The neurological wake-up test, NWT, is a clinical monitoring tool that can be used to evaluate the level of consciousness in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) during neurocritical care (NCC). Since patients with severe TBI or SAH are often treated with mechanical ventilation and sedation, the NWT requires that the continuous sedation is interrupted. However, interruption of continuous sedation may induce a stress response and the use of the NWT in NCC is controversial. The effects of the NWT on intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) were evaluated in 21 patients with TBI or SAH. Compared to baseline when the patients were sedated with continuous propofol sedation, the NWT resulted in increased ICP and CPP (p<0.05). Next, the effects of the NWT on the stress hormones adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine were evaluated in 24 patients. Compared to baseline, the NWT caused a mild stress response resulting in increased levels of all evaluated stress hormones (p<0.05). To compare the use of routine NCC monitoring tools, the choice of sedation and analgesia and the frequency of NWT in Scandinavian NCC units, a questionnaire was used. The results showed that all 16 Scandinavian NCC units routinely use ICP and CPP monitoring and propofol and midazolam were primary choices for patient sedation in an equal number of NCC units. In 2009, the NWT was not routinely used in eight NCC units whereas others used the test up to six times daily. Finally, intracerebral microdialysis (MD), brain tissue oxygenation (PbtiO2) and jugular bulb oxygenation (SjvO2) were used in 17 TBI patients to evaluate the effect of the NWT procedure on focal neurochemistry and cerebral oxygenation. The NWT did not negatively alter interstitial markers of energy metabolism or cerebral oxygenation. In conclusion, the NWT induced a mild stress response in patients with TBI or SAH that did not result in a detectable, significant secondary insult to the injured brain. These results suggest that the NWT may safely be used as a clinical monitoring tool in the NCC of severe TBI and SAH in a majority of patients.

Bakgrund: Sedering av respiratorbehandlade patienter är ofta en nödvändighet för komfort och för att kunna utföra optimal behandling. Trenderna inom sedering har på senaste tid gått från djup till lätt sedering. Tidigare forskning indikerar att detta är fysiologiskt gynnsamt för patienterna och att det upplevs som positivt av både patienter och anhöriga. Dock är det föga utforskat hur detta nya arbetssätt upplevs av sjuksökterskorna och hur det påverkar deras arbetssituation. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda lätt sederade patienter i respirator. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ design och datainsamlingen skedde genom fem intervjuer med semistrukturerade frågor. Intervjutexten analyserades via induktiv innehållsanalys, vilket resulterade i formulering av tre huvudkategorier och åtta subkategorier. Resultat: Sjuksköterskornas upplevelser av att vårda lätt sederade patienter i respirator beskrivs genom tre huvudkategorier: En upplevelse av samspel, en upplevelse av att inte räcka till och en upplevelse av teamarbetets betydelse. Slutsats: Lätt sedering bidrar till en möjlighet att etablera en relation till patienten genom ett samspel av kommunikation, delaktighet och information. Men att vårda lätt sederade patienter upplevdes som utmanande och krävande av sjuksköterskorna, vilket ledde till känslor av otillräcklighet och stress. Det krävs kunskap, erfarenhet och ett multiprofessionellt teamarbete för att lyckas ta tillvara på de positiva effekterna av sänkt sederingsdjup. Därför är det viktigt att utbilda intensivvårdspersonal om fördelarna med lätt sedering och om hur de bör kommunicera med patienterna. / Background: Sedation of mechanically ventilated patients is often necessary for comfort and for implementing the best possible treatment. The trends in sedation have gone from deep to light sedation. Previous research indicates that this is beneficial physiologically for patients and is perceived as positive by both patients and relatives. However, there is little research on how this new approach is experienced by nurses and how it affects their work situation. Purpose: To describe nurses' experiences of caring for lightly sedated patients during mechanical ventilation. Method: The study was conducted with a qualitative design and data was collected through five interviews with semi-structured questions. The data was analysed with inductive content analysis, resulting in the fomulation of three main categories and eight sub-categories. Result: The nurses' experiences of caring for lightly sedated patients during mechanical ventilation was described in three main categories: An experience of interplay, an experience of being insufficient and an experience of the importance of team work. Conclusion: Light sedation contributes to an opportunity to establish a relationship with the patient through an interplay of communication, participation and information. But caring for lightly sedated patients was experienced as challenging and difficult for nurses, leading to feelings of inadequacy and stress. It takes knowledge, experience and a multidisciplinary teamwork to successfully take advanage of the positive effects of reduced sedation depth. Therefore it is important to educate critical care staff about the benefits of light sedation and about how they should communicate with the patients

Informações em tempo real da direção e tipo de fluxo sanguíneo podem ser obtidas com ultrassonografia com Doppler. Não foram encontrados dados na literatura de valores obtidos por este método da artéria celíaca e mesentérica cranial de gatos. Além disso, ocasionalmente há necessidade de sedar os gatos e cães para realização deste exame em quaisquer vasos em que se deseja obter mais informações. O trabalho possui dois objetivos. Um foi avaliar os aspectos quantitativos da onda espectral formada pelo fluxo sanguíneo das artérias: aorta, celíaca, mesentérica cranial, renal, ilíaca externa e femoral de gatos e cães hígidos; e compará-los aos obtidos dos mesmos animais submetidos à sedação, com um protocolo para cada espécie. Os gatos foram sedados com midazolam, cetamina e butorfanol, e os cães, com acepromazina e butorfanol. Outro objetivo foi obter valores velocimétricos de referência para artéria celíaca e artéria mesentérica cranial em gatos, através do Doppler espectral. Para isso, foram avaliados 