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The present project provides a survey of contemporary work relations in the context of the so-called gig economy (also known as the sharing, collaborative, platform, and on-demand economy). Against the background of recent concerns over automation replacing work at a large scale, the project argues instead that the displacement of work warrants more critical attention. The project examines how the gig economy presents their services as automating technologies while downplaying the ways that workers' employment, not to mention lives, are made increasingly precarious by these alleged improvements. Specifically, the project surveys three gig-economies, the ride-hailing service Uber, the home-sharing service Airbnb, and the online labor marketplace Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT). Methodologically, the project employs an interdisciplinary approach, integrating insights from political economy, critical theory, discourse analysis, and ethnographic research. A qualitative assessment of the respective work environments shifts a relatively apolitical discourse on the future of work not only toward a more pronounced critique of the gig economy, but also toward a renewed discussion on the kinds of jobs that earn the labels of freelance and entrepreneurship. Professionals and scholars concerned with the future of work stand to benefit from the findings of the research, particularly as it challenges some commonplace assumptions in the discourse of what has been termed postcapitalism. / Ph. D. / The present project provides a survey of contemporary work relations in the context of the so-called gig economy (also known as the sharing, collaborative, platform, and ondemand economy). Against the background of recent concerns over automation replacing work at a large scale, the project argues instead that the displacement of work warrants more critical attention. The project examines how the gig economy presents their services as automating technologies while downplaying the ways that workers’ employment, not to mention lives, are made increasingly precarious by these alleged improvements. Specifically, the project surveys three gig economies, the ride-hailing service Uber, the home-sharing service Airbnb, and the online labor marketplace Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT). Methodologically, the project employs an interdisciplinary approach, integrating insights from political economy, critical theory, discourse analysis, and ethnographic research. A qualitative assessment of the respective work environments shifts a relatively apolitical discourse on the future of work not only toward a more pronounced critique of the gig economy, but also toward a renewed discussion on the kinds of jobs that earn the labels of freelance and entrepreneurship. Professionals and scholars concerned with the future of work stand to benefit from the findings of the research, particularly as it challenges some commonplace assumptions in the discourse of what has been termed postcapitalism.

This doctoral thesis represents pioneering research in integrating Smart Mobile Lockers with City Buses (SML-CBs) for e-commerce last-mile delivery, a novel concept rooted in the sharing economy. It explores the innovative use of underutilized urban bus capacities for parcel transportation while incorporating smart parcel lockers to facilitate self-pick-up by customers. Comprising six chapters, the thesis delineates its background, motivations, contributions, and organization in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 presents a comprehensive review of the recent literature on last-mile freight deliveries, including a bibliometric analysis, identifying gaps and opportunities for SML-CBs intervention. In Chapter 3, using survey data, we conduct empirical analytics to study Canadian consumers’ attitudes towards adopting SML-CBs, focusing on deterrents such as excessive walking distances to pick-up locations and incentives led by environmental concerns. This chapter also pinpoints demographic segments likely to be early adopters of this innovative delivery system. To address the concerns over walking distances identified in Chapter 3, Chapter 4 presents a prescriptive model and algorithms aimed at minimizing customer walking distance to self-pick-up points, considering the assignment of SML-CBs and customers. The case study results endorse the convenience of SML-CBs in terms of short walking distances. To systematically assess the sustainability benefits, a key motivator identified in Chapter 3, Chapter 5 includes analytical models for pricing and accessibility of SML-CBs. It also employs a hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to analyze the sustainability performance of SML-CBs. It establishes system boundaries, develops pertinent LCA parameters, and illustrates substantial greenhouse gas (GHG) savings in both operational and life cycle phases when SML-CBs are utilized instead of traditional delivery trucks. The dissertation is concluded in Chapter 6, summarizing the principal contributions and suggesting avenues for future research. This comprehensive study not only provides empirical and analytical evidence supporting the feasibility and advantages of SML-CBs but also contributes to the literature on sustainable logistics and urban freight deliveries. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This doctoral thesis represents pioneering research in integrating Smart Mobile Lockers with City Buses (SML-CBs) for e-commerce last-mile delivery. It explores the innovative use of underutilized urban bus capacities for parcel transportation while incorporating smart parcel lockers to facilitate self-pick-up by customers. Comprising six chapters, the thesis delineates its background, motivations, contributions, and organization in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 presents a comprehensive review of the recent literature on lastmile freight deliveries. In Chapter 3, we study Canadian consumers’ attitudes towards adopting SML-CBs, focusing on deterrents such as excessive walking distances to pickup locations and incentives led by environmental concerns. To address the concerns over walking distances identified in Chapter 3, Chapter 4 presents models and algorithms for operating SML-CBs. Chapter 5 presents an assessment of the sustainability of SML-CBs. The dissertation is concluded in Chapter 6, summarizing the principal contributions and suggesting avenues for future research.

