The purpose of this study was to explore how teachers and special educators wished to organize education in a Swedish city´s upper secondary school system in order to reach all admitted students. The purpose was also to identify what pedagogical needs of students and school staff that teachers and special educators enquire for in order to fulfil these goals. Presenting the study, its settings, its author, its purpose and research questions, the introduction and background chapters revolve around considerations regarding “a school for all”. Special educational organising principles in the city of inquiry are outlined, as well as special educational perspectives from research and school debate. Dichotomic views on how to reach a school for all are presented. Modern perspectives problematizing and striving to go beyond such dichotomy concludes the background chapter. The research area concerns students’ social and academical goal fulfilment, teachers’ social professional role, and school organization. Outlining these research areas, a sample of six studies, consisting of international and Swedish studies from 1999 to 2020, are presented. Ontologically, a symbolic interactionist perspective in relation to the study’s purpose led to a reflexive approach, using semi-structured interviews and interpretative analysis. Interviews were held with three teachers and two special educators. Several aspects of research ethics were seen as having affected methodological choices and the study as a whole. Reflexive analysis, and theorizing from a symbolic interactionist perspective regarding interview participants intentions, led to results presented under the themes participation, communication, and learning. Several dilemmas appear as possible obstacles in reaching what’s interpreted as intended outcomes. Dilemmas are described with inspiration from Nilholms (2020) description of the Dilemma Perspective. As the results showed several similarities between teachers’ and special educators’ views are, conclusions are presented as a whole. Conclusions mainly show that the participants wish to strengthen the employment of communicative relational practices in school. Similarities with the Communicative Relational Perspective described by Ahlberg (2015) are noted. Dilemmas relating to implementing such practices are viewed in relation to different social and organizational levels. Pedagogical needs intended to be fulfilled are concluded as the need to feel secure, through maintaining personal integrity, mutual respect and reciprocity in teacher-student as well as school staff relationships, to facilitate participation and learning. Suggestions for future research include looking more closely at dilemmas related to achieving “a school for all”, as well as inquiring more directly regarding students’ perspectives and needs relating to the same subject, and performing further studies related to the practices outlined in the Communicative Relational Perspective.

This study has investigated teachers’ apprehensions of interdisciplinary collaborations, education related to sustainable development and their conditions in education. When interviewing teachers, working in the vocational programmes in upper secondary schools in Sweden, the apprehensions illuminate diversity in how schools approach and implement aims and requirements in the curricula. Apprehensions of interdisciplinarity and sustainable development reflect content and methods in the classroom.The main purpose of the thesis is to study how teachers apprehend interdisciplinary education and the relation to education on sustainable development. The second part of the study aims to identify teachers’ apprehensions of the conditions for interdisciplinary approaches in education.The results show the connections and relations between apprehensions of interdisciplinary approaches, school organization and the ability to implement education for sustainable development in the classroom. Deliberation, participation, time and distance are essential for the planning and implementation process. Teachers’ knowledge in school subjects as well as an understanding for connections between different fields of knowledge is also essential. A team teacher organization as well as support from headmasters, are framing conditions for an open climate which enables meeting each other across disciplinary borders and barriers. Interdisciplinary collaborations in education are mostly described in terms of multidisciplinary approaches, with additive knowledge development. This often means that students are left to identify connections between subjects themselves. Some collaborations are, however, described with more enthusiasm. This study identifies a relationship between integration level and collaborations that are described as successful. In the field of education for sustainable development (ESD) a holistic view is essential to be able to identify the complex relations between man and nature. In terms of education related to sustainable development, the ecological dimension is the most associated dimension among teachers in this study, while the sociological and economical dimensions in general, are implicit. Concerning the environmental education traditions, many apprehensions in this study can be related to a fact-based tradition as well as a normative tradition.To be able to categorize apprehensions in the third tradition (education for sustainable development), abilities as emancipation and transformation have to be more explicit in the learning process.