20 gatos e 20 cães hígidos. Como resultado dos gatos, foram obtidos os valores de pico de velocidade sistólica, velocidade diastólica final, média da velocidade média, média da velocidade máxima, índice de resistividade e índice de pulsatilidade, tanto da artéria celíaca quanto da artéria mesentérica cranial de animais hígidos não sedados, e; foram obtidos esses mesmos dados das artérias aorta, renal, ilíaca externa e femoral e todos comparados entre os gatos sedados e não sedados, onde não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas, exceto na velocidade diastólica final e velocidade média da artéria celíaca, e índice de resistividade e de pulsatilidade da artéria ilíaca. Já nos cães, observou-se que houve diferença de pelo menos dois dos parâmetros dopplervelocimétricos avaliados das artérias selecionadas, exceto da artéria femoral. Dessa forma, nos gatos foram fornecidos parâmetros dopplervelocimétricos da artéria celíaca e mesentérica cranial de animais não sedados, e conclui-se que, enquanto o protocolo utilizado nos gatos, com midazolam, cetamina e butorfanol, não alterou os valores encontrados nos vasos selecionados, exceto da artéria celíaca e da ilíaca; nos cães, o uso de acepromazina e butorfanol levou a modificação de parte desses valores em todos os vasos, exceto na artéria femoral. Assim, na realização deste exame com esses protocolos, essas diferenças devem ser consideradas. / Real time information about direction and type of blood flow can be obtained with Doppler ultrasound. No data was found in the literature regarding values of the celiac and cranial mesenteric artery in cats obtained through this method. Moreover, occasionally, for examining cats and dogs’ vessels about which we desire to get more information, there is a need to sedate these animals. This study has two objectives. One was to evaluate the quantitative aspects of spectral wave formed by the blood flow of aorta, celiac, cranial mesenteric, renal, external iliac and femoral arteries from healthy cats and dogs and compare them to the same animal under sedation, using one protocol for each species. The cats were sedated with midazolam, ketamine and butorphanol and the dogs with acepromazine and butorphanol. The second objective was to obtain velocimetric reference values from celiac and mesenteric cranial artery in cats. Twenty healthy cats and dogs were evaluated. As a result for the cats, values of peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, time averaged mean velocity, time averaged maximum velocity, resistivity index and pulsatility index of both the celiac and the cranial mesenteric artery were obtained in healthy non-sedated animals, and; these same data from aorta, renal, external iliac and femoral were obtained, and all compared, between sedated and non-sedated cats, where statistically significant differences were not found, except in end diastolic velocity and average speed of the celiac artery, and resistance and pulsatility index of the iliac artery. In dogs, a difference was observed in at least two of the Doppler velocity parameters measured of the arteries, except for the femoral artery. Thus, Doppler velocity parameters of the celiac and cranial mesenteric artery in non-sedated cats were provided and it was concluded that the protocol used in cats, with midazolam, ketamina and buthorphanol did not alter the values of Doppler ultrasound in the selected vessels in cats, except celiac and external iliac artery. In addition, in dogs, the use of acepromazine and buthorphanol led to modification of part of these values in all vessels, except in the femoral artery. Thus, when carrying out this examination with these protocols, such differences should be considered.

Bakgrund: Att genomgå en magnetisk resonanstomografi (MR) undersökning kan för patienter som lider av klaustrofobi och ångest innebära att de har svårt att genomföra undersökningen. Röntgensjuksköterskan kan ge stesolid intravenöst till patienten som då oftast klarar av att genomföra undersökningen. Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med studien var att undersöka patienters upplevelse vid MR med stesolid. Studien skulle också ge svar på vid vilken typ av undersökning som stesolid var mest förekommande samt om det fanns en skillnad i upplevelsen beroende på kön och ålder.  Metod: Studien var en kvantitativ enkätstudie med egenkonstruerade frågor om patienters upplevelse under MR med stesolid. Från februari till och med april 2018 delades enkäter ut på fem utvalda sjukhus i södra Sverige till patienter som genomgick MR med stesolid. Resultat: Resultatet visade att de patienter som genomgick MR med stesolid hade en god upplevelse av undersökningen och det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad i upplevelsen beroende på kön eller ålder. Huvud/hals var den vanligaste undersökningen med stesolid. Slutsats: Patienterna hade en god upplevelse av MR med stesolid. I stort sett alla patienter fick stesolid på grund av att de tyckte det var trångt utrymme i kameran. Med detta resultat kan patienter som önskar sövas på grund av oro och ångest inför undersökningen istället få stesolid med god effekt. / Background: Undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations can be difficult to endure for patients suffering from claustrophobia and anxiety. The radiographer can give the patient stesolid and then usually all of them can perform the examination. Purpose: The overall purpose of the study was to investigate patients experience undergoing MRI with sedation. The study would also provide the most frequent examinated part of body with stesolid and if there was any difference in the experience depending on gender and age. Method: The study was a quantitative questionnaire study with self-designed questions about patients experience during MRI with stesolid. From February to April 2018, the questionnaire was distributed at five selected hospitals in southern Sweden to patients who underwent MRI with stesolid. Result: The result showed that patients who underwent MRI with stesolid had a good experience of the examination and there was no significant difference between the gender and age. Head/throat was the most common examination with stesolid. Conclusion: The patients had a good experience of MRI with stesolid. Almost all of the patients got stesolid because they thought there was a restricted space in the camera. With this result, patients who want anaesthesia because of anxiety may be able to get stesolid instead with good effect.

