Recently, the coverage rating of child vaccination services in developing countries, like Uganda, is lower than developed countries. The low resource setting is the reason that causes the poor vaccination performance. Health workers suffer from the heavy workload, low budget supplement and bad traffic condition, etc. Which constrains the quality of vaccination services. In this thesis, the author designs a mobile web-based vaccination service system, to improve the quality of vaccination service, within the low resource setting. A study in HCI is carried out to design a vaccination service system in the low resource settings of Uganda. Through theoretical study, the author collects the knowledge about how to apply HCI theory to system interface design. A related work study is carried out to help the author to choose the design solution. Through comparing the design with related works, the strength of using the author’s design solution in low resource of Uganda is verified. A field study helps to collect information about the user’s characteristics, which is used for designing a user-friendly system interface. An internal focus group helps to improve the design quality. The author delivers a case study example which could be evaluated and borrowed by other researchers who design a similar system. Additionally, findings from the qualitative research could be used for further research. / The goal of this master thesis was to design a mobile web-based vaccination service system to improve the quality of vaccination service for the low resource settings of Uganda. Through the literature and field study about the local situation of vaccination services, the design challenges and the user’s characteristics were stated, and helped the author to identify the system functionality and usability. Additionally, the Nielsen’s 10 HCI criteria were used to influence the interface design, in order to design a user-friendly system. Through the study of related designs, the benefits of using mobile web-based system solutions in this study were discussed: brings mobility and flexibility of usage; enhances the remote communication and data transaction among users; low level of data input error occurrence and quality data storage. These strengths motivated the author to use the mobile web-based system solution.

Industrialization and globalization of companies has promoted fast, easy and profitable business solutions. A linear business model (LBM) is seen as the most common way to do business. However, recent studies have enlightened how LBMs are detrimental to the health and biological cycles of the earth and its inhabitants. To prevent this, circular business models (CBM) are being introduced as a feasible while still profitable solution. CBMs are defined by Oghaze & Mostaghel, (2018), as the “…rationale of how an organisation creates, delivers, and captures value with slowing, closing, or narrowing flows of the resource loops”, as they base their business on products and services designed to close or slowing the resource loops, decreasing the overall need of virgin resources.  However, to make these major changes in the current way of designing products and services has to be made, taking into consideration the change in design objectives from a linear to a circular model. Today, there are many circular design methods (DM) developed by academia to aid designers in designing sustainable products and services, however, the uptake of such DMs in the industry is quite low. Such a low level of uptake is often due to a poor fit between the DM and the context it is adopted in, which does not aid its seamless integration in existing processes.  Therefore, this research aims to identify DM characteristics that will aid industries to be adopted or adapted by companies transitioning towards CBMs. To do so, three research questions were developed: i) What are the most critical internal and external drivers in a company that enable the successful adoption of a circular design method?  ii) What are the contextual barriers that companies encounter when adopting or adapting circular design methods? iii) How can the design method adopted or adapted be evaluated to improve their implementation in a company? To answer these research questions, a survey was initially carried out, and subsequent interviews were conducted amongst participants of five different companies from various sectors and expertise. The survey and interviews were grounded in previous research concerning types of CBM and different types of barriers and drivers influencing the adoption of circular DMs.  The result from the survey indicates that the ability to make trade-offs when confronted with sustainability aspects, management commitment to a CBM, good communication and sharing of environmental knowledge, both through different departments and with external actors like suppliers, as well as allocating resources such as time, personnel, funds, and having clear business incentives are needed to promote the use of circular DMs. From the interviews, it was also found that barriers to the effective use of DMs are lack of environmental knowledge throughout the supply chain and wrong identification of actors in the supply chain as well as limited communication with external actors. Furthermore, the research revealed several characteristics of the DMs such as simplicity, flexibility and informativity need to be adapted to leverage and overcome the identified contextual drivers and barriers respectively, for their successful deployment within the companies.