近年來，由於行動科技的盛行以及共享經濟的浪潮之下，有越來越多企業改變了以往的商業模式，從傳統的加工製造，轉向媒合產業中的供給和需求，銷售有形的產品和硬體設備不再是其主要的獲利來源，共享型的平台企業開始大量在市場中出現，企業開始透過提供媒合供需的服務，轉型成為共享型的平台企業。 雖然共享型的平台企業開始大量在市場中出現，但真正能夠成功並且持續成長的卻少之又少，因此，本研究以目前全球最大的出租私人房屋平台Airbnb，以及中國相應失敗案例愛日租等兩家具有經營與流量規模的共享型平台企業做為研究個案，以策略行銷4C架構來分析，在其創業初期雙邊市場群體所面對的交易成本，並探討兩家個案在經營上採用的相異行銷策略產生的4C正向循環以及負向循環。 最後，本研究給予即將發展共享型平台企業之新創事業及中小型企業未來策略發展方向，在發展初期，平台企業若仿效愛日租個案在極短期內透入大量資金完全複製其他成功個案的商業模式是存在失敗風險的，應該效仿Airbnb長期動態的分階段、分項解決行銷交換成本，建立一個正向的4C循環，將雙邊市場群體皆突破用戶臨界數量，以觸發網路效應，以幫助其在有限的資源之中達到有效快速的成長。 / Recently, due to the advanced internet technology and the trend of sharing economy, more and more company has changed their usual business model, from the traditional manufacturing to the service of gathering demands and supplies. Selling the tangible products and equipment is no longer the main source of profit. More and more sharing platform companies have appeared in the market and the business has transformed its business model by degrees. Although there are more and more sharing platform companies emerge in the market, very few company can maintain the growth. This study takes the largest global house-renting platform, Airbnb, and the corresponding platform, Airizu, for comparison. And use the 4C framework to identify the transaction costs that the sharing platform companies and the bilateral party faced and further discover the different strategies used by the two cases. Finally, this study provides the sharing platform companies some recommending strategy of future development. For those startups in the very beginning stage, if the platform companies go for the strategy that Airizu took, by throwing in capitals to copy the entire business model from others, it will undertake huge financial risks, and on the other hand, if the platform companies go for the strategy that Airbnb took, by solving the transaction costs step by step in the long term, it will have better chance to get a 4C positive cycle. To not only raise the number of users from the bilateral parties to reach the network effect, but also help the company to achieve great success within limited resources.