Informações em tempo real da direção e tipo de fluxo sanguíneo podem ser obtidas com ultrassonografia com Doppler. Não foram encontrados dados na literatura de valores obtidos por este método da artéria celíaca e mesentérica cranial de gatos. Além disso, ocasionalmente há necessidade de sedar os gatos e cães para realização deste exame em quaisquer vasos em que se deseja obter mais informações. O trabalho possui dois objetivos. Um foi avaliar os aspectos quantitativos da onda espectral formada pelo fluxo sanguíneo das artérias: aorta, celíaca, mesentérica cranial, renal, ilíaca externa e femoral de gatos e cães hígidos; e compará-los aos obtidos dos mesmos animais submetidos à sedação, com um protocolo para cada espécie. Os gatos foram sedados com midazolam, cetamina e butorfanol, e os cães, com acepromazina e butorfanol. Outro objetivo foi obter valores velocimétricos de referência para artéria celíaca e artéria mesentérica cranial em gatos, através do Doppler espectral. Para isso, foram avaliados 20 gatos e 20 cães hígidos. Como resultado dos gatos, foram obtidos os valores de pico de velocidade sistólica, velocidade diastólica final, média da velocidade média, média da velocidade máxima, índice de resistividade e índice de pulsatilidade, tanto da artéria celíaca quanto da artéria mesentérica cranial de animais hígidos não sedados, e; foram obtidos esses mesmos dados das artérias aorta, renal, ilíaca externa e femoral e todos comparados entre os gatos sedados e não sedados, onde não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas, exceto na velocidade diastólica final e velocidade média da artéria celíaca, e índice de resistividade e de pulsatilidade da artéria ilíaca. Já nos cães, observou-se que houve diferença de pelo menos dois dos parâmetros dopplervelocimétricos avaliados das artérias selecionadas, exceto da artéria femoral. Dessa forma, nos gatos foram fornecidos parâmetros dopplervelocimétricos da artéria celíaca e mesentérica cranial de animais não sedados, e conclui-se que, enquanto o protocolo utilizado nos gatos, com midazolam, cetamina e butorfanol, não alterou os valores encontrados nos vasos selecionados, exceto da artéria celíaca e da ilíaca; nos cães, o uso de acepromazina e butorfanol levou a modificação de parte desses valores em todos os vasos, exceto na artéria femoral. Assim, na realização deste exame com esses protocolos, essas diferenças devem ser consideradas. / Real time information about direction and type of blood flow can be obtained with Doppler ultrasound. No data was found in the literature regarding values of the celiac and cranial mesenteric artery in cats obtained through this method. Moreover, occasionally, for examining cats and dogs’ vessels about which we desire to get more information, there is a need to sedate these animals. This study has two objectives. One was to evaluate the quantitative aspects of spectral wave formed by the blood flow of aorta, celiac, cranial mesenteric, renal, external iliac and femoral arteries from healthy cats and dogs and compare them to the same animal under sedation, using one protocol for each species. The cats were sedated with midazolam, ketamine and butorphanol and the dogs with acepromazine and butorphanol. The second objective was to obtain velocimetric reference values from celiac and mesenteric cranial artery in cats. Twenty healthy cats and dogs were evaluated. As a result for the cats, values of peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, time averaged mean velocity, time averaged maximum velocity, resistivity index and pulsatility index of both the celiac and the cranial mesenteric artery were obtained in healthy non-sedated animals, and; these same data from aorta, renal, external iliac and femoral were obtained, and all compared, between sedated and non-sedated cats, where statistically significant differences were not found, except in end diastolic velocity and average speed of the celiac artery, and resistance and pulsatility index of the iliac artery. In dogs, a difference was observed in at least two of the Doppler velocity parameters measured of the arteries, except for the femoral artery. Thus, Doppler velocity parameters of the celiac and cranial mesenteric artery in non-sedated cats were provided and it was concluded that the protocol used in cats, with midazolam, ketamina and buthorphanol did not alter the values of Doppler ultrasound in the selected vessels in cats, except celiac and external iliac artery. In addition, in dogs, the use of acepromazine and buthorphanol led to modification of part of these values in all vessels, except in the femoral artery. Thus, when carrying out this examination with these protocols, such differences should be considered.