La SER, est la grandeur qui permet de quantifier le pouvoir réflecteur d'un objet, ou a contrario sa discrétion électromagnétique. Maîtriser la SER, voire la diminuer, est un enjeu majeur dans le domaine aéronautique de défense. C'est en particulier un gage de survivabilité pour les aéronefs. Historiquement, les fréquences RADAR d'intérêt étaient celles de la bande Super Haute Fréquence, ce qui équivaut à des longueurs d'onde de 2 à 30 centimètres. Des outils d'analyse adaptés ainsi que des moyens de mesure ou de caractérisation de la SER ont été mis au point. Ils se sont révélés extrêmement performants. On peut citer par exemple la chambre anéchoïque CAMELIA du CESTA. En revanche, dans le domaine des basses fréquences, il est plus délicat de réaliser des mesures précises. Pour des longueurs d'onde de 1 à 5 mètres, l'épaisseur des absorbants est souvent trop faible ; même les dimensions des chambres anéchoïques ne représentent que quelques longueurs d'onde. Notre objectif, lors de cette thèse, était de proposer et d'étudier des algorithmes nouveaux permettant d'améliorer ou de faciliter la caractérisation de la SER en basse fréquence. La notion de courants caractéristiques, introduite par Harrington et Mautz dans les années 70, puis reprise par Y. Morel dans le cas d'objets parfaitement conducteurs, permet la décomposition d'un courant induit quelconque en courants élémentaires. Les modes caractéristiques sont obtenus en faisant rayonner ces courants caractéristiques. Cependant, il n'existe pas d'outil de détermination des modes lorsque l'objet n'est plus parfaitement conducteur. Nous nous sommes donc dotés d'un tel outil, que nous avons construit et validé. Pour cela, nous avons repris dans un premier temps le cadre mathématique qui permet de définir l'opérateur de Perturbation, ses propriétés mathématiques et sa décomposition en éléments propres. Nous avons montré que cet opérateur discrétisé conserve ses propriétés mathématiques. Nous avons ensuite validé notre méthode de calcul direct des modes caractéristiques, issus de la diagonalisation de l'opérateur de perturbation discrétisé. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons mené des études phénoménologiques. Nous avons tout d'abord observé l'évolution des éléments propres de l'opérateur de perturbation en fonction de l'impédance, et nous nous sommes intéressés au cas particulier de l'impédance égale à 1. Nous avons ensuite observé les phénomènes lorsque la fréquence évolue. En nous concentrant sur les valeurs propres, nous avons pu différencier deux types de modes. Enfin, nous avons détaillé quelques exemples d'applications concrètes de cette méthode de détermination des modes, qui permettent d'améliorer ou de faciliter la caractérisation de la SER en basse fréquence. L'outil ORFE (Outil de Reformulation, Filtrage et Extrapolation de données) permet d'atténuer les termes d'erreurs inhérents à toute caractérisation, et d'extrapoler des données existantes à des cas de figure non acquis ou non accessibles en mesure. Il a donné lieu à un brevet. Un outil d'interpolation de SER en basse fréquence a aussi été construit. Il permet d'obtenir de meilleurs résultats que l'interpolation linéaire de la SER. Nous avons aussi mis en place une méthode d'imagerie basse fréquence. Elle permet de localiser d'éventuels défauts de métallisation de l'objet considéré, en utilisant la base des courants caractéristiques. Enfin, nous avons présenté une méthodologie de caractérisation de SER qui intègre les limites des moyens de mesure. Nous avons mis en évidence que cette caractérisation donne une information absolue sur la SER de l'objet, dans un périmètre de validité. Un brevet a été déposé sur cette méthode.

Background: Development of technologies and worldwide reductions of trade barriers during the last decades increased competition and the need to offer high-quality prod-ucts and services for a reasonable price. Particularly, the service sector increased in size and variety of outputs. The development of the information technology segment has de-termined the market environment. To be able to compete in this global market offshore outsourcing of IT functions can be a valuable tool if handled in the right way. Small and medium sized enterprises can profit from service offshore outsourcing although studies show that this type of organizations fail in their outsourcing initiatives in an above aver-age rate as a result of deficits in risk management, precisely in risk identification. Aim: The aim of this Master Thesis is to analyse the specific characteristics of small and medium sized enterprises in order to find out how they impact the different stages of the service offshore outsourcing process. Theory and empirical data helps to spot strengths and weaknesses of these organizations in order to find a solution to a better risk identification process which then might lead to increased success in offshore out-sourcing of services. Definitions: Service offshore outsourcing refers to the purchase of a service (which may have been produced in-house before) by a firm from a supplier located in a differ-ent country while the supplier and buyer keep their respective initial locations. Risk is the potential that a chosen action or activity leads to an undesirable outcome. Risk iden-tification, the first part of risk management (followed by risk assessment and prioritiza-tion), is defined as an analysis of potential risk factors to the success of an endeavour. Completion and results: Specific characteristics of small and medium sized enterprises play a significant role in the risk identification process of service offshore outsourcing. By being aware of these risks and acting according to minimize them, harm can be pre-vented. Especially, a well-designed service offshore outsourcing contract, regular com-munication and personal relationships could be an advantage to overcome the draw-backs of small size, high dependency, need for flexibility and lack of resources.

