Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:46:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariu Moreira M Lopes.pdf: 860705 bytes, checksum: 0cbb79f067b527e068ce43ee02d43587 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-25 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / Besides its instructional or dogmatic aspects, the Bible is considered a sacred book that has determined human behavior and acquired a sentimental value for people who consider it sacred. But most of its readers have access to it only through translation. So, if there is on one hand an untouchable object that cannot be tampered with, on the other hand the translation is seen as a tool that touches this text modality and, because of this, subjects itself to total sacralization or total demoralization. It is in this impasse that this research is established, because according to Simms (1997), the Bible is characterized as a sensitive text, due to the fact that its translation can provoke objection from receptors that hope to see the reproduction of the Original as God has left it. In this perspective, the functionalist theories of language are very important for Bible analysis, because they approach not only linguistic aspects but also pragmatic ones. On this basis, this research observes the sensitivity in Biblical translation, in the light of the three features of the context of situation ( field , tenor and mode ) and the metafunctions of language ( ideational , interpersonal and textual ) proposed by Halliday (1987). For this purpose, a comparative study of linguistic aspects in the Epistle to the Ephesians was done, observing the three Biblical versions most used in current Protestantism: Versão revista e atualizada - 2ª edição, Nova versão internacional e Nova tradução na linguagem de hoje. Besides this, a questionnaire was prepared with questions whose aim is to analyze receptors expectations about Biblical translation. With this research, we aim at verifying linguistic and socio-cultural aspects observed in the analyzed Portuguese versions of the Bible, which are supposed to be present in the mentality of the current receptor, making it possible to discuss the peculiarities seen in the translation of sacred texts, highlighted in this research: the sacred nature, the language of religion and the focus of translation. / Além de seu aspecto instrucional ou dogmático, a Bíblia é considerada um livro sagrado que rege o comportamento humano e desencadeia um valor sentimental por parte daquele que o sacraliza. Todavia, a maioria de seus leitores somente a acessa por meio da tradução. Assim, se, por um lado, tem-se um objeto quase intocável, que não pode ser burlado ou defraudado, por outro, observa-se a tradução como uma ferramenta que toca essa modalidade de texto e, por assim proceder, sujeita-se à total sacralização ou à total desmoralização. É nesse impasse que esta pesquisa se estabelece, pois, segundo Simms (1997), a Bíblia caracteriza-se como um texto sensível, tendo em vista que sua tradução pode provocar objeções da parte dos receptores que esperam a reprodução do Original tal como fora deixado por Deus. Nessa perspectiva, são de especial valia para exame da obra as teorias funcionalistas da linguagem, que levam em consideração não só os aspectos lingüísticos mas também os pragmáticos. Com esse fundamento, o trabalho observa a sensibilidade na tradução bíblica, à luz das características do contexto de situação ( campo , teor e modo ) e das metafunções ( ideacional, interpessoal e textual ), propostas por Halliday (1987). Para isso, fez-se um estudo comparativo de aspectos lingüísticos na Carta de Paulo aos Efésios, em três versões mais usadas no meio protestante na atualidade: Versão revista e atualizada - 2ª edição, Nova versão internacional e Nova tradução na linguagem de hoje. Além disso, também se elaborou um questionário cujas questões visavam a analisar expectativas do receptor referentes à tradução. Objetiva-se, portanto, com este estudo, verificar aspectos lingüísticos e socioculturais que subjazem às versões bíblicas portuguesas estudadas e que se supõem presentes na mentalidade do receptor da atualidade, promovendo, assim, uma discussão sobre as peculiaridades existentes na tradução de textos sagrados, dentre as quais se destacam nesta pesquisa: a natureza sagrada do texto, a linguagem da religião e o enfoque tradutório.