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2018-07-17T19:36:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Geovanna de Castro Morais Machado - 2016.pdf: 3567398 bytes, checksum: a41e8b4d345af4e1180cf1e6e0b0fe15 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-07-18T11:37:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Geovanna de Castro Morais Machado - 2016.pdf: 3567398 bytes, checksum: a41e8b4d345af4e1180cf1e6e0b0fe15 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T11:37:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Geovanna de Castro Morais Machado - 2016.pdf: 3567398 bytes, checksum: a41e8b4d345af4e1180cf1e6e0b0fe15 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-13 / Objectives: Moderate sedation is indicated to control children’s behavior during dental care, reducing anxiety and maintaining the child's well-being. However, some sedated children do not present good behavior making it difficult to perform dental procedures. This study investigated the association of possible individual factors (temperament) and family (parents’ dental anxiety, parents’ pain catastrophizing and coping strategies adopted by parents) with the children’s behavior during dental treatment under moderate sedation. Methods: A total of 110 children/parents (<7 years), referred to sedation at Dental Sedation Center (NESO) of the Faculty of Dentistry of the Federal University of Goiás, for not have cooperated during dental care, and their parents, participated of this observational study of data from two clinical trials. Children had two appointments: clinical examination and tooth restoration, with local anesthesia and rubber dam, under moderate sedation. The restorative session was filmed for further evaluation of the children's behavior by trained and calibrated observers. The behavior was assessed using the Ohio State University Behavioral Rating Scale OSUBRS. Positive behavior was considered when the children presented 80% or more of the sum of the scores 1 and 2 (quiet or crying) during the entire session. The children’s stress was evaluated through the increased cortisol levels present in the saliva, collected in three moments: arrival, 25 min after local anesthesia, and 25 min after the end of the procedure. Children’s temperament was assessed through the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) answered by parents. Factors related to parents’ anxiety were thus evaluated: dental anxiety using Corah Dental Anxiety Scale; level of pain catastrophizing through the Pain-Catastrophizing Scale-parents; coping strategies through Brief COPE. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test, Friedman, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal Wallis or t-test for independent samples. Results: More than half of the children displayed negative behavior (n = 60 54.5%). Temperament did not associate with the negative behavior of children. Extroversion/surgency (P = 0.03) and the subscales ‘activity level’ (P = 0.04), ‘impulsivity’ (P = 0.04) and ‘smiling/laughter’ (P = 0.01) differed between behavior groups, where children with positive behavior had higher scores than those who had negative behavior. In a sample of 42 children, 31 (73.8%) were reactive to stress during local anesthesia and temperament was not associated with increased levels of children’s stress. Dental anxiety and pain catastrophizing were not associated with negative children’s behavior. Parents of children with negative behavior had higher scores in maladaptive coping and Venting subscale, and lower scores in the Acceptance subscale. Conclusion: Coping strategies adopted by the parents explained, in part, negative or positive children´s behavior. These results have shown that parental coping strategies may have protective or destructive effects on children's behavior. Temperament was not associated with negative behavior and did not influence the children´s stress during the injection of local anesthesia. However, many children were stressed during this procedure, a fact that should be always considered by the professional who assist children under moderate sedation. / Objetivos: Sedação moderada é recomendada para o controle do comportamento infantil durante o atendimento odontológico. Ainda assim, algumas crianças sedadas não colaboram dificultando o tratamento. Esse estudo investigou a associação de possíveis fatores individuais (temperamento) e familiares (ansiedade odontológica dos pais, nível de catastrofização da dor pelos pais e estratégias de coping adotadas pelos pais) com o comportamento da criança durante sedação odontopediátrica. Métodos: Um total de 110 crianças/110 acompanhantes, (< 7 anos) encaminhadas para sedação no Núcleo de Estudos em Sedação Odontológica (NESO) da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Goiás, por não colaborarem durante atendimento odontológico, fizeram parte deste estudo observacional que usou dados de dois ensaios clínicos. As crianças foram atendidas em duas sessões: exame clínico e restauração de um dente, com anestesia local e isolamento absoluto, sob sedação moderada. A sessão do atendimento restaurador foi filmada para posterior avaliação do comportamento da criança por observadores treinados e calibrados. O comportamento foi avaliado por meio da Ohio State University Behavioral Rating Scale OSUBRS. Comportamento positivo foi considerado quando a criança apresentou 80% ou mais da soma dos escores 1 e 2 (quieto ou com choro) durante toda a sessão de atendimento. O estresse da criança foi avaliado através do aumento dos níveis de cortisol presentes na saliva coletada em três momentos: chegada, 25 minutos após anestesia local e 25 minutos após o final do procedimento. O temperamento foi avaliado usando o Children’s Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) respondido pelos pais. Fatores relacionados à ansiedade dos pais foram assim avaliados: ansiedade odontológica usando a Escala de Ansiedade Odontológica de Corah; nível de catastrofização da dor através da Escala de Catastrofização da Dor-Pais; estratégias de coping por meio do COPE Breve. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e dos testes qui-quadrado, Friedman, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal Wallis ou teste t para amostras independentes. Resultados: O temperamento não se associou ao comportamento negativo das crianças. Extroversão (P=0.03) e as subescalas ‘nível de atividade’(P=0.04), ‘impulsividade’ (P=0.04) e ‘riso/sorriso’ (P=0.01) diferiram entre os grupos de comportamento, onde as crianças com comportamento positivo tiveram escores mais altos que as que tiveram comportamento negativo. Entre 42 crianças, 31 mostraram-se reativas ao estresse durante a anestesia local e o temperamento não se associou ao aumento no nível de estresse das crianças. Ansiedade odontológica e catastrofização da dor pelos pais não se associaram ao comportamento negativo das crianças. Pais de crianças com comportamento negativo apresentaram escores mais altos no coping mal-adaptativo e na subescala Desabafo e escores mais baixos na subescala de Aceitação do COPE Breve. Conclusão: Estratégias de coping adotadas pelos pais explicaram, em parte, o comportamento negativo ou positivo das crianças. Estes resultados mostraram que estratégias de enfrentamento dos pais podem ter efeitos protetores ou destrutivos sobre o comportamento das crianças. O temperamento não se associou ao comportamento negativo e nem influenciou no estresse das crianças durante a aplicação da anestesia local. No entanto, muitas crianças mostraram-se estressadas durante esse procedimento, fato que deve ser sempre considerado pelo profissional que atende crianças sob sedação moderada.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O fitoterÃpico Aplause à um composto derivado do extrato etanÃlico do rizoma da planta Cimicifuga racemosa (Cr), comercialmente utilizado no tratamento de sintomas ocorrentes na menopausa, e cujos princÃpios ativos associados à bioatividade sÃo os fitoestrÃgenos, predominantes neste composto. Apesar de relatos na literatura indicarem outras atividades com potencial farmacolÃgico, os efeitos da administraÃÃo crÃnica deste fitoterÃpico sobre o sistema nervoso central (SNC), ainda permanecem nÃo esclarecidos na literatura. Por este motivo, o presente estudo investigou os possÃveis efeitos neuropsicofarmacolÃgicos e uma potencial atividade neuroprotetora de Cr em modelos in vivo e in vitro. Para este estudo, utilizou-se o fitoterÃpico AplauseÂ. Camundongos machos Swiss (25-30 g), tratados com Cr (1; 5; 10; 25; 50; 100 e 200 mg/Kg/21 dias/per os) ou salina (0,9%), foram submetidos a uma avaliaÃÃo neuropsicofarmacolÃgica preliminar, seguido pela realizaÃÃo de ensaios para anÃlise de atividade locomotora, ansiolÃtica, anti-depressiva e de aÃÃo sedativa/hipnÃtico. Para a investigaÃÃo do potencial neuroprotetor, utilizaram-se ratos machos Wistar (250-300 g), os quais foram submetidos ao modelo de doenÃa de Parkinson (DP), induzido por injeÃÃo unilateral de 6-hidroxidopamina (6-OHDA) em corpo estriado e, posteriormente, seguido pelo tratamento com Cr (1,25; 2,5 e 5 mg/Kg/21 dias/per os) ou salina (0,9%). No 21 dia, apÃs a induÃÃo da DP, realizaram-se os seguintes ensaios comportamentais: Campo aberto, Rota Rod e teste Rotacional induzido por apomorfina. ApÃs eutanÃsia, Ãreas cerebrais (camundongos e ratos) foram dissecadas e submetidas a anÃlises neuroquÃmicas e transcricionais. Adicionalmente, para anÃlise de uma possÃvel atividade antioxidante in vitro, realizaram-se ensaios para a determinaÃÃo de alteraÃÃes estruturais e eletroquÃmicas em mitocÃndrias prÃ-incubadas em soluÃÃo contendo Cr (50, 100 ou 200 Âg/mL) e submetidas a estresses prÃ-oxidativos. De acordo com os resultados, Cr promoveu aÃÃo ansiolÃtica e sedativa em camundongos, com efeito dose-dependente, e com alteraÃÃes transcricionais no hipocampo, similares ao antidepressivo Imipramina. Cr demonstrou atividade neuroprotetora contra alteraÃÃes neurocomportamentais, neuroquÃmicas e transcricionais induzida por 6-OHDA, em corpo estriado de ratos. Cr apresentou atividade antioxidante nos modelos in vivo e in vitro, os quais podem estar associados aos efeitos neuroprotetores observados in vivo. Portanto, Cr apresenta-se como um fitoterÃpico com possÃveis implicaÃÃes neuropsicofarmacolÃgicas e como uma potencial estratÃgia terapÃutica contra desordens neurodegenerativas. / Aplauseâs phytotherapic is a compound derived from ethanolic extract of the plant rhizome Cimifuga racemosa (Cr), commercially used for treatment of symptoms occurring at menopause. Cr shows as the main bioactives predominant the phytoestrogens. Despite reports in the literature indicate others activities with pharmacological potential, the effects of the chronic administration of this phytotherapic on the Central Neurvous System (CNS) remain uncleair. Thus, the present study investigated the possible neuropsychopharmacologic effects and a potential neuroprotective activity of Cr by in vivo and in vitro models. For this study, we used the ethanolic extract isolated from Cr present in the Aplauseâs phytotherapic. Initially, male Swiss mice (25-30 g) were chronically treated with Cr (1; 5; 10; 25; 50; 100 e 200 mg/Kg/21 days/ per os) or Saline (0.9%). After, animals were submitted to neuropsychopharmacological preliminary evaluation and possible