Denna studie undersöker vilken inkluderingsstrategi lärare använder sig av i matematikundervisningen. Studien lyfter fram viktiga faktorer kring inkluderingstrategier som berörs ute i skolverksamheterna. Studiens frågeställningar lyder: Vilken, om någon, inkluderingsstrategi använder sig lärare av för att inkludera elever som befinner sig i matematiksvårigheter? Och På vilket sätt uttrycker sig inkludering utifrån dynamisk-, deltagande- och innehållsinkludering? För att besvara frågeställningarna har en kvantitativ studie genomförts, där en webbenkät användes. Enkäten bestod av 14 kvantitativa frågor med kvalitativa inslag. Enkäten besvarades av 62 respondenter. Respondenternas svar analyserades därefter utifrån Roos (2019) tre teoretiska inkluderingsbegrepp. Studiens resultat visar att deltagandeinkludering och innehållsinkludering genererade en större mängd empiri då en övervägande del respondenter befinner sig på den positiva sidan av likertsskalan. Detta tyder på att läraren alternativ pedagog har ett aktivt förhållningssätt utifrån påståendets innebörd. Å andra sidan finns det resultat som pekar på motsatsen, vilket tolkas som att aktivt förhållningssätt saknas. Inkludering är ett stort begrepp med olika betydelser som i denna studie behandlar dynamisk, innehålls och deltagande inkludering. Att skapa en inkluderande matematikundervisning för elever som är i matematiksvårighet kan möjliggöra för integration av nya matematiska begrepp, uttryck och gemenskap i olika kontexter. I svenska Akademins ordlista (SAOL) förklaras verbet inkludera “att räkna med”, vilket exempelvis är att ingå i viss grupp. Detta till skillnad från motsatsen som innebär utesluta, exkludera någon från att delta i olika gruppkonstellationer. / This study examines which inclusion strategy teachers use in mathematics teaching. The study highlights important factors surrounding inclusion strategies that are affected in school activities. The study's questions are: What, if any, inclusion strategy does teachers use to include students who have math difficulties? And In what way is inclusion expressed based on Roo's (2016) inclusion strategies? To answer the questions, a quantitative study has been conducted, where a web survey was used. The survey consisted of fourteen quantitative questions with qualitative elements. Sixtytwo respondents answered the survey. The respondents' answers were then analyzed based on Roos' (2019) three theoretical concepts of inclusion. The results of the study show that participation inclusion and content inclusion generated a greater amount of empirical evidence as a majority of respondents are on the right side of the Likert scale. This indicates that the teacher alternative pedagogue has an active approach based on the meaning of the statement. On the other hand, there are results that point to the opposite, which is interpreted as a lack of an active approach. Inclusion is a big concept with different meanings which in this study deals with dynamic, content & participatory inclusion

Purpose: The aim of this essay and its contribution to research is to identify the opportunities, pitfalls, and dilemmas that can arise when inclusive education is organized with regard to students with ASC. In order to create more understanding of the situation for students with ASC in schools, the study focus on school leadership. Sub-studies: The essay consists of two studies. In the first study (1) the aim was to identify, describe, and analyze different research approaches to inclusive education and social participation for students with ASC, by performing a systematic research review. In the second study (2) principals of Swedish schools were interviewed, data collection was divided into three sets of interviews based on and using two models as tools in the analysis process. The models are the Index of Inclusion (Ainscow &amp; Booth 2002) and three key concepts for inclusive school leadership (European Agency of Special Needs and Inclusive Education 2018; Óskarsdottir et al. 2020). Theory: A dialectical approach (Clark, Dyson &amp; Millward 1995; 1998) or the dilemma perspective (Nilholm 2003) have been used as a theoretical lens. This approach aims to provide a dynamic and abductive reasoning for the overall analysis in the essay, since inclusive education appears to create dilemmas when societal cultures and norms, bureaucracy, and structures meet. The analysis demonstrates that inclusive processes appear as dilemma-creating at different levels in the system and addresses democracy in terms of social justice. Method: Crystallization is a term that relates to the practice of using multiple