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:47:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariu Moreira Madureira Lopes.pdf: 15346391 bytes, checksum: 9593e601fd9064aa19b95d048ada147f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-22 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / Sacred books are different from other books because they are considered texts of divine authorship and because they guard in their content a historical and transhistorical message (RIES, 2008). Such characteristics circumscribe these writings in a distinct context of the language use and bring implications in relation to the translation practice. In the case of the Bible, the Christians, who enshrine it accept it as divine Word and hope that its message is preserved, and nothing in it is changed. In this sense, translations may or may not cater to the expectations of the target public, being subjected to what Simms (1997) calls for sensibility. Along this line, this thesis aims to evaluate the sensibility in the translation of the sacred book as a practice that reveals the group of voices in the interaction and discuss as the relations between the interaction and the sensibility, genre and translation may signal the existence of a distinct discursive mode, whose nuances can be derived interlacement among language and context. Thus, based on the functionalist theory (HALLIDAY, 1978; 2004; HALLIDAY; HASAN, 1989; DIK, 1997; EGGINS, 2004), a comparative study of linguistic and discursive aspects in textual sequences of the New Testament was done, from following Biblical Portuguese versions used by Catholics and Protestants: Versão Almeida revista e atualizada (1993, ARA); Bíblia de Jerusalém (2002, BJ); Tradução ecumênica (1994, TEB); Nova versão internacional (2001, NVI); Edição pastoral (1990, EP); Nova tradução na linguagem de hoje (2000, NTLH). Besides this, a questionnaire was prepared with questions whose aim was to analyze receptors expectations about Biblical translation. With this research, it was observed that the various biblical versions have distinct functions in different contexts and cater to the expectations of the target public in for use in particular situations. / Livros sagrados se distinguem de quaisquer outros escritos por serem considerados textos de autoria divina, e por resguardarem em seu conteúdo uma mensagem de caráter histórico e trans-histórico (RIES, 2008). Tais características circunscrevem esses escritos em um contexto distinto de uso da linguagem e trazem implicações quanto à prática da tradução. No caso da Bíblia, os cristãos que a reverenciam aceitam-na como palavra divina e esperam que sua mensagem seja preservada, e nada nela seja alterado. Nesse sentido, traduções podem ou não atender às expectativas do público a que são destinadas, sujeitando-se ao que Simms (1997)chama de sensibilidade. Nessa linha, o objetivo desta tese é avaliar a sensibilidade na tradução do livro sagrado como uma prática que traduz o jogo de vozes existentes na interação, bem como discutir em que medida as relações entre a interação e os elementos sensibilidade, gênero e tradução, no contexto da tradução bíblica, podem sinalizar a existência de um modo de construção discursiva distinto, cujas nuanças podem ser derivadas do entrelaçamento entre linguagem e contexto. Dessa forma, com base na teoria funcionalista (HALLIDAY, 1978; 2004; HALLIDAY; HASAN, 1989; DIK, 1997; EGGINS, 2004), fez-se um estudo comparativo de aspectos linguístico-discursivos em sequências tipológicas do Novo Testamento a partir das seguintes versões bíblicas portuguesas usadas por católicos e protestantes: Versão Almeida revista e atualizada (1993, ARA); Bíblia de Jerusalém (2002, BJ); Tradução ecumênica (1994, TEB); Nova versão internacional (2001, NVI); Edição pastoral (1990, EP); Nova tradução na linguagem de hoje (2000, NTLH). Além disso, também se elaborou um questionário cujas perguntas tornaram possível avaliar expectativas do receptor referentes à tradução. Com esta pesquisa, verificou-se que as diversas versões bíblicas exercem funções distintas em diferentes contextos e atendem às necessidades do público receptor em situações específicas de uso.

