The project has explored the topic Smart factory with main focus on the future production staff. The project aims to investigate how the production staff is affected by Volvo Cars Skövde Engine Plant (SkEP) becoming a Smart factory, in the era of Industry 4.0. The definition of the Smart factory is a demand of Mobile- and wireless technologies, Human-oriented, pursue a Flexible production with Sustainable manufacturing, as well as utilization of CPS (Cyber-Physical Systems), IoT (Internet-of-Things) and Cloud storage. The current situation and the future five to twenty years were examined in order to define the future production staff. This by conducting an observational study and several interviews. The studies’ results were that SkEP cannot be regarded as smart since several demands are inadequate by definition. Five years are considered too short of a time for the plant to fulfill the demands. However, according to the interviews and literature, SkEP are expected to become smart in twenty years after time refinement of existing technologies and implementation of new ones. The authors estimate Leadership, Information, IT and Production lay-out to be the areas that require the most effort. The future production staff are expected to be flexible with workplace, working hours and able to manage multiple variants. They should be included in self-supporting teams where every individual possesses an expertise, are motivated and participating. Production staff should perform complex, varied jobs with more responsibility by endorsement of decision support systems. The staffs’ competence should consist of technical education, high basic and lay-out knowledge and the ability to contribute to the collection of information and analyses. Interaction with technology is expected to expand and the personnel must therefore have a well-established comprehension of technology. The concept Smart factory is extensive and relatively new, which means that it is constantly evolving. Thus it is important for SkEP to be updated and adjust to the impact from the outside world.

The industry is facing major challenges today. The challenges are tougher global competition, customers who require individualized products and shorter product lifecycles. The predicted industrial revolution is a way to deal with these challenges. Industry 4.0 includes strategies linked to several technologies that will meet the new needs. Smart factory is a central concept in industry 4.0, which involves connected technologies of various kinds. Such as digital manufacturing technology, network communication technology, computer technology, automation technology and several other areas. In this work, these were defined as smart factory technologies. Implementing such technologies will result in improved flexibility, resource productivity and efficiency, quality, etc. But, implementing smart factory technologies poses major challenges for the companies. Laboratory environments can be utilized to address the challenges. This results in a new problem, how to transfer a smart factory technology developed in a laboratory environment to a full-scale production system. In the literature study no, structured approach was identified to handle this challenge. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to: create a work process that supports the technology transfer from a smart factory compliant laboratory environment to a full-scale production system. To justify the purpose, the following research questions were answered: RQ1: What are the differences in the operating environment between the laboratory and the full-scale production system? RQ2: How is a smart factory technology determined ready to be implemented into a full-scale production system? RQ3: What critical factors should a work process for the implementation of smart factory technologies include? The research questions were answered by conducting a multiple-case study in collaboration with Scania CV AB. During the case studies, interviews, observations and other relevant types of data collection were conducted. The results were as follows: RQ1: How difficult it is to transfer a technology from a laboratory environment to a full-scale production system depends on how large the differences between these are. The general difference is that laboratory environments are used to experiment and develop technologies and a full-scale production system is used to produce products. Some want the laboratory environment to be an exact copy of a full-scale production system, but this is not appropriate because it means you lose the freedom of experimentation and it would be much more expensive. RQ2: Determining whether a smart factory technology is ready consists of two parts, laboratory activities and pilot testing. A structured assessment method has been developed. The laboratory operations reduce the risks and contribute to raising the degree of maturity of the technology. In pilot testing, it is important not to interfere with the full-scale production system stability. This is the reason for doing pilot testing in a delimited area first and checking that the technology works as desired. RQ3: The critical factors identified were: competence and knowledge, technology contributing to improvements, considering risks with implementation, cost versus potential improvement, clear goals and reason for implementation and communication.

The manufacturing industry is competitive and is constantly striving to improve OEE. In the transition to smart production, digital technologies such as IIoT are highlighted as important. IIoT platforms enable real-time monitoring. In this sense, digital technologies such as IIoT are expected to improve OEE by enabling the analysis of real-time data and production availability.  A qualitative study with an abductive approach has been conducted. The empirical material has been collected through a case study of a heavy-duty vehicle industry and the theoretical framework is based on a literature study. Lastly, a thematic analysis has been used for the derivation of appropriate themes for analysis. The study concluded that challenges and enablers related to the implementation of IIoT to improve OEE can be divided into technical and cultural factors. Technical challenges and enablers mainly consider the achievement of interoperability, compatibility, and cyber security, while cultural factors revolve around digital acceptance, competence, encouragement of digital curiosity, and creating knowledge and understanding towards OEE. Lastly, conclusions can be drawn that implementation of IIoT has a positive effect on OEE since it ensures consistent and accurate data, which lies a solid foundation for production decisions. Also, digitalization of production enhances lean practices which are considered a key element for improving OEE.