data sources and results, research approaches and lenses (Ellingson 2008; Tracy 2010), which leads to a more complex understanding being opened up in the overall analysis. Knowledge contribution: Inclusion is mainly interpreted as the students’ experience of being socially accepted and having access to academic education and the curriculum. Principals’ feeling of loneliness in relation to their superiors—they need to fight for their students and their staff against decisionmakers higher up in the education system hierarchy. At the same time, it is noted that principals have agreat deal of freedom in their practice, but the issue of communication needs to be raised and support for principals is important. A discussion is needed about whose perspective is the prevailing one in decisionmaking processes in schools and in the school system. Limitations: The data collection of the second study (2) took place via virtual meetings due to the pandemic. Virtual meetings are limited by the lack of being able to observe the interviewee's body language and nonverbal communication, as well as a small sample of respondents. These limitations affect the essay in general and thus to some extent reduce the possibility of generalizing the results. Practical implications: This essay can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the inclusion concept in relation to students with ASC. It can potentially initiate forums for further discussions on the working conditions of principals in relation to their responsibilities and the expectations placed upon them. In addition, to conduct a continuous discussion about the importance of authenticity and accountability for all professionals in the school and its stakeholders. Development and improvement of structures that facilitate the inclusion of the student voice in decision-making processes are also seen as important. / <p>Incorrect ISBN in publication: 987-91-7877-319-0 (print), 987-91-7877-320-6 (pdf)  </p>

本研究旨在探討竹苗區國民中學教師知覺校長願景領導、學校組織氣氛與學校效能之關係。為達研究目的，首先蒐集相關文獻資料加以探討分析，瞭解校長願景領導、學校組織氣氛與學校效能之內涵，以建立本研究架構之理論基礎，及問卷編製的依據。在實證研究上採調查研究法，以竹苗區公立國民中學教師為樣本對象，採「分層隨機抽樣」方式，進行研究資料的蒐集，共發出600份問卷，有效問卷582份，回收可用率達97.0%。問卷回收後，分別以描述性統計、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關及逐步多元迴歸等進行統計分析。 綜合文獻探討及調查研究結果，本研究獲致研究結論如下： 一、竹苗區國中教師知覺校長願景領導屬於中高程度，其中以「願景的發展與宣導」層面最佳。 二、竹苗區國中教師知覺學校組織氣氛屬於中高程度，其中以「教師承諾行為」層面最佳。 三、竹苗區國中教師知覺學校效能屬中高程度，其中以「有效的教學品質」層面最佳。 四、在「校長願景領導」方面，不同「學校位置」背景變項之國中教師，知覺校長願景領導有顯著差異。 五、在「學校組織氣氛」方面，不同「性別」、「現任職務」、任職學校「校長性別」及「學校位置」背景變項之教師，知覺學校組織氣氛有顯著差異。 六、在「學校效能」方面，不同「學校規模」及「學校位置」背景變項之教師，知覺學校效能有顯著差異。 七、竹苗區國中校長願景領導與學校組織氣氛具有顯著相關。 八、竹苗區國中校長願景領導與學校效能具有顯著相關。 九、竹苗區國中學校組織氣氛與學校效能具有顯著相關。 十、竹苗區國中校長願景領導與學校組織氣氛對學校效能具有顯著預測作用。 根據以上研究結果，提出具體建議，提供教育行政機關、學校行政及教師未來相關研究之參考。 / The overall objective of this study is to estimate the associations among the principal’s visionary leadership, school organization climate, and school effectiveness in Hsinchu and Miaoli junior high schools. To achieve the research purposes, a literature review was conducted to understand the principal’s visionary leadership, school organization climate and school effectiveness, and then to establish the fundamental theory of this study and develop questionnaires. This is a cross-sectional survey study using stratified random sampling design. The study recruited teachers in Hsinchu and Miaoli areas public junior high schools. A sample of junior high school teachers in Hsinchu and Miaoli areas, stratified random sampling, issued a total of 600 parts, 582 valid questionnaires, the effective rate of 97.0% questionnaires. The collected data was analyzed by descriptive analyses, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, and multiple stepwise regression analysis. The main findings of the study include： 1.Moderate-high teacher’s perceptions of the principal’s visionary leadership were shown, and “development and propaganda of the vision” had the highest level. 2.Moderate-high teacher’s perceptions of the school organization climate were shown, and “teacher’s commitment behaviors” had the highest level. 3.Moderate-high teacher’s perceptions of the school effectiveness were shown, and “effective teaching quality” had the highest level. 4.School location showed significant effect on teacher’s perceptions of the principal’s visionary leadership. 5.Teacher’s gender, current position, principal’s gender, and school location showed significant effects on teacher’s perceptions of the school organization climate. 6.School scale and location showed significant effects on teacher’s perceptions of the school effectiveness. 7.Principal’s visionary leadership and school organization climate were positively correlated. 8.Principal’s visionary leadership and school effectiveness were positively correlated. 9.School organization climate and school effectiveness were positively correlated. 10.Principal’s visionary leadership and school organization climate were significant predictors of school effectiveness. According to the above research conclusions, the suggestions are proposed to be used as reference by educational institutions, school administrative units, and teachers in the future.

