Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

La résistance des cellules tumorales à la chimiothérapie constitue une cause majeure d’échec des traitements anticancéreux. Des études précliniques montrent que les acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 à longues chaînes (AGPIn-3LC), apportés par l’alimentation, améliorent l’efficacité des chimiothérapies sans majorer les effets secondaires. Cette thèse a eu pour but d’identifier les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans l’augmentation de la sensibilité des cellules tumorales mammaires au docétaxel. Nous avons montré que le docétaxel induit un mécanisme de résistance via l’activation des voies de signalisation PKC/ERK et Akt impliquées dans la prolifération et la survie cellulaires. La modification de l’environnement lipidique membranaire par la supplémentation en AGPIn-3LC inhibe ces voies de signalisation et augmente l’efficacité du docétaxel dans des lignées tumorales mammaires et dans un modèle préclinique de tumeurs mammaires autochtones chez le rongeur. De plus, dans ce modèle in vivo, nous avons identifié une autre cible moléculaire régulée par les AGPIn-3LC : l’épiréguline, membre de la famille EGF. Les AGPIn-3LC bloquent l’induction de l’épiréguline par le VEGF dans les cellules endothéliales et induisent un remodelage de la vascularisation tumorale. Outre un effet direct des AGPIn-3LC sur les cellules tumorales, les AGPIn- 3LC agissent sur le microenvironnement tumoral. Ces travaux de thèse apportent des arguments supplémentaires pour l’utilisation des AGPIn-3LC comme molécules adjuvantes pour lutter contre la résistance des tumeurs mammaires aux agents anticancéreux. / Chemotherapy-resistant tumor cells are a major cause of cancer treatment failure. Preclinical studies show that polyunsaturated omega-3 long chain fatty acids (AGPIn-3LC), provided by food, improve the efficacy of chemotherapy without increasing side effects. AGPIn-3LCs are incorporated in cancer and stromal cells. This thesis aimed to identify molecular mechanisms involved in the increased sensitivity of mammary tumor cells to docetaxel. We have shown that docetaxel induces a resistance mechanism via activation of PKC/ERK and Akt pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival. Modification of the membrane lipid environment by AGPIn-3LCs supplementation inhibits these signaling pathways and increases the efficacy of docetaxel in mammary tumor cell lines and in a preclinical rodent model of native mammary tumors. Moreover, in this mammary tumor model we have found another molecular target regulated by AGPIn-3LCs: epiregulin, a member of the EGF family. AGPIn-3LCs inhibit epiregulin-VEGF induced in endothelial cells and induce a remodeling of tumor vasculature. Furthermore, AGPIn-3LCs act on the tumor microenvironment directly. This thesis work provides additional arguments for the use of AGPIn-3LCs as adjuvant molecules to reduce the resistance of breast tumors to anticancer agents.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-29 / Introdução: O carcinoma renal (CR) é relativamente raro comparado a outros cânceres. Um dos mais potentes mitógenos tumorais, o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular, VEGF, é regulado por inúmeras vias, particularmente Ras e Akt, que são alvo de inúmeros agentes terapêuticos, dentre eles o sorafenibe. Estas vias de sinalização têm importante papel no desenvolvimento e manutenção da resistência a múltiplas drogas (MDR). A Echinácea purpúrea é utilizada como tratamento alternativo para alguns tipos de câncer, sendo promissora para a terapêutica de CR. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito da Echinácea purpúrea (Ech) na viabilidade celular, apoptose, nas vias de sinalização Ras e Akt, bem como na angiogênese tumoral através do VEGF e potenciais alterações na resistência a múltiplas drogas. Métodos: O fitoterápico Ech, foi adicionado à cultura de células Caki-1 para posterior análise da viabilidade celular (Cristal Violeta), apoptose (Citometria de fluxo), liberação da enzima Lactato Desidrogenase – DHL (Bio 200) e expressão protéica do VEGF, Ras e Akt (Western blot) e expressão gênica MDR, MRP, LRP (PCR-RT). Os experimentos foram realizados após 24, 48 e 72 horas de tratamento. Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste Anova One Way, com p<0,001 vs CT (X ± EP vs CT). Resultados: Os grupos tratados com Ech demonstraram diminuição significante da viabilidade celular, dose e tempo dependentes comparado aos seus controles. Nós observamos um aumento significante na porcentagem de células apoptóticas no grupo de 72 horas comparado com o grupo controle: 4,7±0,4 vs. 7,6±0,7 (p<0,001), respectivamente. Também, observamos diminuição na expressão protéica (p<0,001) da Akt (0,301±0,02 vs. 0,193±0,009) e VEGF (0,729±0,01 vs. 0,439±0,01) em 48 horas, bem como com 24 horas na proteína Ras (0,484±0,05 vs. 0,289±0,02). Analisando a expressão gênica das proteínas de resistência a múltiplas drogas, Ech causou diminuição substancial de 100% para as proteínas MDR e MRP e decréscimo de 25% na proteína LRP, sugerindo importante efeito nestas proteínas. Conclusão: Baseado em nossos resultados, observamos que a Ech apresenta propriedades anti-oncogênica, uma vez que demonstrou atividade sobre a viabilidade e apoptose celular. Da mesma forma, Ech apresentou importante papel sobre as vias de sinalização Akt e Ras, sendo estas importantes mediadoras da progressão do ciclo celular e do processo apoptótico. Essas vias inibidas demonstraram importante papel na inibição do VEGF, assim como, na regulação da resistência a múltiplas drogas. / Introduction: The renal cell carcinoma (CR) is relatively rare compared to other cancers. One of the most potent tumor mitogen, vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF is regulated by numerous pathways, especially Ras and Akt, which are targets of many therapeutic agents, among them sorafenib. These signaling pathways