physiological alterations, following by locomotor, anxiolytic, anti-depressive and hypnotic/sedative assays, respectively. To investigate the potential neuroprotective action, Wistar rats (250-300 g) were submitted to Parkinsonâs disease model (PD) induced by unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on striatum, following by treatment with Cr (1.25; 2.5 e 5 mg/Kg/ 21 days/ per os) or Saline (0.9%). At 21st day, rats were submitted to neurobehavioral assays (Open field test, Rota rod and apomorphine-induced rotational test). Then, animals were euthanized and cerebral areas were dissected and used to perform neurochemical and transcriptional analyses. In addition, to evaluate a possible antioxidant activity in vitro, we performed assays to determine the effect of Cr (50, 100 and 200 Âg/mL) on structural and electro-chemical alterations induced by pro-oxidant agents in mitochondria. Our results shows that the treatment with Cr promotes anxiolotyc and sedative effects in mice, modulation and transcriptional changes on hippocampus like Imipramine. Cr shows neuroprotective activity against neurobehavioral, neurochemical and transcriptional alterations induced by 6-OHDA into striatum from rats. Cr exhibited antioxidant activity in vivo and in vitro models used in this study, which can be associated with neuroprotective effects observed in vivo. Additionally, Cr shows pharmacologic safety in animal models. Therefore, Cr represents a phytotherapic with possible neuropsychopharmacologic implications and as a potential therapeutic strategy against neurodegenerative disorders.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Joji Sado Filho - 2017.pdf: 5994690 bytes, checksum: 2a60faf14b700ecba0cd47970099e8f8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-13 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / During dental treatment of children, basic or advanced behavior guidance techniques can be used. Advanced techniques, non-pharmacological (protective stabilization) or pharmacological (sedation and general anesthesia), are indicated when there is no success with the basic techniques. Regarding advanced techniques, sedation has been increasingly widespread in pediatric dentistry, although the evidence is still weak about which sedative regime provides the greatest comfort and the lowest risk. In view of this need to identify the best sedative regimen, the objective of this randomized, masked, controlled, parallel-design trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of intranasal sedation with Midazolam and Ketamine in behavioral control of preschool children undergoing dental treatment. Eighty-four preschoolers, aged between 1.5 and 6 years old, with dental caries and non-cooperative behavior in previous dental treatment, were randomized into three groups: (1) Midazolam and Ketamine intranasally (MKI); (2) Midazolam and oral ketamine (MKO); (3) Oral midazolam. In all groups, the sedative was administered by a pediatrician or anesthesiologist, and the children received restorative treatment under local anesthesia and rubber dam isolation. Dental treatment was performed by pediatric dentists who, in the end, classified child behavior through the Frankl scale. The training sessions were videotaped, and the videos were then analyzed by trained and calibrated researchers to assess behavior using the Ohio State University Behavioral Rating Scale (OSUBRS) scale. The need to discontinue care and to use protective stabilization was recorded. The data obtained were organized and analyzed in the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The statistical analysis involved the description of the data and bivariate tests, considering a level of significance of 5%. Considering as a parameter for sedation success the "positive" or "definitely positive" behavior verified with the Frankl scale, the following rates were observed: MKI - 50.0%; MKO - 64.3% and MO - 28.6%. Success rates differed significantly between MKO compared to MKI and MO (P = 0.03). When comparing the groups in relation to the behavior evaluated by the OSUBRS scale, no statistically significant difference was observed in the frequency of "quiet" (P = 0.22), "movement without crying" (P = 0.69) and "combative (P = 0.30). The groups did not differ in assessing the number of cases in which there was a "quiet" behavior in at least 51.7% (median) of the session duration (P = 0.27) and in the number of cases in which the child was "combative" "In at least 24.5% (median) of the session duration (P = 0.65). The need to suspend treatment (P = 0.69) and use protective stabilization (P = 0.14) did not differ significantly among the three groups. The results of behavior evaluation using the Frankl and OSUBRS scale were strongly correlated (rho = -0.84, P0.01). From these results, it was concluded that the sedative protocol MKO presented a higher success rate in behavioral control when compared to the other groups (MKI and MO). The combination of Midazolam and Ketamine, regardless of route of administration, was more effective in controlling behavior than Midazolam given alone. Therefore, the use of the combination of Midazolam and Ketamine, both orally and intranasally, is an effective alternative for controlling the behavior of non-collaborating preschoolers. / Durante o atendimento odontológico de crianças, podem ser