The content of this thesis is an analysis of crisis preparedness organizations in the field of education. It consists of a theoretical - methodological part and a practical part. The theoretical part discusses the specifics and peculiarities of crisis management, and analyzes the objectives and nature of crisis preparedness organizations of this type. The practical part presents the current research shows the strengths and weaknesses, as well as the threats and opportunities, which significantly limits the status and level of crisis preparedness of schools surveyed. The penultimate section focuses on the design methodology to ensure crisis preparedness in schools. Conclusion then summarizes and evaluates the investigation. For the sake of better illustration is the work of the Annex attached to the issue more closely.

Esta pesquisa analisa e compara modelos atuais de organização de escolas voltadas para atender exclusivamente jovens e adultos com baixa escolaridade. Para isso, recorreu-se à modalidade de pesquisa qualitativa, conhecida como estudo de casos múltiplos. A pesquisa emergiu da constatação de que apesar dos avanços no plano legal e nas políticas educacionais das últimas décadas, persiste, no Brasil, uma expressiva demanda potencial para a Educação de Pessoas Jovens e Adultos (EPJA), posta à margem pelo sistema público de ensino, além do declínio no número de matrículas e de persistirem os altos índices de abandono dos estudantes desta modalidade. A tese sustenta que um dos principais motivos para tal paradoxo é a rigidez da organização escolar que dificulta o atendimento da diversidade presente na EPJA e a persistência do paradigma da educação compensatória, que sustenta práticas pouco condizentes com o perfil do público jovem e adulto. Com base em evidências de pesquisas anteriores, a investigação opera com a hipótese de que escolas organizadas para atender exclusivamente a EPJA respondem de modo mais apropriado às necessidades e condições de aprendizagem deste grupo social e geracional, ao invés dos cursos noturnos oferecidos em escolas organizadas para atender prioritariamente crianças e adolescentes. Para verificar tal hipótese, o estudo foi desenvolvido em três centros públicos: o Centro Integrado de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (CIEJA) Marlúcia Gonçalves de Abreu, localizado na Zona Leste da cidade de São Paulo; o Centro Municipal de Ensino Fundamental e Educação de Jovens e Adultos (CEMEFEJA) Paulo Freire, situado no centro da cidade de Campinas, e a Escola de Adultos La Verneda-Sant Martí, localizada no bairro Sant Martí, em Barcelona, Espanha. Os estudos de caso seguiram um protocolo comum a partir do qual foram levantados os seguintes aspectos em cada uma das instituições: perfil socioeconômico e cultural dos educandos; perfil dos educadores em relação às condições de trabalho e oportunidades de formação continuada; as instalações físicas; a assistência aos estudantes; o currículo e as propostas pedagógicas; a flexibilidade da organização dos tempos e espaços de aprendizagem; a gestão escolar; o comportamento das matrículas, o fluxo e o rendimento escolar, bem como os índices de certificação. O estudo revelou que o fato de estarem focados nas questões que circundam as especificidades da EJA favorece a flexibilidade para atender de modo mais satisfatório as necessidades e possibilidades deste público de acessar e permanecer na escola, o que não impede que algumas práticas pedagógicas e de gestão recaiam no paradigma da educação compensatória, sobretudo nos casos do CIEJA e do CEMEFEJA, com exceção feita à Escola de Adultos La Verneda-Sant Martí, pois ela se aproxima da concepção de educação permanente, ao longo da vida, em perspectiva crítica, sobretudo em relação à gestão, realizada por duas associações dirigidas por estudantes, com participação paritária de toda a comunidade escolar e do entorno. / The research analyses and compares current organization models of schools dedicated exclusively to the attend of young people and adults with low schooling. This research came from the observation that despite advances in the legal and educational policies of the last