play an important role in the development and maintenance of the multidrug resistance (MDR). Echinacea purpurea is used as an alternative treatment for some cancers, and promising for the treatment of CR. Aim: Analyze the effect of Ech purpurea (Ech) on the cellular viability, apoptosis, Ras and Akt signaling pathway as well as tumor angiogenesis throughout VGEF and potential proteins alteration in the cellular resistance to drugs. Methods: Herbal echinacea were added to cell culture Caki-1 for subsequent analysis of cell viability (Crystal Violet), apoptosis (flow cytometry), release of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase - LDH (Bio 200), protein expression of VEGF, Ras and Akt (Western blot ) and gene expression MDR, MRP, LRP (RT-PCR). The experiments were performed after 24, 48 and 72 hours of treatment. The results were analyzed by One Way ANOVA, p <0.001 vs CT (X ± SE vs CT). Results: Group treated with Ech demonstrated decrease in cell viability dose and time dependent compared to the control (IC50, 150mg/mL) from 0 to 300ug/mL (p<0.001). We observed a statistically significant increase of apoptotic cells for group 72 hours comparing with control group: 4.7±0.4 vs. 7.6±0.7 (p<0.001), respectively. Also, a decrease in protein expression (p<0.05) of the Akt (0.301±0.02 vs. 0.193±0.009) and VEGF (0.729±0.01 vs. 0.439±0.01) in 48 hours, as well as Ras in 24 hours (0.484±0.05 vs. 0.289±0.02) were obtained. By analyzing the genic expression of the proteins resistance to multiple drugs, Ech caused a substantial decrease of 100% for MDR and MRP with 25% decreases in LRP, suggesting an important effect in blunt the resistance protein to drugs. Conclusion: To our knowledge, the Ech has anti-oncogenic properties since it showed activity on the viability and apoptosis. Likewise, Ech has its role on the signaling pathways Akt and Ras, which are important mediators of cell cycle progression and apoptosis. These blunted pathways demonstrated an important role on VEGF inhibition, as well as in the regulation of multidrug resistance. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

O Vírus Polioma (Py), induz a formação de múltiplos tumores em camundongos, e causa transformação maligna em cultura, levando à menor dependência de soro e ancoragem para crescimento. Dentre as proteínas codificadas pelo vírus polioma, o antígeno MT (Middle T), isoladamente, é capaz de transformar linhagens celulares imortalizadas e gerar tumores quando injetadas em camundongos, sendo que este caráter transformante está relacionado à sua capacidade de se ligar e modular a atividade de diversas proteínas, muitas das quais relacionadas com o controle do ciclo celular. Para melhor compreender os mecanismos moleculares da transformação maligna mediada por MT e do controle do ciclo celular, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e caracterizar novas vias de transdução de sinal e novos genes regulados por MT. Para a busca de genes regulados pela atividade de MT, comparou- se o perfil da expressão gênica da linhagem que expressa MT (MTWT) com o da linhagem controle (PLJ) através de três metodologias: membranas de nylon comerciais (Atlas Mouse Cancer 1.2 - Clontech), bibliotecas subtrativas de cDNA construídas através da técnica de RDA (Análise de Diferença Representacional) e lâminas comercias de microarrays (CodeLink Bioarrays - GE Healthcare). As três metodologias permitiram a identificação de cerca de 1.200 genes-candidatos a serem regulados por MT, dos quais 84 genes foram selecionados para terem sua expressão diferencial analisada por Real-Time PCR. Para identificar possíveis vias de transdução de sinal relacionadas à regulação dos genes analisados utilizou-se, como template, além do cDNA proveniente das linhagens PLJ e MTWT, cDNAs de linhagens que expressam a proteína MT mutada nas tirosinas 315, 322, 250 e 315/322. Após confirmação por Real-Time PCR, dois genes foram selecionados para analise funcional: Dlk1 (Delta Like-1 homolog) que, apesar de não ter relação direta com o controle do ciclo celular, está ligado à formação de alguns tumores, e MN1 (Meningioma 1), um gene pouco caracterizado que já foi relacionado à formação de leucemias mielóides e meningiomas. - I - RESUMO Para caracterizar o papel de MN1 na linhagem PLJ, foram geradas linhagens PLJ que superexpressam RNAi de MN1. A análise dos parâmetros de crescimento, em substrato sólido e semi-sólido, da linhagem PLJ parental e PLJ expressando o RNAi de MN1 não apresentou alterações estatisticamente significativas. Para o estudo do efeito de Dlk1 na transformação mediada por MT, foram geradas linhagens MTWT que superexpressam Dlk1, o que levou a um aumento estatisticamente significativo na taxa de divisão celular, quando comparada com a linhagem controle (vetor vazio), indicando um possível papel de Dlk1 no sinal desencadeado por MT e no controle do ciclo celular. Visando identificar novas vias de regulação entre os genes analisados, os níveis de expressão gênica dos demais genes foram avaliados por Real-Time PCR e analisados através de correlação de Pearson, aplicada a cada par de genes. Após a análise, foram identificadas 64 possíveis vias de regulação, sendo que 13 destas foram descritas pela primeira vez no presente trabalho e as demais, por já estarem descritas na literatura, permitiram validar o modelo estudado. / Polyomavirus (Py) induces multiple tumors in mice and malignant transformation in culture, leading to a lower serum and anchorage dependence. Among the proteins coded by the polyomavirus genome, the MT antigen (Middle T) alone is able to transform immortalized cell lines and to generate tumors when injected into animals. This transforming ability is related to its capacity of bind to and modulate several proteins, many of which are related to cell cycle control. Aiming at a better understanding not only of the molecular mechanisms of malignant transformation mediated by MT, but, also, of the processes underlying cell