<p> </p><p><strong>Síntesis</strong>:</p><p> </p><p>Este trabajo es un estudio sobre el uso de los verbos <em>ser</em><strong> </strong>y <em>estar</em><strong>, </strong>entre alumnos internacionales que estudian español, desde nivel elemental hasta superior, como Lengua Extranjera (E/LE) en la escuela de idiomas Enforex, en Barcelona, España. Por medio de una encuesta, se ha hecho una investigación a través de 100 preguntas donde el alumno tuve que elegir entre los verbos<em> ser</em> y <em>estar</em> y, una vez analizados los resultados, se llegó a una conclusión.</p><p> </p><p>El trabajo está dividido en diferentes capítulos, empezando por el primero que contiene la hipótesis, el objetivo y la presentación del problema, así como los antecedentes científicos y el marco teórico. En los antecedentes científicos se presenta el material de <em>ser</em> y <em>estar</em> en tres apartados diferentes, y en el marco teórico se revisa la base teórica de ambos verbos y sus usos. Al final del primer capítulo se encuentra el corpus y el método. En el segundo capítulo se incluyen los resultados sacados del corpus y se presentan varios ejemplos en gráficos. En el tercer capítulo se presenta el análisis cualitativo y se termina con el cuarto capítulo, que es la conclusión.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Hipótesis</strong>:</p><p> </p><p>Existen muchas dudas en cuanto al uso de <em>ser</em> y <em>estar</em>. Mi primera hipótesis es que los alumnos internacionales de E/LE, del nivel elemental hasta avanzado, generalmente se equivocan más en el uso del verbo <em>ser</em> que con <em>estar.</em> Mi segunda hipótesis es que los alumnos de E/LE internacionales suecos de la escuela de idiomas ENFOREX cometen, en general, menos errores que el resto de los alumnos internacionales provenientes de Alemania, Holanda, Suiza, Japón e Inglaterra.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Objetivo:</strong></p><p> </p><p>El objetivo de esta tesina es analizar el uso de los verbos <em>ser</em> y <em>estar</em> entre alumnos internacionales de la escuela de idiomas Enforex, en Barcelona, que estudian el español como lengua extranjera, E/LE, entre los niveles elemental y avanzado.  Es importante tener en cuenta que este trabajo está limitado por el tiempo y, por ello, es imposible abarcar todo lo deseado, ya que es un tema complejo y complicado y, también, porque existe un gran número de estudios sobre el uso de <em>ser</em> y <em>estar</em>.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

Denna studie undersöker vad politiker i ett antal av Sveriges kommunfullmäktige anser sig först uppmärksamma då de granskar på en illustrationsplan. Det har även undersökts vad dessa politiker anser vara de främsta anledningarna till varför detta objekt, område eller detalj uppmärksammades. För att besvara de frågor som ställts, genomfördes en enkätundersökning där frågeformulären skickades via e-post till de utvalda politikerna. Svaren har därefter bearbetats och analyserats, samt ställts mot tidigare forskning inom ämnesområdet, för att slutligen nå fram till en slutsats. Denna slutsats visade på att politikerna främst uppmärksammat objekt, områden och detaljer gällande bebyggelsestrukturen och grönstrukturen i de utvalda illustrationsplanerna. Det visades även på att den främsta anledningen till att något uppmärksammades i illustrationsplanen var att det fanns en tydlig färgkontrast, följt av tydliga formkontraster.