Os processos de decisão de Markov (Markov Decision Process - MDP) têm sido usados para resolução de problemas de tomada de decisão sequencial. Existem problemas em que lidar com os riscos do ambiente para obter um resultado confiável é mais importante do que maximizar o retorno médio esperado. MDPs que lidam com esse tipo de problemas são chamados de processos de decisão de Markov sensíveis a risco (Risk-Sensitive Markov Decision Process - RSMDP). Dentre as diversas variações de RSMDP, estão os trabalhos baseados em utilidade exponencial que utilizam um fator de risco, o qual modela a atitude a risco do agente e que pode ser propensa ou aversa. Os algoritmos existentes na literatura para resolver esse tipo de RSMDPs são ineficientes se comparados a outros algoritmos de MDP. Neste projeto, é apresentada uma solução que pode ser usada em problemas maiores, tanto por executar cálculos apenas em estados relevantes para atingir um conjunto de estados meta partindo de um estado inicial, quanto por permitir processamento de números com expoentes muito elevados para os ambientes computacionais atuais. Os experimentos realizados evidenciam que (i) o algoritmo proposto é mais eficiente, se comparado aos algoritmos estado-da-arte para RSMDPs; e (ii) o uso da técnica LogSumExp permite resolver o problema de trabalhar com expoentes muito elevados em RSMDPs. / Markov Decision Process (MDP) has been used very efficiently to solve sequential decision-making problems. There are problems where dealing with environmental risks to get a reliable result is more important than maximizing the expected average return. MDPs that deal with this type of problem are called risk-sensitive Markov decision processes (RSMDP). Among the several variations of RSMDP are the works based on exponential utility that use a risk factor, which models the agent\'s risk attitude that can be prone or averse. The algorithms in the literature to solve this type of RSMDPs are inefficient when compared to other MDP algorithms. In this project, a solution is presented that can be used in larger problems, either by performing calculations only in relevant states to reach a set of meta states starting from an initial state, or by allowing the processing of numbers with very high exponents for the current computational environments. The experiments show that (i) the proposed algorithm is more efficient when compared to state-of-the-art algorithms for RSMDPs; and (ii) the LogSumExp technique solves the problem of working with very large exponents in RSMDPs

As áreas variáveis de afluência (AVAs) são dinâmicas, apresentando expansão das áreas saturadas durante os eventos de chuva, geralmente próximas aos cursos d\'água e, no momento que a chuva cessa, estas áreas saturadas se contraem. O escoamento superficial ocorre nessas áreas devido ao excesso de saturação, provocado pelo aumento do volume d\'água armazenado no perfil de solo e, extravasamento nas áreas com solos rasos, próxima aos rios. Dessa forma, faz-se necessário quantificar o processo de escoamento superficial para a correta delimitação das AVAs. A utilização dos modelos hidrológicos para essa finalidade teve início após legislação estadunidense que define níveis máximos permitidos para poluição difusa. Diversos modelos foram desenvolvidos para quantificar a entrada de poluentes nos corpos hídricos, entretanto não havia maneira precisa de localizar as áreas variáveis de afluência, sendo estas as mais propensas a carrear os contaminantes. Somente através da utilização de modelos hidrológicos distribuídos foi possível considerar o componente espacial, ou seja, a localização exata da ocorrência dos processos hidrológicos, e sua inter-relação com uso de solo e tipo de solo, permitindo testar diferentes cenários avaliando quais áreas convertidas em florestas contribuiriam para maior ganho de serviços ecossistêmicos relacionados à manutenção de recursos hídricos. Portanto, foram modelados 3 cenários: o cenário atual, o cenário AVA e o cenário Código Florestal. O primeiro representa a situação atual do uso do solo, e fornece base para comparação com outros cenários. A probabilidade de saturação para este cenário foi definida com uso do modelo hidrológico GSSHA, permitindo delimitar as áreas variáveis de afluência e criar o cenário AVA, o qual simula a restauração florestal em todas as áreas variáveis de afluência. Por último, foi modelado o cenário Código Florestal, que simula a restauração florestal das áreas de preservação permanentes (APPs), com a função de avaliar quais os impactos para a manutenção dos recursos hídricos caso seja cumprido o Código Florestal (Lei nº. 4.711/65) e sejam restauradas todas as áreas de preservação permanente. Os resultados mostram que a restauração das AVA, com alteração de apenas 4,04% da área total da bacia, aumentaria em 48% a infiltração da água no solo, eliminando a geração de escoamento superficial em áreas agrosilvopastoris e conseqüente carreamento de poluentes provenientes dessas áreas. A restauração das APPs representa uma alteração de 9,36% da