82 % of RDD. In the pupils of the ninth grade the fulfilment was in the interval 21.37{--}27.86 % of RDD. Through the whole year, vitamins B6 and B12 were over the limit. By the assessment of variety the low rates of leguminous soups, fish, fruit and vegetables were found out. Pork meat and sweet meals were excessive in several months. In boys increasing trend of Body Mass Index (BMI) depending on their age was evident; with higher age more respondents left out breakfast and had lunch more off the school canteen, which might be one of the causes of overweight or obesity in children. The consumption of fruit and vegetables was insufficient. Tested hypotheses proved the following: physical activity did not depend on respondents{\crq} sex; respondents{\crq} BMI depended on regular consumption of breakfast, time spent at a TV set and a computer did not depend on the age of respondents.

Orientador: Elisabete Salay / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T15:18:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bleil_RozaneAparecidaToso_D.pdf: 1458939 bytes, checksum: a563a93ddf063960adcb463fc76ba60b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Em adolescentes, hábitos alimentares inadequados podem desencadear aumento de diversas doenças. Nessa fase, é necessário compreender as transformações em relação ao estado nutricional, para propor estratégias de ações efetivas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o estado nutricional e as práticas alimentares de adolescentes de município da região oeste paranaense. Foi analisada ainda a adesão do grupo em relação ao Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE). O estudo foi realizado com 167 adolescentes entre 10 e 18 anos, matriculados na rede pública de ensino do município de Toledo-Paraná, no ano de 2004. Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos, antropométricos, de consumo alimentar, percepção corporal, desenvolvimento puberal, atividade física e informações sobre a alimentação distribuída nas unidades de ensino escolar. Para a análise do estado nutricional dos alunos, foi adotado o Índice de Massa Corporal - IMC e para a avaliação do consumo alimentar, o Recordatório Alimentar de 24 horas. Foi aplicado o teste de qui-quadrado para verificar associação entre estado nutricional e as variáveis: gênero, rendimentos familiares, maturação sexual, atividade física e ingestão de nutrientes. A análise de variância e o teste de Tukey foram realizados para verificar associação entre consumo alimentar e estado nutricional e o teste t-student para comparar a ingestão de nutrientes com a recomendação e detectar possíveis diferenças nas medidas referidas e aferidas de peso, estatura e IMC. Para avaliar a concordância entre as medidas referidas e aferidas, foi determinado o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse de Pearson (CCI), conforme faixa etária e gênero. As análises sobre a adesão ao PNAE foram baseadas no cálculo do Índice de Atendimento Efetivo (IAE) e na frequência de consumo da alimentação escolar. A aceitação foi medida pelo método da Escala Hedônica Facial. Os fatores analisados intervenientes na adesão ao programa foram: tipo de preparação, local, temperatura, tempo destinado ao consumo de alimentos na escola, e utensílios usados na alimentação escolar. Para todas as análises, foi adotado o nível de significância de 5%. A prevalência de excesso de peso no grupo foi de 8,4%. O consumo de colesterol apresentou-se elevado no grupo das meninas com baixo peso e a ingestão de fibras foi menor no grupo com excesso de peso, em ambos os gêneros. A ingestão de cálcio e vitamina A foi significativamente menor que o recomendado. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre as variáveis faixa etária e gênero em relação às medidas de peso, estatura e IMC referidos e aferidos. Os resultados mostraram expressiva adesão dos alunos ao PNAE e entre os fatores que interferem na adesão ao programa, algumas preparações integrantes do cardápio devem ser revistas. As medidas referidas, especialmente a estatura, devem ser utilizadas com cuidado na avaliação do estado nutricional de adolescentes. Melhorias podem ser incorporadas ao PNAE para ampliar a adesão dos alunos ao programa. Sugere-se maior envolvimento dos gestores públicos na implementação de estratégias, com destaque para as medidas educativas passíveis de serem desenvolvidas no âmbito escolar, para que sejam