cycle control, the objectives of this work were to identify and characterize novel genes and signal transduction pathways regulated by MT. For screening of the MT regulated genes, the gene expression profiles of the MT expressing MTWT cell line and of the PLJ control cell line were compared using three methodologies: commercial nylon membranes (Atlas Mouse Cancer 1.2 - Clontech), subtracted cDNA libraries constructed using the RDA methodology (Representational Difference Analysis) and commercial microarrays (CodeLink Bioarrays - GE Healthcare). These three methodologies allowed us to identify about 1,200 candidate genes as being regulated by MT, from which 84 genes were selected to have their differential expression analyzed by Real- Time PCR. In an attempt to identify possible signal transduction pathways related to these genes, we used as templates, in addition to cDNAs from the PLJ and MTWT cell lines, cDNAs from cell lines which express MT mutated in tyrosines 315, 322, 250 and 315/322. After confirmation by Real-Time PCR, two genes were selected for further functional analysis: Dlk1 (Like-1 Delta homolog), which is related to the differentiation process and to formation of some tumors, and MN1 (Meningioma 1), a newly identified gene, which can induce leukemia and meningioma tumor formation. To characterize the functional role of MN1, we generated PLJ cell lines in which MN1 was knocked-down by RNAi. The growth characteristics in solid and semi-solid substrates of control PLJ and of - III - ABSTRACT MN1 knocked down PLJ cells did not present any statistically significant alteration. To study the effect of Dlk1 in MT mediated cell transformation, we generated MTWT cell lines overexpressing Dlk1, which induced a significant increase in cell division rate when compared to the empty vector control cell line, indicating a possible role of Dlk1 in the MT induced signals and in cell cycle control. Aiming at identifying new regulatory pathways among the genes analyzed, the Real-Time PCR results were subjected to analysis by Pearson correlation, applied to each pair of genes, allowing us to identify 64 possible regulatory pathways, 13 of which were described, for the first time, in the present work. The other pathways, which had previously been described in the literature, allowed us to validate the model studied.

Au début des années 2000, il a été montré que le développement des métastases était fortement limité par un phénomène de dormance cellulaire. En effet, après s’être extravasées dans un organe distant, la plupart des cellules tumorales disséminées qui survivent entrent immédiatement dans un état quiescent réversible mais durable sur le long terme, qui est qualifié de dormant. Si le phénomène de dormance permet de limiter le taux de développement de métastases, il est aussi à l’origine de récidives métastasiques tardives, car les cellules dormantes peuvent persister longtemps et sont résistantes à la chimiothérapie. Il est donc important d’analyser les mécanismes moléculaires régulant la dormance des cellules tumorales. Mais cette analyse est difficile à réaliser in vivo du fait de la relative grande rareté des cellules cancéreuses disséminées. Récemment, mon équipe d’accueil a observé que la clonogénicité in vitro des cellules de cancer de la prostate peut être fortement régulée par un phénomène de dormance. Celle-ci est induite lorsque les cellules sont cultivées à la faible densité cellulaire et dans un milieu légèrement hypertonique comme le DMEM. L’objectif de mon travail de thèse était d’analyser les mécanismes moléculaires régulant la dormance des cellules de cancer de la prostate in vitro.Dans un premier temps, nous avons mis en évidence que la dormance nécessite l’activation conjointe de la voie de signalisation BMP/TGF-ß et d’un stress oxydatif. La faible densité cellulaire joue un rôle capital dans l’établissement de la dormance en pré-activant la voie du BMP/TGF-ß et en sensibilisant la cellule au stress oxydatif. L’amplification de ces effets par l’hypertonicité explique l’induction du phénomène de dormance. Nous avons étendu la portée de ces observations en montrant que les androgènes à des concentrations proches des niveaux physiologiques permettent d’induire un phénomène de dormance très similaire, reposant lui-aussi sur l’activation des voies de signalisation du BMP/TGF-ß et du stress oxydatif. De manière intéressante, nous avons confirmé qu’une fois que la dormance est établie, elle se maintient d’une manière autonome. Ainsi, un traitement transitoire par des androgènes s’avère suffisant pour induire la dormance qui se maintient après la remise en culture dans un milieu dépourvu d’androgènes ajoutés. Par ailleurs, nous avons identifié CDKN1A (p21CIP1/WAF1) comme un régulateur de la dormance principalement régulé par le stress oxydatif. Sa surexpression à faible densité cellulaire suffit à induire un phénomène de dormance caractéristique.En conclusion, nous avons montré que la dormance des cellules de cancer de la prostate est régulée par les voies de signalisation du BMP/TGF-ß et du stress oxydatif qui semblent être interconnectées au travers d’une boucle de régulation auto-entretenue. Les androgènes pourraient constituer des inducteurs de dormance efficaces in vivo pour limiter le développement des métastases, ce que nous voudrions tester dans un modèle de dissémination métastasique simplifié chez la souris obtenu par injection intracardiaque de cellules cancéreuses. Par ailleurs, notre modèle prédit que les CTCs (Cellules Tumorales Circulantes dispersées dans la circulation sanguine) pourraient être induites à entrer en dormance avant même de s’extravaser du milieu sanguin du fait des conditions pro-oxydantes régnant dans ce milieu, ce qui pourrait être testé en étudiant si des inhibiteurs du stress oxydatif et/ou des voies du BMP/TGF-ß favorisent la prolifération de CTCs purifiées et mises en cultures. / In the early 2000s, development of metastases was shown to be strongly