área da bacia e promove a recuperação da dinâmica de expansão e contração das nascentes da bacia hidrográfica, que garante redução da vazão e atraso do pico de vazão, evitando respostas hidrológicas hortonianas na bacia hidrográfica. Ambos cenários apresentam benefícios para manutenção dos recursos hídricos. As áreas de preservação permanente apresentam papel significativo na proteção dos recursos hídricos, protegendo mais de 60% das AVAs e sendo de fácil delimitação. A utilização do índice topográfico como variável substituta à modelagem hidrológica apresentou correlação de ~0,33, que permite utilizar o índice para uma análise exploratória, porém insuficiente para delimitar as áreas variáveis de afluência. / The variables source areas (VSA) are dynamic, showing expansion of saturated areas during rain events, usually near to streams and, at the time the rain stops, these saturated areas contract. Runoff occurs in these areas due to saturation excess overland flow, caused by increased of stored volume water in the soil profile, and extravasation in areas with shallow soils, next to streams. Thus, it is necessary to quantify the process of runoff for the correct delineation of VSA. The use of hydrological models for this purpose began after U.S. law which sets maximum permitted levels for diffuse pollution. Several models have been developed to quantify the entry of pollutants in water bodies, however there was no accurate way to pinpoint variables source areas, which are the most likely to carrying contaminants. Only through the use of distributed hydrological models was possible to consider the spatial component, in other words, the exact location of the occurrence of hydrological processes and their interrelationship with land use and soil type, allowing you to test different scenarios by assessing which areas converted to forests contribute to greater gains in ecosystem services related to maintenance of water resources. Therefore, were evaluated three scenarios: the actual scenario, the VSA scenario and the Forest Code scenario. The first one represents the current state of land use and provides a basis for comparison with other scenarios. The probability of saturation for this scenario was defined using the hydrological model GSSHA, allowing to delimit variables source areas and to create the VSA scenario, which simulates forest restoration in all variables source areas. Finally, was modeled the Forestry Code scenario, which simulates forest restoration of permanent preservation areas (PPA), whose function is to assess the impacts for the maintenance of water resources if it complied the Forest Code (Law nº. 4.711/65) and restored all permanent preservation areas. The results show that the restoration of the VSA, with only a 4,04% change of the total area of the watershed, it would increase in 48% water infiltration into the soil, eliminating the generation of surface runoff and consequent carry pollutants from these areas. The restoration of the PPA represents a change of 9,36% of the watershed area and promotes the recovery of dynamic expansion and contraction of the headwaters of the watershed, which ensures reduction in flow rate and delay peak flow, avoiding answers hortonian in the hydrological basin. Both scenarios provide benefits for maintenance of water resources. The permanent preservation areas have significant role in protecting water resources, protecting more than 60% of VSA and being easy delimitation. The use of topographic index as surrogate parameter correlated to the hydrological modeling of ~ 0,33, which allows use the index to an exploratory analysis, but insufficient to delineate the variables source areas.

Muitos estudos demonstram que a abertura de canais de K+ mitocondriais sensíveis à ATP (mitoKATP) previnem contra danos promovidos por isquemia/reperfusão em coração. Em geral, esta proteção envolve mudanças no estado redox mitocondrial. Em cérebro, sabe-se que agonistas farmacológicos de mitoKATP também protegem em modelo de isquemia/reperfusão. Entretanto, os mecanismos envolvidos na prevenção de danos em cérebro ainda não estão claros. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é compreender os efeitos de canais de K+ mitocondriais ATP-sensíveis em tecido cerebral e os mecanismos pelos quais a sua ativação pode proteger contra danos promovidos por excitotoxicidade, uma das principais conseqüências de um evento isquêmico em cérebro. Neste contexto, demonstramos a proteção pelo mitoKATP em modelo de excitotoxicidade induzida pela ativação direta de receptores NMDA, utilizando cultura de células granulosas de cerebelo. Paralelamente a essa proteção, verificamos que a ativação de mitoKATP reduz a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS). Em mitocôndrias isoladas, observamos que ROS geradas pela mitocôndria ativam mitoKATP cerebral, resultando em um aumento da captação de K+ para a matriz, medida através da técnica de inchamento mitocondrial. Em condições de baixa geração de ROS, a adição de H2O2 exógeno ativa o inchamento mitocondrial em