corrigidos, em curto prazo, problemas nutricionais que podem comprometer a saúde desta população / Abstract: In adolescents, the inadequate nutritional habits can result in many diseases. During this phase, it is necessary to understand the changes associated to the adolescents' nutritional profile, in order to propose strategies of effective actions as well as improve their health. This study aimed at evaluating the nutritional status and food intake practices in adolescents from a western city of Paraná State. It was also analyzed the group's adhesion on the National School Meal Program (NSMP). The study was performed in 2004, with 167 adolescents from 10 to 18 years old, all enrolled on public schools in the city of Toledo, PR. Data as socioeconomic, anthropometric, food intake, corporeal perception, pubertal development, physical activity and information concerning meal distribution on the school units were collected. In order to analyze the students' nutritional status, it was applied the Body Mass Index (BMI) and to evaluate the food intake consume, the 24-hour diet recall. It was also used the qui-square test to verify any association between the nutritional status and its variables: gender, family income, sexual maturity, physical activity and nutrients intake. The analysis of variance and the Tukey test were done to verify the association between food intake and nutritional status, while the t-student test compared nutrients intake with the recommendation to detect possible differences on the self-reported and measures taken of weight, height and BMI. To evaluate the relation between the self-reported and measures taken, it was determined the Pearson intra-class correlation coefficient, according to the age group and gender. The analyses concerning NSMP adhesion were based on the Effective Assistance Index (EAI) and the school meal consumption frequency. The approval was measured by the facial hedonic method. In order to evaluate the factors that can interfere on the program adhesion, the following items were analyzed: food preparation type, place, temperature, time determined to the food intake and the utensils used on the school meals. It was chosen a significance level of 5% for all the analyses. The cholesterol intake was high for the girls' group, with low weight and the fiber intake was low in the overweight group in both gender. Calcium and vitamin A consumption was considered significantly bellow the recommended. No significant differences were observed between the variables age and gender regarding measures of weight, height and BMI, measured and self-reported. The results showed a significant adhesion of the students to NSMP and, among the factors that interfere on the program adhesion, there are some preparations in the menu which should be reviewed. The self-reported measures, mainly tallness, must be used with caution during the nutritional status evaluation in adolescents. Improvements can be incorporated to the NSMP in order to intensify the students' adhesion to the program. This research proposes a deeper commitment by the public executives to implement some strategies, highlighting educative measurements that can be developed in the school environment, so that nutritional problems can be corrected, in a short term, since they can harm this population health / Doutorado / Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos / Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

A contaminação do ambiente por elementos químicos é um problema crescente em várias regiões do planeta. Muitos destes elementos químicos, que incluem o Cd, Pb e As são tóxicos aos humanos.De acordo com os órgãos de saúde como a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), 90% da ingestão destes elementos tóxicos ocorre por meio do consumo de alimentos (Tavares et al., 1992; Virga et al., 2007). Neste sentido, a estimativa da exposição pela alimentação é fundamental para avaliação de risco de possíveis efeitos adversos. A avaliação da exposição alimentar consiste em associar os dados de consumo alimentar de uma determinada população com as concentrações observadas dos elementos químicos em sua dieta (Nasreddine, 2010). Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi, determinar a ingestão diária dos elementos químicos tóxicos (As, Pb e Cd) em crianças em idade escolar através dos alimentos fornecidos pela Prefeitura de Ribeirão Preto nas merendas escolares. A metodologia utilizada no trabalho foi de dupla dieta, onde os alimentos analisados já estão prontos para o consumo. As merendas fornecidas por duas escolas municipais (infantil e ensino fundamental) e a cozinha piloto foram coletadas durante todos os dias letivos dos meses de março, junho, agosto e novembro de 2011. Os alimentos coletados foram congelados e liofilizados para posterior análise. As análises foram feitas utilizando a espectrometria de massas com plasma acoplado (ICP-MS) com prévia solubilização ou digestão ácida das amostras, com hidróxido de tetrametilamônio (TMAH) eácido nítrico (HNO3)/peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), respectivamente. A concentração média de As no arroz, feijão, legumes/verduras, carne vermelha, frango, peixe de água doce, peixe de água salgada e carne suína foi respectivamente de: 111 ng g-1, 17,3 ng g-1, 35,6 ng g-1, 34,3 ng g-1, 27,4 ng g-1, 65 ng g-1, 3,3 ?g g-1 e 33,6 ng g-1. A concentração de Cd encontrada nos mesmos alimentos foi respectivamente de: 11,4 ng g-1, 2,9 ng g-1, 24,6 ng g-1, 4,9 ng g-1, 2,6 ng g-1, 4,9 ng g-1, 63,6 ng g-1 e 5,1 ng g-1. Já a concentração de Pb encontrada foi respectivamente: 1,1 ng g-1, 3,4 ng g-1, 23,6 ng g-1, 8,1 ng g-1, 5,1 ng g-1, 4,4 ng g-1, 6,9 ng g-1 e 18,6 ng g-1. Com estes valores encontrados, calculou-se a ingestão média destes elementos químicos tóxicos pelas crianças durante o almoço servido pelas escolas municipais de Ribeirão Preto. A ingestão média de As, Cd e Pb na escola de ensino infantil foi respectivamente de 5,3 ?g, 0,6 ?g e 0,4 ?g; na escola de ensino médio foi respectivamente 6,9 ?g, 0,9 ?g e 0,6 ?g. Estes valores estão abaixo dos valores de referência toxicológicos fornecidos pela Autoridade Europeia de Segurança Alimentar (EFSA) e Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). / Chemical\'s contamination in the environment is a growing worldwide problem. Many of these chemical elements, including Cd, Pb and As are toxic to humans. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 90% of the intake of these toxic elements occurs through the food consumption (Tavares et al., 1992; Virga et al., 2007). Therefore, the estimation of exposure to these chemicals in the diet is essential for risk assessment and, possibly, to determine the relationship between the adverse effects observed in humans and dietary exposure to certain substances. Dietary exposure assessment is an association between the data of food consumption of a specific population with the observed concentrations of chemical elements in their diet (Nasreddine, 2010).In this sense, the objective of this study was to determine the daily intake of toxic elements (As, Pb and Cd) in children through the food provided by the city hall of Ribeirão Preto in school lunches. The methodology used in this study was double-diet, where the foods analyzed are ready for consumption. The meals provided by two local schools and the kitchen pilot were collected during all school days in March, June, August and November of 2011. The food collected was frozen and lyophilized for further analysis. The analyzes were performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after the solubilization with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) or acid digestion with nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) of the samples. The average concentration of As in rice, beans, vegetables, beef, poultry, freshwater fish, saltwater fish and pork were respectively: 111.2 ng g-1, 17.3 ng g-1 35.6 ng g-1, 34.3 ng g-1, 27.4 ng g-1, 65.6 ng g-1, 3.3 mg g-1 and 33.6 ng g-1. The Cd concentration found in the same foods were respectively: 11.4 ng g-1, 2.9 ng g-1, 24.6 ng g-1, 4.9 ng g-1, 2.6 ng g-1, 4.9 ng g-1, 63.6 ng g-1 and 5.1 ng g-1. The Pb concentration was found respectively, 1.1 ng g-1, 3.4 ng g-1, 23.6 ng g-1, 8.1 ng g-1, 5.1 ng g-1, 4.4 ng g-1, 6.9 ng g-1 and 18.6 ng g-1. With these values found, we calculated the average intake of these toxic elements by children during the lunch served by public schools in Ribeirão Preto. The average intake of As, Cd and Pb in elementary school children was respectively 5.3 mg, 0.6 mg and 0.4 mg; in high school was respectively 6.9 g, 0.9 g and 0 , 6 g. These intake values of As, Cd and Pb calculated are below the toxicological reference values provided by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the World Health Organization (WHO).