Methionine synthases catalyze methyl transfer from 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate (5-methyl-THF) to L-homocysteine (Hcy) in order to generate methionine (Met). Mammals, including humans, use a cobalamin dependent form, while fungi use a cobalamin independent protein called Met6p. The large structural differences between them make Met6p a potential anti-fungal drug target. Met6p is a 90 kDa protein with the active site located between two (βα)₈ barrels. The active site has a catalytic Zn²+ and binding sites for the two substrates, Hcy and folate. I present the crystal structures of three engineered variants of the Met6p enzyme from Candida albicans. I also solved Met6p in complex with several substrate and product analogs, including Hcy, Met, Gln, 5-methyl-THF-Glu₃ and Methotrexate-Glu₃ (MTX-Glu₃), and the bi-dentate ligand S-adenosyl homocysteine. Also described is a new fluorescence-based activity assay monitoring Hcy. Lastly, a high-throughput Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF) assay was used to screen thousands of compounds in order to identify ligands which bind Met6p. My work details the mode of interaction of Hcy and folate with the Met6p protein. Several residues important to activity were discovered, like Asn 126 and Tyr 660, and proven to be important by site directed mutagenesis. Structural analysis revealed an important aspect of the mechanism. When Hcy binds to its pocket it makes strong ion pairs with the enzyme. In particular, 614 moves toward the substrate amine and triggers a rearrangement of active site loops; this draws the catalytic Zn²+ toward the Hcy thiol where a new ligand bond is formed, activating the thiol for methyl transfer. The work presented here lays the groundwork for structure based drug design and makes the development of Met6p specific bi-dentate ligands feasible. The fluorescence based activity assay I developed was successfully used to test the folate analog MTX-Glu₃, which inhibits with an IC₅₀ of ~4 mM. I also discovered our first bi-dentate ligand in the form of S-adenosyl homocysteine. / text

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this dissertation is to demonstrate the conceptual roots of the phenomenology of consciousness and ontology Sartre characterizes the approach and detachment with the tradition of phenomenology and metaphysics, especially with Husserl and Heidegger emphasizing the relationship and understanding of the concepts themselves and Para- in-itself in the context of existentialist philosophy. Research is carried through the exploration of literature and is divided into three parts. The first was intended to approach the concept of intentionality, travels Husserlian phenomenology, focusing on the constitution of the transcendental ego. The second part aimed to develop a critical overview of phenomenological ontology of Being and Nothingness, often pointing to critical issues regarding the problems of metaphysics and the unilateral conception of realism and idealism. The third part has a contrast of Sartre's phenomenological ontology with the problems resulting from the standoff between the metaphysics of realism and idealism. Finally, we dealt with the problem constructed by putting some problematic aspects of Sartre's phenomenological ontology in view of their involvement with the great questions of Western metaphysics. / O objetivo desta dissertação é demonstrar as raízes conceituais da fenomenologia da consciência e da ontologia sartreana caracterizando a aproximação e o distanciamento com a tradição da fenomenologia e da metafísica, de modo especial com Husserl e Heidegger enfatizando a compreensão e a relação dos conceitos de Para-si e Em-si no contexto da filosofia existencialista. A pesquisa é desenvolvida através da exploração bibliográfica e está dividida em três partes. A primeira destinou-se à abordagem do conceito de intencionalidade, percorre a fenomenologia husserliana, com enfoque na constituição do ego transcendental. A segunda parte teve o objetivo de desenvolver uma síntese crítica da ontologia fenomenológica de O Ser e o Nada, apontando frequentemente para aspectos críticos em relação aos problemas da metafísica e das concepções unilaterais do realismo e do idealismo. A terceira parte fez uma contraposição da ontologia fenomenológica de Sartre com a problemática que resulta do impasse entre a metafísica do Realismo e Idealismo. Por fim, abordou-se a problemática construída, situando alguns aspectos problemáticos da ontologia fenomenológica de Sartre tendo em vista sua implicação com as grandes questões da metafísica ocidental.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T15:01:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1070481 bytes, checksum: f43bd7634058817fe0add2fc85627a02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Throughout history the analysis about the Nature of Being has been conducted between the soul (or spirit), to be immaterial, and the resulting awareness of the matter. Greeks in antiquity to modern times the debate has been made between philosophical idealism and philosophical materialism. From the nineteenth century is to have a contribution to the study of Spiritism. The purpose of this research was to examine the nature of being from the perspective of philosophers supporters of philosophical idealism, philosophical materialism and Spiritism. The methodological procedures adopted in the research, considering it is qualitative, exploratory and bibliographic aimed at identifying the relationship between spirit and matter, while the nature of being, in view of Spiritism. According to Spiritism the universe has an intelligent planning, where all resources are worked in co-creation of tiny beings, early in its evolution, to the angelic potencies to the Supreme Lord. The Spirit is the holder of intelligence, matter is only an instrument. / Ao longo da história da humanidade a análise acerca da Natureza do Ser tem sido conduzida entre alma (ou espírito), ser imaterial, e consciência resultante da matéria. Dos Gregos, na antiguidade, aos tempos atuais o debate tem sido efetuado entre o Idealismo Filosófico e o Materialismo Filosófico. A partir do século XIX passa-se a ter a contribuição do Espiritismo ao estudo. O objetivo da pesquisa foi examinar a natureza do ser sob a ótica dos filósofos adeptos do idealismo filosófico, materialismo filosófico e do Espiritismo. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados na pesquisa, considerando que é qualitativa, exploratória e bibliográfica visaram identificar a relação entre espírito e matéria, enquanto natureza do ser, na visão do Espiritismo. Segundo o Espiritismo o Universo tem uma planificação inteligente, em que todos os recursos são trabalhados em regime de co-criação, dos ínfimos seres, no início de sua evolução, até as potências Angélicas com o Senhor Supremo. O Espírito é o detentor da inteligência, a matéria é apenas instrumento.