decades, there remains a huge potential demand for Youth and Adult Education (EJA - Educação de Jovens e Adultos -), which is not being covered by the public school system, in contrast , there has been a decline in the number of enrollments and the high dropout rates of students of this modality persist. The thesis argues that one of the main reasons for this paradox is the rigidity of school organization which makes it difficult to attend to the diversity present in the EJA and the persistence of the compensatory education paradigm, which supports practices that are inconsistent with the profile of young and adult public. Based on evidence from previous researches, this research works with the hypothesis that schools that are organized to attend exclusively the EJA respond more appropriately to the needs and learning conditions of this social and generational group than the evening courses offered in schools that are organized to attend primarily children and adolescents. To verify this hypothesis, the study was developed in three public centers: the Integrated Center for Youth and Adult Education (CIEJA - Centro Integrado de Educação de Jovens e Adultos) Marlúcia Gonçalves de Abreu, located in the East Zone of the city of São Paulo; the Municipal Center of Elementary Education and Youth and Adult Education (CEMEFEJA - Centro Municipal de Ensino Fundamental e Educação de Jovens e Adultos) Paulo Freire, located in the center of the city of Campinas and the La Verneda-Sant Martí Adult School, located in the Sant Martí neighborhood in Barcelona, Spain. The case studies followed a common protocol from which the following aspects were raised in each of the institutions: the students\' socioeconomic and cultural profile; the teachers\' profile regarding working conditions and opportunities for continuing education; the physical facilities; the student assistance; the curriculum and pedagogical proposals; the flexibility of the organization of learning times and spaces; the school management; the enrollments behavior, school flow and achievement, as well as certification rates. The study revealed that the fact that they are focused on the issues that surround the specificities of the EJA favors the flexibility to meet in a more satisfactory way the needs and possibilities of this public to access education and to remain in school, which does not prevent some pedagogical and management practices from falling into the compensatory education paradigm, especially in the cases of CIEJA and CEMEFEJA. Exception made to the La Verneda-Sant Martí Adult School which approaches the concept of lifelong education in a critical-emancipatory perspective, especially in relation to management, which is carried out by two student-led associations, with equal participation of the entire school community and the surrounding community.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:32:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Marcela Baccarat Teixeira Lino.pdf: 710878 bytes, checksum: ae5d141bd99601126618315668f94851 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study begins with the following question: what are the characteristics and actions / contributions of a Parent-Teacher Association (PTA), considered active by the school community, to the institution which is part? The dissertation therefore pursued the overall objective of studying the characteristics and contributions of an active PTA considered by the school community to the institution which is part and the following specific objectives: 1) identify the characteristics of a PTA, under the law, and the real characteristics of PTA studied. Studying what the school creates in relation to the functions of the PTA, according to their local organization and culture. To analyze the relationship between the characteristics legal / formal PTA with a non-formal and informal characteristics, 2) identify the existence of contributions of PTA studied from the standpoints of formal and informal, financial, educational process of students and participation of parents and community to school. Identify which actions are performed by the PTA and how they occur. Studying what aspects that favor or hinder such actions, and 3) examine whether the PTA studied has traits of democratic performance. The PTA is one of the collegiate school and aims to: assist in the improvement of the educational process, assist the student and integrate family-school-community. To answer the original question and the general and specific objectives, this investigation worked with the theoretical references: Lima (2008), Canario (2005) and Apple (2001). From Lima were