limited by a phenomenon of cellular dormancy. Indeed, after extravasation in a distant organ, most of the disseminated cancer cells that survive enter into a reversible quiescent that is called dormant state. The phenomenon of dormancy is also the cause of late metastatic recurrences because dormancy confers long-term cellular survival and resistance to chemotherapy. Thus, it is important to analyze the molecular mechanisms regulating cancer cell dormancy. However, in vivo studies are difficult due to the extreme scarcity of disseminated cancer cells. Recently, T. Tchenio et al observed that clonogenicity of prostate cancer cells was strongly regulated by a dormancy phenomenon in vitro. A dormant state was induced when cells are cultured at low density in a slightly hypertonic medium, such as DMEM. The aim of my thesis was to analyze the molecular mechanisms regulating the dormancy of prostate cancer cells in vitro.We first demonstrated that dormancy required a combined activation of both BMP/TGF-ß and oxidative stress signaling pathways. Low cell density plays a key role in dormancy establishment by priming both signaling pathways. Hypertonicity induced dormancy through further amplifying these signaling pathways. We extended the biological relevance of our observation by showing that a closely related phenomenon could be induced by androgens at concentrations close to physiologic levels. Androgen-induced dormancy also relied on activation of the BMP/TGF-ß and oxidative stress signaling pathways. Interestingly, we observed that once dormancy was established, it was maintained autonomously since a transient treatment with androgen was sufficient to induce a dormant state that was self-sustained after withdrawal of exogenous androgens. Besides, CDKN1A (p21 CIP1/WAF1) was identified as a dormancy regulator modulated by oxidative stress. We showed that its transient overexpression at low cell density was sufficient to induce a dormancy phenomenon that mimicked those induced by hypertonicity or androgens.In conclusion, we showed that dormancy of prostate cancer cells was regulated by BMP/TGF-ß and oxidative stress signaling pathways that seemed to be interconnected through a self-sustained regulation loop. Androgen may constitute an effective inducer of dormancy in vivo to limit metastases development. Therefore, we would like to test its effects in vivo in a simplified model of metastatic dissemination in mouse relying on intracardiac injection of cancer cells. Furthermore, our model allowed us to predict that CTCs (Circulating Tumor Cells dispersed in bloodstream) could enter into a dormant state before their extravasation from blood vessels due to the pro-oxidant conditions in this environment. This prediction could be tested by studying whether oxidative stress and BMP/TGF inhibitors could promote proliferation of purified CTCs in vitro.

Le cancer de la vessie (BCa), est une tumeur maligne de l’urothélium, fréquente dans le monde entier, dont le traitement particulièrement coûteux ne permet cependant pas d’éviter les récidives et les progressions. FGFR3 est l'un des gènes les plus fréquemment mutés dans le BCa et les cellules tumorales sont dépendantes de son expression pour leur prolifération. La mutation FGFR3 S249C est fortement surreprésentée (62% des mutations récurrentes de FGFR3). Dans la première partie de ma thèse, en réalisant une étude de la signature de mutation, nous avons montré que cette surreprésentation de la mutation FGFR3 était liée à une pression sélective induite par la mutagenèse APOBEC et non due à un gain de fonction plus important induit par cette mutation. En plus de FGFR3 S249C, 44 mutations fréquentes (représentant près de la moitié des mutations fréquentes du BCa) ont été identifiées comme étant associées à la signature mutationnelle APOBEC et la plupart d'entre elles étaient surreprésentées par rapport à d'autres mutations au sein du même gène. Il est intéressant de noter que ces mutations associées à APOBEC incluaient à la fois de nouveaux ‘conducteurs’ et des ‘passagers’ fréquents potentiels et qu’elles pouvaient potentiellement prédire la réponse à l’immunothérapie et à un traitement anti-ATR (pas anti-ATM). Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux effets fonctionnels du gène FGFR3 dans le BCa. En utilisant un modèle de souris transgénique, nous avons apporté la première preuve in vivo selon laquelle cette mutation FGFR3 S249C conférait un pouvoir de transformation maligne. Ce processus était associé à une instabilité accrue du génome, activation de MYC et à une angiogenèse accrue, probablement induites par le facteur induisant l'hypoxie (HIF1A). En outre, nous avons caractérisé le réseau de régulation contrôlé par FGFR3 en analysant des données protéomiques obtenues par spectrométrie de masse à partir d'une lignée de cellules cancéreuses du cancer de la vessie portant la mutation FGFR3 S249C - UMUC14. Plusieurs voies de signalisation bien connues comme étant régulées par FGFR3 ont été identifiées. Nous avons également mis en évidence de nouvelles cascades de signalisation suite à l'activation de FGFR3 pouvant être jouer un rôle dans la progression tumorale, notamment un axe FGFR3 / HIF1A / angiogenèse qui a été validé dans certains modèles de BCa in vitro et in vivo. / Bladder cancer (BCa) is a worldwide frequent and costly urothelial malignancy. FGFR3 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in BCa and a driver of an oncogenic dependency. Here, we systematically catalogued the FGFR3 point mutation spectrum in BCa and identified 14 recurrent residues (frequency ≥ 2). One hotspot mutation - FGFR3 S249C - was strongly over-represented compared to other recurrent FGFR3 mutations (62% of all recurrent mutations). Based on in-depth investigation of mutational signature, we revealed that this over-representation of FGFR3 S249C mutation was merely favoured by APOBEC mutagenesis rather than a stronger functional selection compared to other