In recent years, the energy shortage has become a barrier to social development as there is a shortage of resources, especially non-renewable resources. In order to improve the current situation of human settlement for future generations, a series of environmental protection activities and rational utilizations of natural resources have been carried out at a global level on the theme of "Sustainable Development". Along with the quantitative growth of Chinese public buildings, especially the Large-Scale Public Buildings, the levels of energy consumption are rising and this phenomenon has been seen as a key point of energy management from a national view. This paper discusses the realities of energy consumption and the energy-saving policies of public buildings in the world’s major developed countries, and sums up the current condition of Chinese energy consumption in relation to public buildings. With regard to these factors, this paper tries to find approaches for solving the existing problems in each construction section. Less developed construction technology in China leads to a waste of materials and labor force. There is a lack of professional personnel to handle the operational management and a lack of consideration for energy efficiency in the designing process. There is not a suitable framework for compiling statistics and data on energy consumption. There are still many management problems such as inadequate policy standards in operability or implementation, unclear positioning in governmental management, ineffective incentive or punitive mechanisms, and a defective state system which results directly in an undeveloped service system for energy efficiency. Based on all of the problems listed above, this paper suggests solutions in four areas, namely Policy, Energy Statistics, Management and Education, in order to give academic support for the overhaul of Large-Scale Public Buildings towards greater energy efficiency in China.

In recent years, the energy shortage has become a barrier to social development as there is a shortage of resources, especially non-renewable resources. In order to improve the current situation of human settlement for future generations, a series of environmental protection activities and rational utilizations of natural resources have been carried out at a global level on the theme of "Sustainable Development". Along with the quantitative growth of Chinese public buildings, especially the Large-Scale Public Buildings, the levels of energy consumption are rising and this phenomenon has been seen as a key point of energy management from a national view. This paper discusses the realities of energy consumption and the energy-saving policies of public buildings in the world’s major developed countries, and sums up the current condition of Chinese energy consumption in relation to public buildings. With regard to these factors, this paper tries to find approaches for solving the existing problems in each construction section. Less developed construction technology in China leads to a waste of materials and labor force. There is a lack of professional personnel to handle the operational management and a lack of consideration for energy efficiency in the designing process. There is not a suitable framework for compiling statistics and data on energy consumption. There are still many management problems such as inadequate policy standards in operability or implementation, unclear positioning in governmental management, ineffective incentive or punitive mechanisms, and a defective state system which results directly in an undeveloped service system for energy efficiency. Based on all of the problems listed above, this paper suggests solutions in four areas, namely Policy, Energy Statistics, Management and Education, in order to give academic support for the overhaul of Large-Scale Public Buildings towards greater energy efficiency in China. / www.ima.kth.se

Background: Functional sales has in recent years become increasingly debated among companies, as a result of increased interest in developing more sustainable strategies. Meanwhile, companies lack knowledge of what changes functional sales causes, particularly about what incentives, barriers and financial implications that affect the development and implementation of the business model. Since companies are not fully aware of what aspects to take into consideration before implementing functional sales, many companies hesitate on taking the step towards a more sustainable future. Research aim: The research aim of this study is to investigate underlying incentives and barriers that affect the development and implementation of functional sales within retail industry, but also what financial implications it causes. Moreover, this study aims to investigate how the conditions for an implementation of functional sales can be improved, by managing the incentives and barriers identified. Method: This study has been conducted with pragmatism as a scientific starting point. Moreover, an abductive approach has been used. The research design for this study is qualitative design, where a simple case study was selected through a targeted