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The world crucially needs to reduce the level of emissions being released in the environment in order to combat climate change. With the global population increasing and economies continuing to grow, the circular economy has been heralded by many as the potential solution to economic prosperity whilst also reducing primary resource use and emissions. However, the existence of environmental rebound effect has the potential to severely limit the emission reductions of the circular economy by increasing consumption elsewhere. This paper focuses on the definition of economic rebound effect and on its impact on a peer-to-peer boat sharing platform in Finland. A survey completed by users of the platform allowed for the quantitative analysis of environmental rebound effect experienced by the users and also provide insight into the consumption behaviour that created the most negative consequences. Rebound was experienced by almost all users with almost a third of users experiencing a backfire in which their overall emissions increased as a result of consumption made possible by the economic benefits of shared access. Primary production and the substitution of air travel for the leasing of a boat created large reductions in emissions, however, this was counteracted by increases in personal use and increased air travel by others. This real-life study of environmental rebound effect shows both its existence and impact on the peer-to-peer sharing of boats in Finland.

Submitted by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-08T12:18:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_MPCC- Caroline de Souza Ferraz.pdf: 2352368 bytes, checksum: 0bdbc99e0db36e10a25810609c25a4b1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-08T12:18:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_MPCC- Caroline de Souza Ferraz.pdf: 2352368 bytes, checksum: 0bdbc99e0db36e10a25810609c25a4b1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Cristina Bonfim Aquarone (deborabonfim@espm.br) on 2018-10-08T12:34:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_MPCC- Caroline de Souza Ferraz.pdf: 2352368 bytes, checksum: 0bdbc99e0db36e10a25810609c25a4b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-08T12:34:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_MPCC- Caroline de Souza Ferraz.pdf: 2352368 bytes, checksum: 0bdbc99e0db36e10a25810609c25a4b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-13 / Collaboration is no longer just a human value, it has become a lifestyle. With the rise of virtual communities and social networks, individuals have taken up collaborative principles and practices, going beyond the cyberspace and applying them to other physical dimensions of life. This behavior change has become a global phenomenon, transforming the way people live and consume. Within this context, this research aims to understand the motivations that lead to sharing economy, focusing on young people from the São Paulo Metropolitan Region, who were born in the 1990s and grew up with the advent of the internet. The study proposes a dialogue between authors such as Bockmann (2013), Lamberton and Rose (2011), Van de Glind (2013) and Hamari et al. (2013) in order to understand the different motivational factors, besides quantifying this information based on a survey conducted with 570 respondents. Results contribute to the literature as well to the Brazilian market regarding sharing economy, showing that the relationship between Brazilians and this economic alternative, despite the strengthening of collective values, is still quite individual and rational. The main motivations involved are convenience and flexibility, reduction of costs and access to new and differentiated services, all of them considered extrinsic, driven by a benefit or a reward. Social and sustainable factors, for instance, were not direct motivations. More than bringing greater understanding about the phenomenon, this research seeks to foster discussions and new studies about the future of sharing economy / A colaboração deixou de ser somente um valor e tornou-se um estilo de vida. Com a ascensão das comunidades virtuais e redes sociais, os indivíduos retomaram os princípios e práticas colaborativas que extrapolaram o ciberespaço e passaram a ser aplicadas a outras dimensões físicas da vida. Essa mudança de comportamento tornou-se um fenômeno global, transformando o modo como as pessoas vivem e consomem. Dentro desse contexto, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo entender as motivações que levam à adesão da economia colaborativa, tendo como foco jovens da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo nascidos na década de 1990 ˗ que cresceram com o advento da internet. O estudo propõe um diálogo entre autores como Bockmann (2013), Lamberton e Rose (2011), Van de Glind (2013) e Hamari et al. (2013) com a finalidade de compreender os diferentes fatores motivacionais para a colaboração e atribui quantificações a eles por meio de uma pesquisa survey com 570 entrevistados. Os resultados contribuem tanto para a literatura quanto para o mercado brasileiro no que diz respeito à economia colaborativa, mostrando que a relação do brasileiro, apesar do fortalecimento de valores coletivos, ainda é bastante individual e racional. As principais motivações relacionadas aos serviços financeiros consistem na conveniência e praticidade, redução de custos e no acesso a serviços novos e diferenciados, todas elas consideradas extrínsecas, ou seja, em função de um benefício ou recompensa. Os fatores sociais e sustentáveis, por sua vez, não se mostraram impulsionadores diretos. Mais do que trazer maior compreensão sobre o fenômeno, esta investigação busca fomentar discussões e novos estudos acerca do futuro da economia colaborativa.