oncodriver mutations on FGFR3. Similarly, together with FGFR3 S249C, 44 frequent mutations (accounts for nearly half of all frequent mutations in BCa) were pinpointed to be associated with APOBEC mutational signature and most of them were over-represented compared to other mutations within the same gene. Interestingly, these APOBEC-associated mutations included both novel potential ‘drivers’ as well as ‘frequent passengers’, and had a potential to predict responders for immunotherapy and anti-ATR but not anti-ATM treatment. On the other hand, we were interested in functional effects of FGFR3 activation in BCa. We provided the first in vivo evidence that FGFR3 S249C mutation conferred potency to BCa transformation using a transgenic mice model. This process was associated with increased genome instability, MYC activation and enhanced angiogenesis probably mediated by hypoxia-inducing factor (HIF1A). Further, we tried to characterize FGFR3-driven regulatory network through mass spectrometry based proteomic data generated in a BCa cell line bearing FGFR3 S249C mutation – UMUC14. As expected, several well-known FGFR3 regulated signaling pathways could be identified. Of note, we also highlighted some novel signaling cascades that may be relevant to FGFR3 activation, including a FGFR3/HIF1A/angiogenesis signaling axis that we validated in several in vitro and in vivo BCa models.

No description available.

This research delves into idiopathic autism spectrum disorder (ASD), investigating the role of TrkB signaling pathways and BDNF regulation in the cortex. Additionally, it explores offering insights into maternal influences on mouse models. / Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by challenges in social interactions and repetitive behaviors. Prevalence of ASD is estimated to be 1 in 54 globally and is rising recently in many countries including Canada. ASD affects individuals differently, making diagnosis challenging. At present, no molecular diagnosis of ASD is available. Further, available medications only manage some symptoms of the disease and have adverse side effects in children. Therefore, there is a need for accurate molecular diagnostic tools to aid in molecular detection and treatment of ASD. To this end, a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms that link ASD etiology to ASD-related behavior is crucial. While genetic factors contribute to syndromic ASD, most cases of ASD are idiopathic with unknown causes, influenced by a combination of epigenetic and environmental factors. TrkB and its downstream signaling pathways, such as Akt and Erk, are hyper-activated in syndromic ASD and hypo-activated in idiopathic cases. Therefore, drugs like rapamycin that inhibit the mTOR pathway downstream of TrkB are beneficial for syndromic ASD but not idiopathic cases. Additionally, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which mitigates ASD-related synaptic disruptions via Akt and Erk signaling, shows unchanged mRNA and protein levels along with its receptor in the idiopathic ASD fusiform gyrus. In ASD with either genetic or epigenetic/environmental causes, disruptions in synaptic connectivity are observed. Synaptic function is regulated by signaling pathways involving brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), as well as their downstream signaling cascades such as MAPK and Akt. The existing literature suggests that there is an association between BDNF and TrkB signaling pathways and ASD. However, a serious gap in knowledge about the precise molecular role of TrkB in ASD pathology is that our current understanding is correlational in nature and based on observational studies that lack causal experiments. This underscores the importance of further research to understand the causative role of TrkB and its related molecular events in idiopathic ASD. The present work aims to provide a deeper understanding about the causative role of molecular mechanisms underlying TrkB signaling in ASD. ASD mouse models exhibit behaviors and molecular features resembling those observed in human ASD. Therefore, these mouse models are helpful tools for studying ASD. However, understudied physiological confounding factors, such as maternal age and parity, can introduce biases and add to data variability, thus negatively impacting the reproducibility and translational value of ASD mouse models. To achieve a reliable mouse model of ASD, we conducted our first study that examines the impact of maternal age and parity on pregnancy complications, neurodevelopment, and social behavior in mice. Results demonstrate that older maternal age and prior motherhood interact to ensure a normal, steady developmental rate and provide protective effects against anxiety, social impairment, and olfactory deficits. Given the current lack of clarity regarding the causative impact of TrkB on ASD pathology, our subsequent investigation sought to establish a causal relationship between TrkB signaling and ASD. We used the TrkB agonist, LM22A-4 treatment in a validated ASD mouse model. Our results demonstrate that treatment with LM22A-4 effectively rescues the core symptoms associated with ASD (social impairment and repetitive behavior). These findings indicate that impaired TrkB signaling is responsible for ASD-like behavior of valproic acid (VPA)-exposed mice. However, unlike TrkB-related molecular events occurring in the fusiform gyrus of idiopathic ASD, TrkB isoform protein levels, BDNF species, Akt, and Erk total protein levels and activation remained unchanged in VPA-exposed cortices compared to healthy control mice. Since our VPA mouse model does not replicate human idiopathic ASD, our study cannot draw a conclusion on how disruptions in these signaling pathways may contribute to the development and manifestation of ASD symptoms. Cortex is responsible for various aspects of social behavior that are impaired in ASD. However, regulatory mechanisms that are involved in ASD upstream of cortical TrkB and