sampling of ”a typical case”. The respondents were selected through a snowball and a targeted sampling. The method used for conducting the analysis was a thematic analysis. Findings: The incentives identified in this study were environmental sustainability, meeting customer needs, closer connection to the customer and profitability. The barriers identified were increased requirements for product design, increased costs for warehousing, service and transportation, changes in cash flows, existing accounting principles and lack of profitability. In order to strengthen versus bridge these incentives and barriers, companies should take the following aspects into consideration: a well-adapted design, environmentally friendly and efficient transportation, ensure high inventory turnover rate, an adequate pricing, a well- formulated guarantee agreement and ensure financing. / Bakgrund: Funktionsförsäljning har på senare år blivit allt mer omdebatterat bland företag, till följd av att ökat intresse av att utveckla mer hållbara strategier. Samtidigt saknas forskning om vilka processer som förändras vid funktionsförsäljning, samt vilka incitament, hinder och finansiella implikationer som påverkar utveckling och implementeringen av affärsmodellen. I och med att företag inte är fullt medvetna om vilka aspekter de behöver ta i beaktning inför en implementering, tvekar företag att ta steget mot en mer hållbar framtid. Syfte: Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilka bakomliggande incitament och hinder som påverkar utvecklingen och implementeringen av en cirkulär affärsmodell baserad på funktionsförsäljning inom detaljhandeln, samt vilka finansiella implikationer de ger upphov till. Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka hur förutsättningarna för en implementering av funktionsförsäljning kan förbättras, genom hantering av dessa incitament och hinder. Metod: Studien har genomförts med pragmatism som vetenskaplig utgångspunkt. Vidare har ett abduktivt angreppssätt använts. Studiens forskningsdesign är kvalitativ, där ett fallföretag valts ut genom ett målstyrt urval av ”ett typiskt fall”. Respondenterna valdes ut genom både ett snöbollsurval och ett målstyrt urval. Den analysmetod som studien har använts sig av är en så kallad tematisk analys. Slutsats: De incitament som identifierats i denna studie är miljömässig hållbarhet, möta kundens behov, komma närmare kund samt lönsamhet. De hinder som identifierats är ökade krav på produktdesign, ökade kostnader vid lagerhållning, service och transport, förändrade kassaflöden, befintliga redovisningsprinciper samt utebliven lönsamhet. För att förstärka respektive överbrygga dessa bör företag ta följande aspekter i beaktning: en anpassad design, miljövänliga och effektiva transporter, säkerställa hög lageromsättningshastighet, rätt prissättning, ett välformulerat garantiavtal samt säkerställa finansiering.

The Fashion industry has grown rapidly over the past decade. The industry is one of the world’s most polluting industries and the way we produce and consume clothes has to change, to reach sustainability across the industry. The fashion industry requires a new “textile economy” where business models are developed to keep products in use and continuously circulate. Therefore, developing business model that can keep products in use and make them circulate is one way forward. Product-Service-Systems (PSS) have become a discussion amongst researchers to be a possible way of reaching more sustainable practices across the industry. This study therefore looks at one form of PSS, leasing and rental. The study will investigate, technical garments because from a durability and quality perspective they are ideal to incorporate in this type of model. Therefore, this study aimed at developing an ideal circular leasing and rental model to see what requirements is needed to keep activity-based, technical garments in use. It was also of interest to investigate what challenges and opportunities the Swedish outdoor industry face when implementing a leasing and rental model, and if they can fulfil the requirements of the ideal circular model. A qualitative method was used through semi-structured interviews to collect the empirical data. The results show that the requirements of an ideal circular leasing and rental model includes Sustainability, Investments/Economic profit, Human resources, Logistics, Product design and Upcycling. The empirical results from the Swedish outdoor industry shows that they require the same factors as the model, however two more requirements are highlighted by the industry, Thirdparty-partner and customer demand. The results also shows that today it is too challenging for the Swedish outdoor industry fulfil the requirements of an ideal circular leasing and rental model. Collaborating with a third-party-partner is one aspect the industry see as an opportunity. The products have an opportunity to be kept in use because the brands will care for them. However, the industry face more challenges than opportunities, some of the challenges are investments and economic profit, logistics and upcycling processes of activity-based technical garments.