resposta à entrada de K+ de modo prevenido por catalase, assim, confirmando que a atividade desses canais é redox-sensível. A ativação de mitoKATP por agonistas farmacológicos, como diazóxido, também é maior na presença de alta geração de ROS, conforme indicado por uma leve diminuição no potencial de membrana mitocondrial. Interessantemente, a adição de um redutor tiólico, 2-mercaptopropionilglicina (MPG) previne a ativação de mitoKATP. A ativação de mitoKATP não alterou a capacidade de captar Ca2+ pela mitocôndria, demonstrando que este não é o mecanismo pelo qual esses canais previnem morte celular excitotóxica. Não foram observados efeitos desses canais em modelo de excitotoxicidade in vivo e em modelo de doença neurodegenerativa, acidose metilmalônica. Juntos, nossos resultados demonstram que mitoKATP cerebrais agem como sensores de ROS mitocondrial, que quando ativados reduzem a liberação de ROS por um leve desacoplamento, prevenindo morte neuronal por excitotoxicidade NMDA-induzida / Several studies have shown that mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel (mitoKATP) opening prevents ischemia/reperfusion injuries in heart, in a manner involving changes in redox state. In brain, mitoKATP agonists also protect against ischemia/reperfusion. However, the exactly mechanism that mitoKATP protects the brain is still unclear. The purpose of this work is to understand the effects of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channels in brain and how this channel can protect against excitotoxic cell death, the main consequence of a cerebral ischemia. In this context, we demonstrate that mitoKATP protects against excitotoxicity promoted by NMDA receptor activation in cultured cerebellar granule cells. In paralell, we verified that mitoKATP activation also decreases reactive oxygen species (ROS). In isolated mitochondria, we observed that mitochondrially-generated ROS can activate brain mitoKATP, resulting in enhanced K+ uptake into the matrix, measured as swelling of the organelle. Under conditions in which mitochondrial ROS release is low, exogenous H2O2 activated swelling secondary to K+ entrance, in a manner prevented by catalase, confirming that the activity of this channel is redox-sensitive. Activation of mitoKATP channels by the pharmacological agonist diazoxide was also improved when endogenous mitochondrial ROS release was enhanced, as indicated by mild decreases in mitochondrial membrane potentials. Interessantly, mitoKATP activation was preveted by the thiol reductant 2-mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG). Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake was not modified by opening mitoKATP, suggesting that this is not the mechanism through which this channel prevents excitotoxic cell death. In an in vivo excitotoxicity model and also neurodegenerative disease model, methylmalonic acidemia, the effects of mitoKATP agonists were not observed. Together, our results demonstrate that brain mitoKATP acts as a mitochondrial ROS sensor, which, when activated, prevents ROS release by mildly uncoupling respiration from oxidative phosphorylation, decreasing excitotoxic cell death

Depuis plusieurs années, les structures du patrimoine sont entrées de plein pied dans l’ère du numérique. Elles rejoignent de plus en plus les perspectives des humanités numériques orientées vers la démocratisation du savoir et le renouveau des recherches en Sciences Humaines et Sociales (SHS). Les principes de la démocratisation visant un rapprochement du patrimoine écrit au numérique semblent faire émerger de nouveaux points de réflexions tels que les conséquences de la diffusion des sources pour les besoins de la recherche. Si ces aspects ne sont pas à l’origine d’oppositions dans le domaine des bibliothèques, dans le cas des Archives,ils suscitent un tout autre rapport notamment du point de vue des droits de l’homme et des principes d’accès aux sources, notamment la diffusion. Les multiples avantages du numérique,naguère connus, vantés et recommandés par les politiques actuelles ont élagué des questions centrales à la sensibilité humaine et aux perceptions sociales. Certes, l’honorabilité des pratiques de globalisation associée au principe « d’accès universel au savoir » tel que pensé par Paul Otlet ont des enjeux mémoriels. Toutefois les polémiques liées aux discours sur la colonisation ont laissé place à des critiques sur les idéaux de la « culture pour tous » tout en suggérant une reconfiguration anthropologique de ce qui fonde l’ipséité des sources. Ce faisant,l’archive coloniale devient un réservoir de polémiques et de manifestations d’émotions, enrichie par des expériences personnelles et des situations sociales problématiques. Ces difficultés sont circonstanciées par la dimension émotive du document très peu considérée par les institutions patrimoniales, et les techniques de spectacularisations proposées par les professionnels de l'information. La caractéristique émotive attachée au document est suggérée par le fait que les émotions sont « des qualités d’une