BDNF are not well known. BDNF expression is highly cell-and tissue-specific and is regulated by different sets of transcription factors in specific tissues. While NURR1, the BDNF regulator in midbrain neurons, is associated with ASD pathology, its specific role in regulation of cortical BDNF is not yet well-established. Our third study aimed to understand the role of NURR1 in regulating BDNF specifically in the cortex. We showed that in resting and depolarized neurons, when NURR1 is knocked down, BDNF mRNA levels remained unchanged, suggesting that NURR1 does not regulate BDNF in cortical neurons and highlighting the tissue-specificity of BDNF regulation. In summary, we address the understudied effects of maternal factors on mouse models, which enhances the reliability of ASD research. Further, our studies significantly enhance the understanding of ASD by elucidating the role of TrkB and its downstream signaling pathways in the behavioral aspects of the disorder. We also contribute to the knowledge of BDNF regulation in the cortex, a brain tissue with crucial roles in various aspects of social behavior. In a forward-looking approach, the results of our studies provide valuable insights into mouse modeling of idiopathic ASD and the potential role of TrkB in ASD behavioral symptoms. / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy / Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a condition that is accompanied by challenges in social interaction and repetitive behaviors. ASD is a complicated condition because we do not fully understand all the details of how it works in the body. Studying ASD is important as it is the most challenging condition in children and it is becoming more common, especially in the last two decades. While scientists are developing molecular tools to improve ASD diagnosis and understand its biology, these tools are not widely used in clinics for ASD diagnosis yet. Also, the approved medications available can only help with managing some of the behavioral symptoms like self-harming behavior. Despite the pressing need to find a solution, our recent advancements have not yet brought us closer to a cure for ASD, mainly because of the complexity of the disorder. Therefore, identifying the specific ASD-related mechanisms at the molecular level that contribute to ASD-related behaviors is crucial for gaining a deeper understanding of the disease. In ASD, there are problems with how brain cells communicate with each other. This communication is controlled by certain molecules in the brain, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), along with other molecules. There is evidence suggesting a link between these molecules and ASD, but we have not fully understood their precise roles because most of the current knowledge is based on observations and correlations, rather than on establishing cause-and-effect relationships. To bridge this gap, our research focused on understanding TrkB's role in ASD. We required reliable mouse models. Since we aimed to induce ASD-like behaviors in mice using an ASD-causing chemical, it was crucial to ensure they were healthy beforehand. We needed to confirm that any social deficits or repetitive behaviors were not due to other factors, such as adverse infancy experiences or impaired interactions between mother and infant. We discovered that sexually mature dams aged between 3 to 6 months, with a history of previous pregnancies and motherhood, give birth to healthier litters. These litters can serve as a more dependable source for our animal behavioral studies. Many cases of ASD in humans are caused by non-genetic factors such as environmental influences like pesticides, air pollution, and the use of certain drugs during pregnancy. In cases of human ASD triggered by non-genetic factors, there is an increase in proBDNF, the precursor of BDNF. However, this proBDNF does not efficiently convert to BDNF. With insufficient BDNF and TrkB receptors, molecules like Akt (protein kinase B, also PKB) and Erk (Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase), which are crucial for neuron communication, are also less active downstream. This imbalance disrupts neuron connections, leading to ASD behaviors. In our research, the ASD-causing chemical which we used is valproic acid. It is originally an anti-seizure medication. When pregnant women took valproic acid, the chance of their child having ASD increased. Scientists used this information to inject pregnant mice with valproic acid, and as a result, all the offspring showed ASD-like behaviors. We anticipated that by isolating the brains of these offspring and measuring protein levels of BDNF, TrkB, Akt, and Erk, we would observe a similar pattern to that seen in humans with non-genetic ASD cases. We focused on studying the cortex, a region of the brain responsible for regulating social behaviors in both mice and humans. Since ASD is associated with challenges in social behaviors, we isolated the cortex from mouse brains to analyze protein levels. A chemical known as LM22A-4 with a structure resembling BDNF can bind to TrkB and activate it. We expected that the offspring of pregnant dams injected with valproic acid, which led to reduced TrkB axis activation in their brains, would show improvement in ASD behavior. This anticipation stems from the understanding that LM22A-4 activates the TrkB axis, thus compensating for its reduction, which is thought to be causing ASD-like behaviors. The offspring of mothers injected with valproic acid exhibited ASD-like behaviors, unlike the control mice. Control mice were offspring of pregnant dams injected with a solution containing only the substances used to dissolve valproic acid, typically water and salt (saline). Mice prenatally exposed to valproic acid (VPA) exhibited ASD-like behaviors, but treatment with LM22A-4 helped alleviate these behaviors, promoting more typical behavior patterns. LM22A-4, by activating TrkB receptors, helped to protect