I ljuset av digitaliseringens konsekvenser på individer och organisationer undersöker denna studie hur implementationen av ett självbetjäningssystem påverkar anställdas arbetssituation inom cafébranschen. Genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med tematisk analys, baserad på intervjuer, har studien belyst olika aspekter av självbetjäningssystemets inverkan. Resultatet visar att systemet bidrar till förändrade arbetsroller och krav på personliga egenskaper, samt ett negativt inflytande på anställdas välmående, vilket visas genom stress och motstånd. Det framkommer att anställdas förmåga till att använda systemet på avsett sätt dikteras av tidigare erfarenhet, utbildning i systemet samt tillgång till stöd. Slutsatsen blir således att självbetjäningssystemet besitter framväxande egenskaper vilket påverkar de anställdas arbetssituation. / In light of the consequences of digitalization on individuals and organizations, this study investigates how the implementation of a self-service system affects employees' work situations within the café industry. Through a qualitative research method using thematic analysis based on interviews, the study has shed light on various aspects of the self-service system's impact. The results show that the system contributes to changing job roles and demands on personal qualities, as well as a negative influence on employees' well-being, manifested through stress and resistance. It is evident that employees' ability to use the system as intended is dictated by previous experience, training in the system, and access to support. The conclusion thus becomes that the self-service system possesses emerging properties which impact employees' work situation.

Purpose: This study aims to examine what is needed by manufacturers and their resellers in thetruck manufacturing industry that wants to pursue a result-oriented PSS. More specifically, thisstudy aims to answer what capabilities are needed for the actors and address what partnershipfactor is needed for collaboration. At the same time, collaboration has been found vital to pursuea PSS, whereas partnership factors can be used to leverage the needed capabilities. Method: This study builds on a qualitative single case study research strategy. The unit of analysisconsists of the European truck manufacturer and its resellers in Singaporean and Malaysianmarkets that want to pursue a product-service system (PSS). The primary data collection wasdone through 24 interviews with decision-makers in a three-phase model, and internalPowerPoint presentations were collected as secondary data. The primary data was then analyzedusing thematic analysis. The main role of theory was to use it to develop interview guides andto be used to code per the thematic analysis. Findings: The result of this study is a framework that shows scholars and practitioners whatcapabilities and partnership factors are needed when planning to pursue a result-oriented PSS inthe truck manufacturing industry. Thirty-three capabilities were identified and categorized acrossvarious business areas, such as capabilities related to the operations of the PSS and innovation.This research further identified six essential partnership factors and explained how these couldbe used to leverage the identified capabilities. Lastly, this research presents a roadmap forprioritizing capabilities and partnership factors for early-stage PSS implementation. The first stepof five is that management should create a clear concept and direction and then create a dedicatedPSS unit to further get the necessary capabilities and partnership factors through iterations. Theoretical- and managerial implications: This study contributes to current PSS literature byexpanding the understanding of what capabilities and partnership factors are needed from amanufacturer-reseller perspective to offer a PSS. Also, it addresses how the partnership factorscan be used to leverage the identified capabilities. Managers can use the framework to evaluatewhich of the capabilities and partnership factors they already have or which they need to get. Itcan further be used to assess the other party before going into a PSS collaboration together. Theroadmap initially guides what is essential so managers can prioritize how to develop or acquirethe necessary capabilities and partnership factors. / Syfte: Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vad som behövs av tillverkare och deras återförsäljare inom lastbilstillverkningsindustrin som vill erbjuda en resultatorienterad PSS. Mer specifikt syftar denna studie till att svara på vilka kapabiliteter som behövs för aktörerna men även villka partnerskapsfaktor som behövs för samverkan. Detta då samarbete visat sig vara avgörande för att driva en PSS, medan partnerskapsfaktorer kan