utilized the concepts of mode of operation diptych of the school as an organization and the perspective neotaylorista in school administration. From Canario the concepts that helped in the production of analyzes were: school totality, school as an organization and not as administrative unit and school as form, organization and institution. From Apple was used the concept of democratic school. As a methodological procedure I chose a documentary and empirical research with a qualitative approach which included the study of national and Sao Paulo laws and monitoring the practice of a PTA considered active for a public state school in Sao Paulo, located in the state capital. The research consisted of visits to the institution for observation of PTA meetings and interviews with parents and school managers, members of the collegiate. The initial hypotheses of this research, which could be confirmed during the study, are presented with the results of the PTA operates in accordance with the school community, working more for non-formal and informal rules, established under the organization's own specific school, more than by formal, and, lastly, that the contributions / actions of PTA studied to school at different intensities occurred in the financial, educational process and participation of parents and the community / O presente estudo parte da seguinte questão: quais as características e ações/contribuições de uma Associação de Pais e Mestres (APM), considerada atuante pela comunidade escolar, para a escola da qual faz parte? A dissertação, portanto, perseguiu o objetivo geral de estudar as características e contribuições de uma APM considerada atuante pela comunidade escolar para a escola da qual faz parte e os seguintes objetivos específicos: 1) identificar as características de uma APM, segundo a legislação, e as características reais da APM estudada. Estudar o que a escola cria em relação às funções da APM, de acordo com sua organização local e cultura própria. Analisar a relação entre as características legais/formais de uma APM com as características não formais e informais da APM estudada; 2) identificar a existência de contribuições da APM estudada, do ponto de vista formal e informal, nas áreas financeira, processo educativo dos alunos e participação dos pais e da comunidade para a escola. Identificar quais são as ações realizadas pela APM e como elas ocorrem. Estudar quais os aspectos que favorecem ou impedem essas ações; e 3) analisar se a APM estudada possui traços de atuação democrática. A APM é um dos colegiados da escola e tem como objetivos: colaborar no aprimoramento do processo educacional, na assistência ao escolar e na integração família-escola-comunidade. Para responder à questão inicial e ao objetivo geral e aos específicos esta investigação trabalhou com os referenciais teóricos: Lima (2008), Canário (2005) e Apple (2001). De Lima foram estudados os conceitos de modo de funcionamento díptico da escola como organização e perspectiva neotaylorista na administração escolar. De Canário os conceitos que ajudaram na produção das análises foram: totalidade da escola, escola como organização e não como unidade administrativa e escola como forma, organização e instituição. De Apple foi usado o conceito de escola democrática. Como procedimento metodológico optou-se por uma pesquisa documental e empírica, com abordagem qualitativa a qual incluiu o estudo das leis nacionais e paulistas e o acompanhamento da prática de uma APM considerada atuante de uma escola estadual de São Paulo, localizada na capital paulista. A pesquisa da escola consistiu em visitas à instituição de ensino para observação das reuniões da APM e entrevistas com pais e gestor da escola, membros da instância participativa. As hipóteses iniciais desta pesquisa, as quais puderam ser comprovadas durante a pesquisa são apresentadas com os resultados de que a APM atuante de acordo com a comunidade escolar funcionou mais pelas regras informais e não formais, criadas no âmbito específico e próprio da organização escolar, do que pelas formais; e que as contribuições/ações da APM estudada para a escola ocorreram em intensidades diferentes nas áreas financeira, processo educativo e participação dos pais e da comunidade