the brain from harm caused by exposure to valproic acid before birth. This could mean that valproic acid-induced changes in TrkB-related molecular mechanisms are involved in social behavior difficulties and increased repetitive behaviors seen in autism. Nevertheless, the levels of TrkB, BDNF, proBDNF, Akt, and Erk in the cortex of offspring from mothers injected with valproic acid were like those in the offspring from mothers injected with the saline solution. Therefore, the BDNF and TrkB signaling pathways remained unchanged in the cortex of our valproic acid model in this study, and they differ from those observed in human idiopathic ASD. We also speculated that a protein, called NURR1 acting upstream of BDNF and TrkB might be involved in the process. NURR1 acts as a regulatory protein that binds to the BDNF, increasing the production of copies from the BDNF. We also used a small RNA that targets a specific region in the Nurr1 and inhibits its protein production We anticipated a reduction in Nurr1 levels. As NURR1 acts as an upregulator of BDNF, lower levels of Nurr1 would result in decreased BDNF production. Activating NURR1 resulted in increased BDNF mRNA levels. However, when NURR1 was reduced, BDNF mRNA levels remained unaffected. This led us to conclude that if NURR1 levels decrease, other proteins may step in to maintain BDNF mRNA levels. Therefore, in the cortex, unlike in some other brain regions, the presence of NURR1 is not essential for regulating Bdnf. In summary, before inducing ASD-like behavior in mice using valproic acid, it is crucial to ensure the health of the mice. We used sexually mature mothers with prior pregnancy experience to provide a healthy baseline. We showed valproic acid induced ASD-like behaviors in mice offspring. We also observed that LM22A-4 treatment alleviated ASD-like behaviors of offspring. In our study, we demonstrated that the levels of BDNF, TrkB, Erk, and Akt proteins in the cortex of mice exposed to valproic acid were not affected. For this reason, our mouse model does not resemble human non-genetic ASD. Finally, NURR1's role in BDNF regulation varies by brain region. Lowering NURR1 did not affect BDNF mRNA levels, suggesting compensatory mechanisms. Our findings suggest new directions for further research to better understand the roles of TrkB and BDNF in non-genetic ASD. Overall, this study provides valuable knowledge that can contribute to advancing our understanding of idiopathic ASD-related molecular mechanisms.

Le récepteur V2 (V2R) de la vasopressine est un récepteur couplé aux protéines G (RCPG), jouant un rôle fondamental dans le maintien de l’homéostasie hydrosodique. À l’instar de nombreux RCPGs, il est capable d’interagir avec plusieurs types de protéines G hétérotrimériques et possède des voies de signalisation peu explorées aux mécanismes mal compris. Ces voies non canoniques font l’objet des travaux exposés dans ce mémoire. Il s’agit d’explorer les caractéristiques et mécanismes de la signalisation de V2R via G12, et de la voie d’activation d’ERK 1/2 par transactivation du récepteur de l’insulin-like growth factor 1, IGF1R. Par des études de transfert d’énergie de résonance de bioluminescence (BRET), nous exposons la capacité de V2R à interagir avec la sous-unité Gα12 ainsi que la modulation de la conformation de l’hétérotrimère G12 par l’agoniste de V2R, l’arginine-vasopressine. Ces travaux dévoilent également la modulation de l’interaction entre Gα12 et son effecteur classique RhoA, suggérant un engagement de RhoA, ainsi que la potentialisation via Gα12 de la production d’AMP cyclique. À l’aide de diverses méthodes d’inhibition sélective, nos résultats précisent les mécanismes de la transactivation. Ils supportent notamment le rôle initiateur de l’activation de Src par V2R et l’absence d’implication des ligands connus d’IGF1R dans la transactivation. La métalloprotéase MMP 3 apparaît par ailleurs comme un bon candidat pour réguler la transactivation. Ce projet met en lumière des modes de signalisation peu explorés de V2R, dont l’implication physiologique et physiopathologique pourrait s’avérer significative, au-delà d’un apport fondamental dans la compréhension de la signalisation des RCPGs. / Vasopressin V2 receptor is a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) responsible for the homeostatic regulation of water and sodium recapture from the urine to the bloodstream. Akin to numerous GPCRs, this receptor can interact with more than one heterotrimeric G protein subtype, and is still associated with some poorly explored signaling pathways with indefinite mechanisms. These non-canonical pathways are the focus of this project. This work aims at unveiling the characteristics and mechanisms underlying G12 mediated signaling by V2R and ERK 1/2 activation through the transactivation of the tyrosine kinase Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). Using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) experiments, we reveal V2R’s ability to interact with the Gα12 subunit, as well as the modulation of G12 heterotrimer’s conformation in response to V2R agonist arginine vasopressin (AVP). AVP-induced modulation of Gα12’s interaction with its classical effector RhoA upon stimulation with AVP suggests the engagement of RhoA, and our data also reveals that Gα12 potentiates AVP-induced cAMP production. Using diverse selective inhibition strategies, our results further define the mechanism of transactivation. Our data support a starter position of AVP-induced Src activation and discard IGF1R known agonists as the potential autocrine/paracrine factor responsible for IGF1R activation. Furthermore, our results suggest that the metalloproteinase MMP 3 is a good candidate for IGF1R transactivation. This project sheds light on lesser known signaling pathways involving V2R, which could reveal important on a physiological and pathophysiological scale, besides bringing a better understanding of the principles of GPCR signaling.