användas för att maximera de nödvändiga kapabiliteterna. Metod: Denna studie bygger på en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi för enskilda fallstudier. Analysenheten består av den europeiska lastbilstillverkaren och dess återförsäljare på singaporeanska och malaysiska marknader som vill erbjuda en PSS. Den primära datainsamlingen gjordes genom 24 intervjuer med beslutsfattare i en trefasmodell och interna PowerPoint-presentationer samlades in som sekundärdata. Primärdata analyserades sedan med hjälp av tematisk analys. Teorins huvudsakliga roll var att använda den för att utveckling intervjuguider och användas även för att koda i den tematiska analysen Resultat: Resultatet av denna studie är ett ramverk som visar forskare och praktiker vilka kapabiliteter och partnerskapsfaktorer som behövs när man planerar att driva en resultatorienterad PSS inom lastbilsindustrin. Trettiotre kapabiliter identifierades och kategoriserades över olika affärsområden, såsom kapabiliteter relaterade till driften av PSS och innovation. Denna forskning identifierade även sex viktiga partnerskapsfaktorer och förklarade hur dessa kunde användas för att utnyttja de identifierade kapabiliteterna maximalt. Slutligen presenterar denna forskning en roadmap för en prioritering av de identifierade kapabiliteterna och partnerskapsfaktorer för PSS-implementering i ett tidigt skede. Det första steget av fem är att ledningen ska skapa ett tydligt koncept och riktning för att sedan skapa en dedikerad PSS-enhet vars upgift är att få tag eller skapa de nödvändiga kapabiliteterna och partnerskapsfaktorerna genom iterationer. Teoretiska och praktiska implikationer: Denna studie bidrar till aktuell PSS-litteratur genom att utöka förståelsen för vilka kapabiliteter och partnerskapsfaktorer som behövs ur ett tillverkare-återförsäljarperspektiv för att erbjuda en PSS. Den tar också upp hur partnerskapsfaktorerna kan användas för att utnyttja de identifierade kapabiliteterna maximalt. Beslutsfattare kan använda ramverket för att utvärdera vilka av de kapabiliteter och partnerskapsfaktorer de redan har eller vilka de behöver skaffa. Den kan vidare användas för att bedöma den andra parten innan man går in i ett PSS-samarbete tillsammans. Roadmappen vägleder initialt vad som är väsentligt så att beslutsfattare kan prioritera hur man ska utvecklar eller införskaffa de nödvändiga kapabiliteterna och partnerskapsfaktorerna.

The transport sector is responsible for large amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and dueto the continued growth of both passengers and shopping of goods, these emissions are constantlyincreasing. Globally, 50% of the energy within the transport sector is consumed by passenger carsand commercial vans. Hence, sustainability within mobility is of interest and there are severaldifferent ways to address this issue. One possible solution could be car sharing which is a mobilityproduct-service system (PSS) where the private car is replaced by rental cars. However, diffusionof such PSSs is slow, and they are still limited to small niche markets.In this thesis, a dataset from the research project KTH Mobility Pool (KMP) has been analysed.KMP involved a mobility PSS in which electric vehicles (EVs) were integrated with a digitalbooking system, in a shared use system. The users tried out the PSS during a six-months trialperiod. The aim with this thesis was to identify different factors involved in the adoption of newsustainable mobility PSS. During the thesis work additional research questions emerged regardingthe motivation to participate in trials within new sustainable mobility PSS and what impact thetrial had on the users from an environmental perspective. An exploratory and inductive researchapproach was used, with a data analysis influence by grounded theory. Moreover, the thesis workinvolved a mixed method approach since the analysed dataset derived from interviews, surveysand workshops with the KMP users.Through the comparison of the analysed data and existing literature some conclusions could bedrawn. Common motivators for participating in the KMP trial were the opportunity to try out anew technology, saving money and interest in technology, cars and the environment. Five factorsof importance during the trial could be identified: convenience, car ownership, economy,environment, and safety. The impact of the trial on the users was an increased environmentalconsciousness where the users became more aware of their car usage and felt more environmental.Moreover, the trial also gave the users a more positive attitude towards EVs concerning thedevelopment of the EV market, their range and practicality. In conclusion, more research is neededto unfold and establish a complete and holistic view of the adoption of sustainable mobility