The purpose of the study was to study trust between Airbnb hosts and users. The complexity of the sharing economy lies in the fact that it lacks formal contracts and laws that support the private individuals included in an agreement. This type of economy is not in complete absence of laws. But laws that usually apply outside the sharing economy are not supported in this type of organizational form. Then the problem arises, when trust must be created between each other, since there are no laws to lean on disputes, fraud etc. not only that the sharing economy is characterized by uncertainty, the booking takes place digitally, which contributes with even greater uncertainty. The actors are forced to find ways to create security in the form of trust. The authors of the study have therefore investigated how Airbnbs' hosts and users create trust between each other. The study was based on a qualitative research method in the form of twelve semi-structured telephone interviews. The study's theoretical frame of reference consisted of previous research on the sharing economy, trust in the sharing economy and peer-to-peer asset sharing. The result was that respondents using the feedback system consisting of reviews and reviews and the person's profile create an idea of ​​the person and then get their own impression when they have a conversation with the person. Communication, feedback system and profile are thus the three ways that give an impression that further shapes and creates trust between users and hosts on Airbnb.

Selected aspects of sharing economy with emphasis on Airbnb and Uber Abstract This paper focuses on the legal regulation of digital platforms which are used to arrange short-term accommodation (the most popular representative is Airbnb) and passenger transport (where Uber is the best-known platform). In the introduction the author explains why he considers it inappropriate to say these platforms are part of "sharing economy", although this term is currently widely used. In addition, the author examines the benefits of Airbnb and Uber platforms in general, such as user comfort, a rating system that allows quality control of provided services, lower prices for the customer than with traditional service providers and a simple way to earn some extra money. At the same time, the author mentions negative aspects of these platforms, such as lower collection of taxes and fees, poor protection of employees and potentially also customers, or reduction of availability and quality of housing. In the next part of the paper the author focuses on each of the mentioned platforms and evaluates the regulation of these platforms, or rather service providers that use these platforms, in the light of both Czech and European case law. The author concludes that the use of apartments for the continuous provision of accommodation...

The phenomenon of renting out your own home is a trend that has been spread worldwide. From a spatial behavior, human territory has opened in society by making the power over its geographical area accessible to people which the landlord does not need to have any relation to. A business site, based on the sharing economy, which has gained ground today, is Airbnb. This study aims to map out experiences and opinions of the sharing economy and Airbnb from two perspectives, central social actors and the population. A mix of qualitative and quantitative research is made. The study shows that there are differences in experiences and opinions, which have consequences for the population, such as precarious regulations and income declaration. Our research also shows that there is a change in social behavior through the sharing economy, which at best can become a creative development for the population who want to be part of the sharing economy. / Fenomenet att hyra ut sitt eget hem till andra är en trend som gjort succé världen över. Ur ett rumsligt beteende öppnas människans territorialitet upp i samhället genom att makten över sitt geografiska område tillgängliggörs för personer som uthyraren inte behöver ha någon relation till sedan tidigare. En affärsidé, med utgångspunkt ur delningsekonomi, som fått fäste i dagens samhälle är Airbnb. Denna studie syftar till att kartlägga erfarenheter och åsikter av delningsekonomi och Airbnb utifrån den två perspektiven samhällsaktörer och befolkningen. En blandning av kvalitativ och kvantitativ forskning görs. Studien visar att det finns skillnader i erfarenheter och åsikter som har konsekvenser för befolkningen, exempelvis osäkra förordningar och inkomstdeklaration. Vår forskning visar på att det finns en förändring av socialt beteende genom delningsekonomin, som i bästa fall kan bli en kreativ utveckling för befolkningen som vill vara en del av delningsekonomin.