utilizadas técnicas básicas ou avançadas de controle do comportamento. As técnicas avançadas, não farmacológicas (estabilização protetora) ou farmacológicas (sedação e anestesia geral), são indicadas quando não há sucesso com as técnicas básicas. Em relação às técnicas avançadas, a sedação tem sido cada vez mais difundida na odontopediatria, embora as evidências ainda sejam fracas sobre qual regime sedativo proporciona o maior conforto e menor risco. Diante dessa necessidade de se identificar o melhor regime sedativo, o objetivo deste ensaio clínico randomizado, mascarado, controlado e de delineamento paralelo foi avaliar a eficácia da sedação intranasal com Midazolam e Cetamina no controle comportamental de crianças pré-escolares submetidas a atendimento odontológico. Oitenta e quatro pré-escolares, com idade entre 1,5 e 6 anos, com cárie dentária e comportamento não colaborador em atendimentos odontológicos anteriores, foram randomizados em três grupos: (1) Midazolam e Cetamina por via intranasal (MKI); (2) Midazolam e Cetamina por via oral (MKO); (3) Midazolam por via oral. Em todos os grupos, o sedativo foi administrado por um médico pediatra ou anestesiologista, e as crianças receberam tratamento restaurador sob anestesia local e isolamento absoluto. O tratamento odontológico foi realizado por odontopediatras que, ao final, classificaram o comportamento infantil por meio da escala de Frankl. As sessões de atendimento foram filmadas e, posteriormente, os vídeos foram analisados por pesquisadores treinados e calibrados a fim de se avaliar o comportamento usando a escala Ohio State University Behavioral Rating Scale (OSUBRS). A necessidade de suspender o atendimento e de utilizar estabilização protetora foi registrada. Os dados obtidos foram organizados e analisados no software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). A análise estatística envolveu a descrição dos dados e testes bivariados, considerando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Considerando-se como parâmetro para sucesso da sedação o comportamento “positivo” ou “definitivamente positivo” verificado com a escala de Frankl, foram observadas as seguintes taxas: MKI – 50,0%; MKO – 64,3% e MO – 28,6%. As taxas de sucesso diferiram significativamente entre MKO em comparação com MKI e MO (P = 0,03). Ao se comparar os grupos em relação ao comportamento avaliado pela escala OSUBRS, não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa na frequência de comportamentos “quieto” (P=0,22), “movimento sem choro” (P=0,69) e “combativo” (P=0,30). Os grupos não diferiram ao se avaliar o número de casos em que houve comportamento “quieto” em pelo menos 51,7% (mediana) da duração da sessão (P=0,27) e número de casos em que a criança ficou “combativa” em, pelo menos, 24,5% (mediana) da duração da sessão (P=0,65). A necessidade de suspender o atendimento (P=0,69) e de utilizar estabilização protetora (P=0,14) não diferiu significativamente entre os três grupos. Os resultados da avaliação do comportamento por meio da escala de Frankl e da OSUBRS foram fortemente correlacionados (rho = -0,84, P≤0,01). A partir destes resultados conclui-se que o protocolo sedativo MKO apresentou maior taxa de sucesso no controle comportamental, quando comparado aos outros grupos (MKI e MO). A combinação de Midazolam e Cetamina, independentemente da via de administração, foi mais eficaz para o controle do comportamento que o Midazolam administrado isoladamente. Sendo assim, o uso da associação Midazolam e Cetamina, tanto por via oral, quanto intranasal, é uma alternativa eficaz para o controle do comportamento de pré-escolares não colaboradores.

The effects of water pH, hardness and temperature on anesthesia induction and recovery in silver catfish exposed to different concentrations of eugenol (20, 30 and 40 mg/L) were investigated. Moreover, the effects of anesthesia and temperature on blood gases tensions (PvO2 and PvCO2) and pH were also analyzed in juveniles I (3.5 ± 0.7 g; 7.7 ± 0.8 cm) and juveniles II (152.2 ± 3.4 g; 26.6 ± 3.3 cm) of silver catfish. Water quality and fish size affect efficacy of eugenol in silver catfish, mainly in the lower concentrations tested. Sedation of this species can be induced even with 20 mg/L, but for anesthesia a concentration of at least 40 mg/L eugenol must be used to reduce the influence of the studied fish size and water quality. Blood gases tensions and pH were affected by eugenol anesthesia only in fish acclimated to 30 oC. / Investigou-se os efeitos do pH, dureza e temperatura da água sobre a indução à anestesia e recuperação em jundiás expostos a diferentes concentrações de eugenol (20, 30 e 40 mg/L). Além disso, os efeitos da anestesia e temperatura sobre as pressões parciais dos gases sanguíneos (PvO2 e PvCO2) e pH foram também analisados em juvenis I (3,5 ± 0,7 g; 7,7 ± 0,8 cm) e juvenis II (152,2 ± 3,4 g; 26,6 ± 3,3 cm) de jundiá. A qualidade da água e o tamanho do peixe afetam a eficácia do eugenol em jundiá, principalmente nas menores concentrações testadas. A sedação desta espécie pode ser induzida com 20 mg/L, mas para a anestesia uma concentração de cerca de 40 mg/L de eugenol deve ser utilizada para reduzir a influência do tamanho do peixe e da qualidade da água. As pressões parciais dos gases sanguíneos e o pH foram afetados pelo eugenol durante a anestesia em peixes aclimatados a 30oC.