PSS.However, the findings in this thesis work have answered some of the questions regarding theadoption of sustainable mobility PSS, which can be useful for future trials. / Transportsektorn ansvarar för en stor mängd av växthusgasutsläpp och då både antalet passagerareökar och varuhandeln växer, så ökar även utsläppen konstant. Globalt så går 50% av energin inomtransportsektorn till personbilar och kommersiella fordon. Således är hållbarhet inom mänskligtransport viktig och det finns flera sätt att angripa detta dilemma. En möjlig lösning är samåkning,vilket är ett produkt- och tjänstesystem (PSS) där den privata bilen ersätts med en hyrbil. Dock såär spridningen av sådana PSS långsam och de är fortfarande begränsade till små nischmarknader.I detta examensarbete har en datauppsättning från forskningsprojektet KTH Mobility Pool (KMP)analyserats. KMP involverade ett PSS för mänsklig transport, i vilket elbilar var integrerade medett digitalt bokningssystem, i ett gemensamt användningssystem. Detta PSS användes utavanställda på ett tillverkningsföretag till och från jobbet samt under arbetstid, under en sex månaderlång försöksperiod. Målet med examensarbetet var att identifiera de olika faktorer som ärinvolverade i införandet och användandet av nya hållbara PSS för mänsklig transport. Underarbetets gång så dök ytterligare frågeställningar upp angående vad som motiverade användarna atttesta på PSS för mänsklig transport, och hur testprocessen påverkade dem ur miljösynpunkt. Enundersökande och induktiv forskningsmetod användes, med en dataanalys inspirerad av grundadteori. Examensarbetet involverade dessutom en blandning av både kvalitativa och kvantitativametoder eftersom den analyserade datauppsättningen bestod av intervjuer, undersökningar ochworkshops med KMP-användarna.Genom jämförelse av data som analyserats med befintlig litteratur, kunde vissa slutsatser dras.Vanliga motivationsfaktorer för att delta i KMP-projektet var möjligheten att prova på ny teknik,spara pengar och intressen för teknik, bilar och miljö. Fem faktorer av betydelse under försöketkunde identifieras: bekvämlighet, bilägande, ekonomi, miljö och säkerhet. Effekten av försöket påanvändarna var en ökad miljömedvetenhet där användarna blev mer medvetna om sinbilanvändning och kände att de gjorde något gott för miljön. Dessutom gav testet användarna enmer positiv inställning till elbilar angående marknadens utveckling, elbilars räckvidd och deraspraktiska egenskaper. Sammanfattningsvis behövs mer forskning för att utveckla och upprätta enhelhetsbild över de faktorer som är involverade i införandet och användandet av ett hållbart PSSför mänsklig transport. Dock så har detta examensarbete svarat på frågor angående några av dessafaktorer, vilket kan vara användbart för framtida projekt.

Circular economy (CE) is widely seen as a potential solution to negative impacts caused by thelinear economy; however, companies must integrate CE principles into the business modeldeeper to achieve sustainable development. The Product-Service System (PSS) businessmodel is a potential solution to the superficial implementation of CE due to shifting the focusto delivering functionality rather than ownership. However, several researchers point out thatPSS systems, whilst promoted as sustainability alternatives, rarely have enough quantitativedata supporting these outcomes and where the research field widely highlight the need tofurther develop assessment methods for PSS, with the use phase being a specifically criticalarea to monitor due to companies increased responsibility. This master’s thesis, therefore,aims to evaluate how companies monitor and assess their use-oriented PSS during the usephase to safeguard the intended increase in sustainability performance. To achieve theseobjectives, a qualitative, multiple case study was employed, where four companies wereinterviewed following a semi-structured approach, creating in-depth knowledge in each case. The case studies reveal that the different companies' primary methods to safeguard theirsustainability ambitions were through data collection, which, however, lacked the structuralsupport of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). The different case studies could be seen tomainly collect performance data for proactive maintenance and consumer behaviour data toadjust their services and, by that, reduce environmental impact. However, only Volvo CarMobility did try to reduce the risk of unforeseen rebound effects by investigating customers'changed mobility behaviour. All of the companies did during the interviews refer to KPIs thatthey used to ensure that their sustainability goals were met; however, only one of the casestudies had an indicator that could meet the requirements of KPIs, whereas others lackedspecified targets, were