expérience complexe qui progresse et évolue, et sont liées à un drame »(Dewey, 2005). L’émotion patrimoniale, en considérant la typologie des documents de la période coloniale, dont il est ici question, répond à une « configuration émotionnelle ».Elle est caractérisée par des émotions collectives où se mêlent imaginaire et vécu. Dès lors,cette thèse tente de démontrer comment le contenu informationnel du document d’archive peut influer sur les perceptions émotionnelles des descendants de colonisé en AOF (AfriqueOccidentale Française) ? Comment se noue, à travers ce contenu, des imaginaires collectifs attachés à l’histoire coloniale ? Et comment se conjuguent principes des droits de l’homme et mise à disposition des sources (droit à l’information) la mise à disposition des sources quand celle-ci réveille réminiscences et souffrances. / For several years now, heritage structures have entered the digital age. They areincreasingly broadening the perspectives of the Digital Humanities oriented towards thedemocratization of knowledge and the new aspects of research in Human and Social Sciences.The principles of democratization aimed at bringing digital heritage closer together seem tobring new points of reflection such as the results of the dissemination of sources for the purposesof research. These aspects do not arouse oppositions in the field of Librarianship andInformation Science. However, in the case of the Archives, they evoke quite a different reaction,particularly from the point of view of human rights and principles of access to sources and theirprovision. The multiple well-known benefits of digital, promoted and recommended by currentpolicies have overshadowed the issues related to human sensitivity and social perceptions.Definitely, the respect of the practices of globalization associated with the principle of"universal access to knowledge" as designed by Paul Otlet, poses memorial challenges.However, the polemics on the discourses on colonization have given way to criticisms of theconcept of "culture for all", suggesting an anthropological reconfiguration of the foundationsof the ipseity of sources. The colonial archives have become a reservoir of polemics andmanifestations of emotions, enriched by personal experiences and problematic social situations.These difficulties are accompanied by the emotional dimension of the document not muchrecognized by the heritage institutions, as well as by the spectacularization methods proposedby the information professionals. The suggestion of the emotional dimension of the documentis supported by the fact that emotions are "qualities of a complex experience that progressesand evolves, and they are linked to a drama" (Dewey, 2005). Considering the typology of thecolonial period documents, the patrimonial emotion responds to an "emotional configuration".It is characterized by collective emotions where imaginary and real are combined. Therefore,this thesis attempts to explain how the information content of the archival document caninfluence the emotional perceptions of the descendants of the colonized peoples in French WestAfrica? How is this collective imaginary of colonial history established through this content?And how are the principles of human rights combined with access to sources (right toinformation) when it recalls reminiscences and suffering?

A free and appropriate public education is promised to every child in the United States. However, zero tolerance school discipline policies have broken that promise, pushing students out of the classroom and into the school-to-prison pipeline. Despite the growing body of research demonstrating negative social and economic impacts of exclusionary discipline, public school administrators have been slow to adopt innovative policies that provide rehabilitative alternatives. The purpose of this study was to compare, using the consequences of innovations application of Rogers's diffusion of innovations theory, the impact of various school district approaches to school discipline on suspension rates while controlling for race and socioeconomic status. This study used a quantitative, nonexperimental, nonequivalent groups, posttest-only research design using secondary analysis of data reported by 218 school districts in a New England state for the 2016-17 school year. Analysis of covariance indicated that there is a significant relationship between approaches to school discipline and suspension rates when controlling for racial and socioeconomic composition (p < .05). Race and economic disadvantage significantly influenced suspension rates (p < .001), and districts implementing alternatives differed significantly in their racial and socioeconomic compositions (p < .001). Policy implications include the promotion of alternative approaches to school discipline. Implications for social change include evidence to support the work of those addressing the needs underlying student behavior rather than crime and punishment models to produce safe and supportive schools and dismantle the school-to-prison pipeline.