The aim of the present study is to rebuild the way in which Schelling's later philosophy –that which is represented by his reflection concerning mythology and rational foundations of revelation– describes the triple division of the Absolute in diverse potencies that takes place with the entry of God in temporality and becoming. The process that leads to such fragmentation of the divine is interpreted as a formation novel” analogous to the odyssey that the finite conscience experiences as a result of its constituent openness to Being. / El propósito del presente estudio es reconstruir el modo en el que la filosofía tardía de Schelling, aquella representada por su reflexión acerca de la mitología y los fundamentos racionales de la revelación, describe la triple escisión del Absoluto en potencias diversas que tiene lugar con el ingreso de Dios en la temporalidad y el devenir. El proceso que da lugar a esta fragmentación de lo divino es interpretado como un relato de formación” paralelo a la odisea que la conciencia finita experimenta como consecuencia de su constitutiva apertura al Ser.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, 2007. / Submitted by Luis Felipe Souza (luis_felas@globo.com) on 2008-12-11T17:16:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_2007_FabianoMaluf.pdf: 1123419 bytes, checksum: db84466ee8b85a3d3190409c2ca17fd1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Georgia Fernandes(georgia@bce.unb.br) on 2009-03-03T18:11:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_2007_FabianoMaluf.pdf: 1123419 bytes, checksum: db84466ee8b85a3d3190409c2ca17fd1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-03-03T18:11:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_2007_FabianoMaluf.pdf: 1123419 bytes, checksum: db84466ee8b85a3d3190409c2ca17fd1 (MD5) / A avaliação ética dos protocolos de pesquisa, quando há o envolvimento de seres humanos, por um Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP) é considerada um instrumento de controle social capaz de evitar que abusos sejam cometidos e assegurar o respeito à dignidade e integridade dos participantes de pesquisa. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o compromisso ético dos pesquisadores mestrandos e doutorandos) e orientadores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, da Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, da Universidade de Brasília com relação ao envio de projetos de mestrado e doutorado à CEP, no período compreendido entre agosto de 1996 a dezembro de 2006, utilizando como referencial teórico a Resolução 196/96, que estipula as diretrizes e normas regulamentadoras de pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos. O procedimento metodológico consistiu na identificação das dissertações e teses que: envolviam seres humanos e tinham em anexo o parecer de um CEP; as que mencionavam o envio do projeto e aprovação do CEP; e as que, embora não tivessem anexado nem mencionado a aprovação por um CEP, possuíam, nos arquivos selecionados o protocolo de pesquisa avaliado. Identificou-se, também, a presença do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) junto aos trabalhos investigados. Osr resultados encontrados revelam que 73,72% das dissertações e 80% das teses, que envolviam seres humanos, foram encaminhadas à CEP no período estudado. Observou-se um salto quantitativo ocorrido no ano de 2001 para as dissertações e no ano 2000 para as teses prevalecendo, a partir destas datas, número significativamente superior de trabalhos encaminhados à CEP. Esses resultados apontam que, durante o desenvolvimento do Programa de Pós-Graduação, houve uma crescente conscientização e comprometimento ético dos pesquisadores ( mestrandos e doutorandos ) e orientadores demonstrando a relevância da construção de uma cultura Bioética necessária para a formação acadêmica e profissional dos egressos. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The ethical assessment of research protocols made by an Institutional Review Board (IRB), when there is an envolvement of human beings, is considered a tool of social control, capable of preventing abuse and assuring respect for participants dignity and integrity. The present work aims to evaluate ethical commitment among researchers (master´s and doctorate) and their advisors in the Health Sciences Postgraduate Program of the Health Sciences Faculty at the University of Brasilia, regarding the projects for masters degree and doctorate, within the period between august 1996 and december 2006, using as a theoretical reference Resolution 196/96, which rules research involving human beings. The method utilized for that consisted of identification of papers which included human beings and either 1) had, annexed, an IRB approval report, or 2) mentioned such approval by an IRB, or 3) those which, although having neither of the conditions, presented the assessed research protocol. The existence of an Informed Consent (IC) was also identified. Results showed that 73.72% of masters dissertations and 80% of doctorate theses involving human beings were submitted to an IRB within the period. A higher number was observed in the year of 2001 for dissertations and 2000 for theses and, from these dates on, more papers were sent to IRB. These data suggest that, during the Postgraduate Program development, there was crescent awareness and ethical commitment among researchers (master´s and doctorate) and advisors, showing the relevance given to the construction of a bioethical culture, necessary for adequate academic and professional formation of students.