Abstract Guidelines and instructions derived from adult randomized controlled trials are generally followed in pediatric ventilation, as there have been no large trials of this kind in children. Current treatment strategies aim at preventing ventilator-induced lung injury by avoiding too large tidal volumes, supporting patient's spontaneous breathing and preventing lung collapse with positive end-expiratory airway pressure. Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) is a novel ventilation mode that provides respiratory support proportional to the electrical activity of the diaphragm (Edi). The aims of this thesis were to assess daily practices in pediatric ventilation in Finland and to compare NAVA with conventional ventilation in terms of safety and quality of care. Current treatment practices were studied with a preliminary enquiry and a 3-month prospective survey that was offered to all hospital units providing ventilatory care for children &lt;16 years of age. NAVA was compared with current standard ventilation in a crossover trial involving 18 pediatric patients and in a larger controlled trial in which 170 patients were randomized to receive either NAVA or conventional ventilation. Respiratory distress was the most common indication for invasive ventilation in neonates, and postoperative care in older children. The principles of lung-protective ventilation were generally accepted and the goals were achieved in the majority of treatment episodes. The low incidence of pediatric invasive ventilation favours centralization. NAVA proved to be a safe and feasible primary ventilation mode in pediatric intensive care. It improved patient-ventilator synchrony and led to lower peak inspiratory pressures and oxygen requirements. It also reduced the need for sedation during longer treatment periods. Information derived from the Edi-signal could be used to optimize the level of sedation and to identify patients with a potential risk of extubation failure. / Tiivistelmä Nykyisin käytössä olevat menetelmät lasten hengityskonehoidossa perustuvat suurelta osin aikuisilla tehtyihin tutkimuksiin ja totuttuihin tapoihin, sillä lasten hengityskonehoidosta on olemassa vain vähän tutkittua tietoa. Hengityskonehoidon aiheuttamaa keuhkovauriota pyritään ehkäisemään välttämällä suuria kertahengitystilavuuksia, tukemalla potilaan omia hengityksiä ja säilyttämällä ilmateissä positiivinen paine uloshengityksen aikanakin. Neuraalisesti ohjattu ventilaatio (NAVA) on uusi hengityskonehoitomuoto, joka tukee potilaan omia hengityksiä ohjaamalla koneen antamaa tukea pallealihaksen sähköisen signaalin avulla. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää lasten hengityskonehoidon nykytilaa Suomessa sekä tutkia, voidaanko NAVAa käyttämällä parantaa hoidon laatua ja turvallisuutta. Nykyisiä hoitokäytäntöjä selvitettiin vuonna 2010 kysely- ja seurantatutkimuksella, johon kutsuttiin mukaan kaikki Suomessa lapsia ja vastasyntyneitä hoitavat tehohoito-osastot. NAVAa verrattiin nykyiseen hengityskonehoitoon 18 potilaan vaihtovuoroisessa tutkimuksessa sekä suuremmassa 170 lapsipotilaan satunnaistetussa kontrolloidussa tutkimuksessa. Eri syistä johtuvat hengitysvaikeudet ovat yleisin syy hengityskonehoitoon vastasyntyneillä ja suurten leikkausten jälkeinen hoito isommilla lapsilla. Keuhkoja säästävän hoidon periaatteet ovat Suomessa yleisesti hyväksyttyjä ja toteutuvat valtaosassa hoitojaksoja. Hengityskonehoitojaksojen määrän vähäisyys puoltaa hoidon keskittämistä suuriin sairaaloihin. NAVAa käyttämällä hengityskoneen antama tuki ajoittuu paremmin potilaan omien hengitysten mukaan ja sen avulla saavutetaan matalammat ilmatiepaineet sekä vähäisempi lisähapen tarve. Pitkissä hoitojaksoissa NAVA vähentää rauhoittavan lääkityksen tarvetta, ja pallealihaksen signaalia seuraamalla on mahdollista optimoida sedaatioaste aikaisempaa tarkemmin. Palleasignaalia voidaan myös hyödyntää arvioitaessa potilaan valmiutta hengitystuesta vieroittamiseen.