A Magnet-recognized academic hospital system experienced an increase in patient falls and patient falls with injury after transitioning to a new electronic health record. The purpose of the project was to evaluate the effectiveness of a system-wide quality improvement practice change. The practice-focused question addressed a Magnet model implementation of a standardized, system-wide, evidence-based Hester Davis Scale (HDS) fall risk assessment and intervention tool and the impact on the nursing-sensitive indicators of patient fall rates and fall rates with injury. Successful implementation and sustained, correct use of the HDS fall risk assessment and targeted fall-prevention-intervention tools added to the evidence of multifactorial fall-intervention-prevention strategies designed to reduce patient falls and patient injury associated with falls. Two models were used to inform the project: the American Nurses Credentialing Center next-generation Magnet model and the Institute for Healthcare Improvement framework for spread. The primary source of evidence was the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators. A run chart approach to process improvement was determined to be the best method to assess the effectiveness of the HDS Falls Prevention Program for 28 months post implementation. The run chart for patient fall rates and fall with injury rates demonstrated a reduction in falls and sustained improvement over 28 months. The decreases in falls and fall with injury rates of this project have implications for positive social change. Magnet recognition supports the implementation of the evidence-based HDS Fall Reduction Program, thereby improving the quality of life for patients and families and reducing the burden and cost of health care associated with falls.

Cette thèse explore l’espace communicationnel contemporain à partir de la forme installative. L’enjeu est d’envisager comment dans une société médiatisée où l’exposition est devenue la norme du visible, l’installation parvient à créer ou renégocier dans l’espace social des formes de visibilités. Ces reformulations sensibles proviennent du geste scénographique, tout à la fois processus de création et de représentation, à travers lequel peuvent être circonscrites des « scénographies communicationnelles ». L’installation artistique est l’espace archétypal servant à entreprendre cette réflexion. À partir d’un corpus d’installations artistiques contemporaines, nous analysons les processus par lesquels l’installation conduit à une expérience hétérogène de l’espace tendant favoriser l’immersion du visiteur et le renversement des cadres qui servent à intelligibiliser le réel. Ces processus font de l’installation un espace permettant d’expérimenter le sensible à l’aune d’agencements spatiaux qui en redéfinissent le partage. L’installation peut être conçue comme une forme scénographique constitutive de pratiques et de processus communicationnels tendant s’intercaler entre l’expérience esthétique et l’expérimentation sociale de l’espace. La « communication anthropologique du sensible » favorisée par des dispositifs artistiques de toutes sortes, permet justement d’illustrer comment l’installation, devenue une scène sociale, transforme tout à la fois notre perception et nos modes d’êtres communicationnels. Pour saisir et mettre en perspective ces enjeux à cheval entre les disciplines de la communication et de l’esthétique, cette réflexion prend comme point d’appui l’espace muséal. Le musée, espace scénographié et régime d’exposition matérialisé, permet d’observer comment le paradigme communicationnel intervient dans les pratiques culturelles à travers le rôle que joue l’espace, alors conçu comme une « scène ». L’installation d’abord envisagée dans le milieu typique de l’hétérotopie muséale, sera observée au fil de ses déterritorialisations dans l’espace social, mais aussi à travers des processus circulaires et réflexifs qu’elle provoque sur notre regard. Il s’agit finalement de se demander comment l’installation non plus seulement artistique peut faire lieu de support ou de modèle pour analyser l’espace communicationnel contemporain et plus loin, une hypothétique « société de l’installation ». / This thesis explores the contemporary communicational space on the basis of the installation form. The challenge is to consider how installation manages to create or renegotiate forms of visibilities in a media-orientated society in which exhibitions have become the norm of what is visible. These sensitive reformulations result from the scenography movement, defined as a process of creation and representation through which “communicational scenography” may be contained. The artistic installation is the archetypal space that will be used to undertake this reflection. Using a corpus of contemporary art installations, we will analyse the processes by which installation leads to a heterogeneous experience of space, which typically favours the immersion of the visitor and the reversal of frameworks which serve to make the real world intelligible. These processes make installation a space which allows for experimentation with the sensory experience in relation to spatial layouts which redefine its division. Installation may be appreciated as a form of scenography constituting of communicational processes and practices which tend to insert themselves in between the aesthetic experience and the social experiment of space. The “anthropological communication of the sensible”, promoted by all sorts of artistic devices, illustrates precisely the way in which installation, as a social stage, transforms both our perception and methods of communication. To grasp and put into perspective these issues, which criss-cross between the disciplines of communication and aesthetic, this reflection will focus upon space specifically within the museum. The museum, acting as both a set designed space and a stage of materialised exhibition, makes it possible to observe how the communicational paradigm intervenes in cultural practices through the role played by space, here defined as a “scene”. Initially considered in the typical environment of museum heterotopia, installation will be observed over the course of its derritorialisation in social space, but also through circular and reflexive processes that it may have on our perspective. In the end, it is a question of whether installation, a not only an artistic practice, can act as a medium or a template to analyse the contemporary communicational space and, further still, as a hypothetical “society of installation”.