La ghréline acylée, une hormone produite par l’estomac, favorise la prise de poids corporel, majoritairement sous forme de masse grasse, par le biais de divers mécanismes centraux et périphériques via le récepteur sécrétagogue de l’hormone de croissance (GHSR). Le GHSR est un récepteur couplé aux protéines G qui, en plus de répondre à la ghréline acylée, possède une signalisation indépendante de la ghréline par le biais de son activité constitutive ou par une modulation de réponses dopaminergiques via oligomérisation du GHSR avec des récepteurs dopaminergiques. Malgré les puissantes réponses pharmacologiques à la ghréline acylée, des modèles animaux capables d’appréhender la complexité du système ghréline acylée-GHSR in vivo manquent, ce qui a considérablement ralenti l’élucidation des rôles physiologiques de cette hormone et de son récepteur. En effet, les modèles génétiques murins générés jusqu’à présent manquent de spécificité au niveau de l’hormone (incapacité à discriminer la ghréline acylée de la ghréline désacylée), et/ou au niveau du GHSR (incapacité à discriminer les différents modes de signalisation du GHSR). Dans ce contexte, de nouveaux modèles qui impacteraient de façon différentielle les voies de signalisation du GHSR seraient des outils pertinents pour contribuer au déchiffrage du système ghréline acylée-GHSR in vivo. Nous nous sommes ainsi attachés à caractériser un modèle de rats porteur d’une mutation ponctuelle dans le Ghsr qui prédit la délétion d’un domaine régulateur dans l’extrémité C-terminale du GHSR (GhsrQ343X). Dans des modèles cellulaires, nous avons montré que cette mutation découple le GHSR des processus d’internalisation du récepteur et de recrutement de la β-arrestine induits par la ghréline acylée, tout en augmentant la réponse aux agonistes du GHSR dans la voie des protéines G. Conformément à ce mécanisme, les rats mutants homozygotes GhsrM/M ont une réponse accrue à l’administration d’agonistes du GHSR sur le plan de la libération d’hormone de croissance, de la prise alimentaire ou de l’activité locomotrice. L’exploration physiologique et comportementale des rats GhsrM/M indique que la mutation GhsrQ343X est associée à une augmentation du poids et de l’adiposité indépendamment de la prise alimentaire, une diminution de l’oxydation globale des acides gras, de la flexibilité métabolique et de la tolérance au glucose, sans impact critique sur la prise alimentaire homéostatique. En outre, étant donné que la mutation GhsrQ343X n’augmente pas les niveaux circulants de ghréline, le phénotype métabolique général des rats GhsrM/M est en accord avec une sensibilité augmentée du GHSR en réponse au tonus endogène de ghréline acylée. Enfin, des résultats préliminaires suggèrent que la mutation GhsrQ343X pourrait être associée à des altérations relatives aux fonctions de récompense et de mémoire dont les mécanismes sous-jacents restent à décrypter. En résumé, nous proposons le modèle de rat mutant GhsrQ343X comme un nouvel outil, plus spécifique que les modèles murins d’invalidation génétique, pour explorer in vivo la signalisation du GHSR dans diverses fonctions biologiques, et à plus long terme aider au design de composés pharmacologiques ciblant le GHSR efficaces dans un cadre clinique. / The stomach-derived hormone acyl ghrelin promotes body weight gain, mostly in the form of fat mass, by means of several central and peripheral mechanisms mediated by the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). The GHSR is a G protein-coupled receptor that, in addition to respond to acyl ghrelin, displays agonist-independent signaling through high constitutive activity and possibly heteromerization with dopamine receptors. Despite the potent biological properties of exogenous acyl ghrelin, the lack of animal models able to apprehend the complexity of the acyl ghrelin-GHSR system in vivo has been hampering the elucidation of its physiological roles. Indeed, genetic mouse models generated so far lack specificity either at the level of the hormone (not able to discriminate between acyl ghrelin versus desacyl ghrelin) and/or at the level of the GHSR (not able to discriminate between GHSR signaling modes). In this context, new models differentially affecting GHSR signaling pathways would represent valuable tools to decipher the acyl ghrelin-GHSR system in vivo. We therefore aimed at characterizing a new rat model carrying a point mutation in Ghsr that predicts truncation of a regulatory domain in the C-terminus, the GhsrQ343X mutation. In cellular models, this mutation was found to uncouple the GHSR from agonist-dependent receptor internalization and β-arrestin recruitment, while enhancing GHSR responsiveness in the G protein pathway. Accordingly, homozygous mutant GhsrM/M rats show enhanced responsiveness to exogenous GHSR agonists in terms of growth hormone release, food intake and locomotor activity. Physiological and behavioral exploration of GhsrM/M rats supports that the GhsrQ343X mutation is associated with increased body weight gain and adiposity independently of calorie intake, reduced whole-body fat oxidation, metabolic flexibility and glucose tolerance, without any critical impact on homeostatic feeding behavior. Moreover, given that circulating ghrelin levels are not increased by the GhsrQ343X mutation, the overall metabolic phenotype of GhsrM/M rats is consistent with enhanced GHSR sensitivity to the endogenous tone of acyl ghrelin. Furthermore, preliminary results suggest that the GhsrQ343X mutation could be associated with behavioral alterations related to reward and memory functions, through mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. Altogether, we propose the GhsrQ343X mutant rat model as a novel tool, more specific than knockout mouse models in its mechanism-of-action, to explore GHSR signaling across biological functions in vivo, and ultimately help in the design of efficient GHSR-targeting drugs.