vaguely defined or were irregularly collected. Additionally, the casestudies confirmed different strategic reasons for implementing their PSS other thansustainability and whether all sustainability goals could be connected to economic incentives.These different drivers confirm the PSS attraction and suitability for companies; however, italso emphasises the importance of implementing a system perspective to mitigate risks ofburden shifting and loss of the potential to contribute to sustainable development. Future research could further evaluate the importance of information and communicationtechnologies (ICT) when collecting data on PSS consumers, how AI-supported technologycould facilitate the recognition of consumer behaviour, and how this data collection shouldbe efficiently managed in the organisation. Additionally, another interesting avenue for futureinvestigation would be the overall consumer behaviour of society and its impact on businessmodels such as PSS. In conclusion, this master's thesis confirms and extends previous assertions on theimportance and complexity of use-oriented PSS and adds to the emerging literature on the subject through the information from the case studies. The findings also point to the holisticinsights and performance assessments required to optimise the potential and ensure thesustainability of the services. / Cirkulär ekonomi (CE) betraktas allmänt som en potentiell lösning på den negativa påverkansom den linjära ekonomin orsakar. För att uppnå en hållbar utveckling är det nödvändigt förföretag att djupare integrera CE-principer i affärsmodellen. Affärsmodellen förprodukttjänstsystem (product service system - PSS) anses vara en potentiell lösning när CEytligt implementerats i företag, detta genom att fokusera på att leverera funktionalitetsnarare än äganderätt. Dock pekar flera forskare på att PSS-system, trots att de främjas somhållbarhetsalternativ, sällan har tillräckligt med kvantitativ data som stödjer dessa resultat.Inom PSS forskningsfältet betonas behovet av att vidareutveckla bedömningsmetoder(Nakada et al., 2020), där användningsfasen anses vara ett specifikt kritiskt område attkontrollera på grund av företagens ökade ansvar. Denna masteravhandling syftar därför tillatt utvärdera hur företag kontrollerar och bedömer sina användningsorienterade PSS underanvändningsfasen för att säkerställa den avsedda ökningen i hållbarhetsprestanda. För attuppnå dessa mål användes en kvalitativ, flerfallstudie där fyra företag intervjuades med ettsemistrukturerat förhållningssätt, vilket skapade mer djupgående kunskap om vardera fall. Fallstudierna visar att de olika företagens huvudsakliga metod för att säkerställa sinahållbarhetsambitioner var genom datainsamling, men detta saknade dock det strukturellastödet av nyckeltal (Key Performance Indicators - KPI:er). De olika fallstudierna kunde sessamla prestandadata främst för proaktivt underhåll och konsumentbeteendedata för attjustera sina tjänster och därigenom minska miljöpåverkan. Endast Volvo Car Mobility försökteminska risken för oförutsedda rekyleffekter genom att undersöka kunders ändraderörelsebeteende. Samtliga företag hänvisade under intervjuerna till KPI:er som de användeför att säkerställa att deras hållbarhetsmål uppnåddes, men endast företaget som hyrde utbilbarnstolar hade en indikator som kunde uppfylla KPI-kraven, medan de andra fallensaknade specificerade objektiv, var vagt definierade eller insamlades oregelbundet.Dessutom bekräftade fallstudierna olika strategiska skäl för att implementera sina PSS utöverhållbarhet, och alla hållbarhetsmål kunde kopplas till ekonomiska incitament. Dessa olikadrivkrafter bekräftar PSS attraktion och lämplighet för företag, men betonar också vikten avatt implementera ett systemperspektiv för att minska riskerna för tunnelseende ochförskjutning av belastningen (s.k. burden shifting) och förlora potentialen att bidra till enhållbar utveckling. Framtida forskning kan rikta sig mot att ytterligare utvärdera betydelsen av informations- ochkommunikationsteknologier (Information and Communication Technology - ICT) vid insamlingav data om PSS-konsumenter, hur AI-stödd teknik kan underlätta igenkänning avkonsumentbeteende och särskilt hur denna datainsamling bör hanteras effektivt iorganisationen. Dessutom skulle en annan intressant väg för framtida undersökningar kunnavara samhällets övergripande konsumentbeteende och dess påverkan på affärsmodeller somPSS.   Sammanfattningsvis bekräftar denna masteravhandling tidigare påståenden omanvändningsorienterade PSS betydelse och komplexitet och bidrar till den växandelitteraturen om ämnet genom information från fallstudierna. Resultaten pekar också på deholistiska insikter och prestandabedömningar som krävs för att optimera potentialen ochsäkerställa tjänsternas hållbarhet.