Les protéines fluorescentes photocommutables (RSFPs) ont la propriété de passer d’un état fluorescent à un état non-fluorescent en réponse à la lumière. Cette propriété en fait des outils de marquage pour la microscopie de super-résolution (ou nanoscopie). Le mécanisme de photocommutation implique l’isomérisation du chromophore ainsi qu’un changement d’état de protonation de ce dernier. Le mécanisme a été très étudié par différentes approches de spectroscopie et de simulation mais reste encore mal compris, l’ordre séquentiel des évènements est notamment encore débattu. Certains de ces évènements de la photocommutation se déroulent à des échelles de temps très courtes, ce qui rend difficile l’étude structurale par cristallographie des rayons X à l’aide des sources synchrotron actuelles dont la résolution temporelle est encore limitée. Les lasers à électrons libres (XFELs) sont une nouvelle source de rayons X produisant des impulsions suffisamment courtes pour permettre l’étude structurale des intermédiaires précoces ou à courte durée de vie qui se forment ou cours de la photocommutation, et suffisamment brillantes pour permettre la collecte de données cristallographiques sur des cristaux de tailles nano- et micrométrique. L’utilisation de ce nouveau genre d’instrument a permis l’émergence de la cristallographie sérielle, une nouvelle approche de la cristallographie des rayons X. Cette approche a depuis été adaptée aux lignes synchrotrons.Le travail présenté ici se focalise sur l’étude de rsEGFP2, une protéine fluorescente photocommutable de la famille de la GFP. Il y est décrit la mise au point d’un protocole de microcristallisation permettant l’obtention d’échantillons en vue d’une expérience de cristallographie résolue en temps au XFEL. Un mécanisme de photocommutation y est proposé à travers le résultat de deux expériences sur les deux XFELs actuellement opérationnels, à des échelles de temps différentes, dévoilant un chromophore « twisté » à l’état excité ainsi qu’un état cis protoné de ce dernier. La caractérisation structurale des variants de rsEGFP2 par cristallographie d’oscillation « classique » combinée à la découverte fortuite d’une conformation alternée du chromophore dans l’état non-fluorescent, issue d’expérience de cristallographie sérielle, apporte un complément d’explication des propriétés photophysiques de la protéine. / Reversibly switchable fluorescent proteins (RSFPs) are able to reversibly toggle between a fluorescent on-state and a non-fluorescent off-state under visible light irradiation. This property makes them a suitable marker used in super-resolution microscopy (or nanoscopy). The photo-switching mechanism involves isomerisation of the chromophore and a change of its protonation state. This mechanism has been well studied but remains poorly understood. The structural nature and the sequential order of atomistic events are still under debate. Some of them take place on the ultra-fast time scale and make structural investigation by X-ray crystallography impossible using current synchrotron radiation sources whose temporal resolution they offer is limited. X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) are a new kind of X-ray source producing femtosecond pulses that allow structural investigation of ultra-fast intermediates during photoswitching. They are also so bright that crystallographic data collection from micro- and nanometer-sized crystals became possible. The bright and short XFEL pulses required a new methodology to be developed, the so-called serial crystallography methodology. This method is now being adapted to synchrotron radiation facilities.Here is presented a time-resolved crystallography study of the reversibly switchable green fluorescent protein 2 (rsEGFP2). A microcrystallization protocol is described allowing the preparation of suitable samples in large amounts for time-resolved serial crystallography experiments. A photoswitching mechanism of rsEGFP2 is proposed based on crystallographic results obtained from data collected at the two XFEL facilities currently fully operational, i.e. the LCLS in the USA and SACLA in Japan. In particular, the structure of two photoswitching intermediates have been determined, one featuring a twisted chromophore in the excited state and the other displaying a protonated cis isomer of the chromophore in the ground state. The structural characterization of rsEGFP2 variants by traditional oscillation crystallography combined with the serendipitous discovery of an alternate chromophore conformation in the off-state during an XFEL experiment provided unique insight into the photophysical behavior of the protein.