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:34:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tathyana Gouvea da Silva.pdf: 1422548 bytes, checksum: 25d8a7fa23d4be3a67841b918002be65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation aims to identify, to describe and to understand the actions of the school principals. To do such, the actions of four principals who have worked in a public middle school of the state net located in São Paulo were followed during one year (from September of 2008 until August of 2009). It was intended to notice which are the actions of the school principal, what motivates those actions and what are its implications. This analysis is supported on the Weber´s theory about social action and bureaucracy and in the concepts of action and practice of Gimeno Sacristan. For the comprehension of the action it was sought to identify the legal attributes of the position and characterizes the school organization and the investigated people. It was done through historic-legal survey, observations, not structured interviews and the application of an inquiry form with the four principals. The analysis of the actions based on the analytic model of Gimeno Sacristan supplied evidences that the principals perform seven kinds of actions educational and professional assistance, social environment, coordination, control, information sharing, management and representation, which arises from the rules which comes with bureaucracy and of the current situations brought up by the school´s singularity. The actions of the school principal are showed directly on the school organization, in its social structure, lay-out and management, at the same time being the base of the experience of the human-beings who perform it and the source of change or maintenance of the structures which compose the culture / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar, descrever e compreender as ações dos diretores escolares. Para tanto, acompanhou-se durante um ano (Setembro de 2008 a Agosto de 2009) as ações de quatro diretoras que trabalharam em uma escola estadual de ensino fundamental localizada na cidade de São Paulo. Pretendeu-se observar quais são as atividades que os diretores realizam, o que motiva tais ações e quais as implicações destas, baseando a análise na teoria de Weber sobre ação social e burocracia, e nos conceitos de ação e prática de Gimeno Sacristán. Para a compreensão da ação buscou-se identificar as atribuições legais do cargo e caracterizar a organização escolar e os sujeitos investigados, por meio de um levantamento histórico-legal, de observações, de entrevistas não estruturadas e pela aplicação de um questionário junto às quatro diretoras. A análise das ações, baseada no modelo analítico de Gimeno Sacristán, deu indícios de que os diretores realizam sete tipos de ação: de assessoria pedagógica e profissional, de clima social, de coordenação, de controle, de distribuição de informações, de gestão e de representação. São ações decorrentes de normas advindas da burocracia e das emergências cotidianas criadas pela singularidade da escola. As ações dos diretores se evidenciam diretamente na organização escolar, em sua estrutura social, física e administrativa, ao mesmo tempo que são a base da experiência dos sujeitos que as realizam e fonte de mudança ou manutenção das estruturas que compõem a cultura

In recent years several municipalities in Sweden have merged their public secondary schools. This has been considered a type of initiative that intends to reduce youth segregation and discrepancies in school quality. This thesis examines in what ways the merging of all public secondary schools in a municipality affects the students’ academic performance and their choice to enroll in the publicschool sector. To do so I use municipality-level aggregate data from the Swedish National Agency for Education on 9th grade students’ academic outcomes and the share of 7th graders enrolled in the public schools. I employ a difference-in-difference approach to estimate the reduced form effect of the school mergers. The control group used in the baseline estimation includes all municipalities that had a constant number of public secondary schools during the time period of my study. I move on to use propensity score matching in order to create a more comparable control group. I then estimate a difference-in-difference regression with match-fixed effects. The results show that the mergers have a negative effect on the municipality-level average GPA. In addition, the municipalities where the mergers have been implemented experience a reduction in the share of students that pass all 9th grade subjects as well as an increase in the share of students who do not have sufficient grades to continue to upper secondary school. The school mergers caused the share of 7th graders enrolled in the publicschool sector to decrease by approximately 10 percentage points. These results indicate that the public secondary school merger is not a panacea for improving student outcomes.