Detta arbete har utforskat interaktionen mellan människa och automation inom det avhjälpande underhållet på två tillverkande företag. Arbetets syfte är bidra till att människor och automationsutrustningar framgångsrikt kan samarbeta i framtidens fabriker. Studien har undersökt hur interaktionen ser ut i dagsläget, var det idag saknas interaktion, hur interaktionen kan komma att se ut i framtiden samt vilka krav som behöver uppnås för att komma dit. Studien har också haft ett fokus på hållbar utveckling och hur interaktionen kan påverka denna. Projektets resultat är framtaget genom att utföra två deltagande observationer, en på vartdera företaget samt fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer per företag. I dagsläget sker mycket kommunikation genom telefon för att påkalla uppmärksamhet hos personal med information om larm och plats. Felsökning sker genom en panel vid maskinen alternativt via dator som kopplas upp mot maskinen vid djupare felsökning. Det finns i dagsläget även teknik såsom kommunikationsradio, tangentbord och mus som undviks att användas i största möjliga mån eftersom de anses vara svåra att manövrera. Resultaten visar att det finns ett behov av att få mer information i underhållets alla faser och att tekniken som används behöver vara mer mobil än i dagsläget. Författarna ger förslag på att handhållna enheter kan användas i framtidens underhåll och att röstigenkänning, Virtual Reality och Augmented Reality kan användas i dessa. Även smarta klockor rekommenderas att användas för att påkalla uppmärksamhet hos personal och samtidigt ge information om larm. Det finns en förhoppning om att mer information och mer mobil teknik kan effektivisera underhållet och därmed minska tiden för att utföra ett avhjälpande underhåll. Författarna rekommenderar starkt att all teknik som är tänkt att bli implementerad först testas i en realistisk miljö av de personer som ska använda tekniken. / The project has explored the interaction between humans and automation within the remedial maintenance on two manufacturing companies. The purpose of the project is to contribute to the interaction between humans and automation and by that make it successful in the future. The study has investigated how the present interaction is designed, where there is a need for interaction, how the interaction can be designed in the future together with the requirements that will need to be achieved to get there. In this study there is also a focus on sustainable development and how the interaction affects it. The result of the project is produced by performing two attendance observations, one at each company and four semi-structured interviews at each company. Today a lot of communication is done by phone to get the attention of personnel and summon them to the machine that has stopped. The troubleshooting of the machine is done in a panel or with a computer if deeper troubleshooting is needed. The computer needs to be connected to the machine. Today there are some technics that are present but these are not used due to the fact that they are perceived tedious to use. These technics are communication radio, mouse and keyboard. The result of the study indicates that there is a need for more information in all the phases of a remedial maintenance work. It also shows that the technics needs to be more mobile compared to how it is today. The authors recommends that handheld devices are used in the future and that softwares such as voice recognition, Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality are used within the handheld devices. Smartwatches are also interesting in an attention point of view where alarm messages can be shown. There is a belief that with more information and more mobility the maintenance will be more effective in the future and that the time for remedial maintenance will reduce. The authors strongly recommend that all technics that will be implemented need to first be tested in a realistic environment and by the people that should use it.

Based on the description and definition of technology and processes falling within the vision of the fourth industrial revolution with the aim of creating intelligent factories, this diploma thesis deals with the principles of the Industry 4.0 concept in Hilti's production plant with a focus on transport and supply of production equipment. The aim of the work is to create a comprehensive proposal that takes into account all the necessary aspects associated with upgrading the existing state of inter-operational transport in a particular production line to fully automated, flexible and autonomous transport of materials and products in the context of Industry 4.0. A prerequisite for creating a design is the connection of automatically guided vehicles (AGVs) serving individual transport orders. The selection of the vehicle was made taking into account the safety of movement, the method of charging, the system and network integrity of existing and proposed technologies and components. The intention is not only to automate the inter-operational service, but also on the basis of the created automation concept, the ability to autonomously procure the flow of material and products. The mathematical calculation of capacity planning in the production line helped to determine the total load and the number of vehicles needed for continuous procurement of transport requirements. The result of the design part is also the design of specific transport routes and transport conditions that AGV vehicles must comply with in order to maintain a high level of safety. Transparency and a constant overview of transported products is provided by the presented scheme for identification of production batches, Auto-ID system. The financial efficiency of the whole project elaborated in the diploma thesis is evaluated as payable after 4 years from the implementation of the proposal. The financial efficiency of the whole project elaborated in the diploma thesis is evaluated as payable after 4 years from the implementation of the proposal due to high labor costs.

This diploma thesis is focused on the study of concept of Internet of Things, concept of Industry 4.0 and on current conditions in smart factories. Based on these studies there was designed and implemented hardware and software adjustment for industrial machines and connection of these industrial machines to communication network. There was designed and programmed the application in the C# language. This application provides a data collection from industrial machines, provides various services for machines and humans and this application is processing and viewing necessary data. For these purposes the application is using a database system based on the SQLite. These tasks of designing and implementation are summarized to system, which is determined for smart factory implementation. This implementation is created according to Industry 4.0 concept.

Currently manufacturers in the European Surface Mount Technology (SMT) industry seeproduction changeover, machine downtime and process optimization as their biggestchallenges. They also see a need for collecting data and sharing information betweenmachines, people and systems involved in the manufacturing process. Internet of Things (IoT)technology provides an opportunity to make this happen. This research project gives answers tothe question of what the potentials and challenges of IoT implementation are in European SMTmanufacturing. First, key IoT concepts are introduced. Then, through interviews with expertsworking in SMT manufacturing, the current standpoint of the SMT industry is defined. The studypinpoints obstacles in SMT IoT implementation and proposes a solution. Firstly, local datacollection and sharing needs to be achieved through the use of standardized IoT protocols andAPIs. Secondly, because SMT manufacturers do not trust that sensitive data will remain securein the Cloud, a separation of proprietary data and statistical data is needed in order take a stepfurther and collect Big Data in a Cloud service. This will allow for new services to be offered byequipment manufacturers. / I dagsläget upplever tillverkare inom den europeiska ytmonteringsindustrin för elektronikproduktionsomställningar, nedtid för maskiner och processoptimering som sina störstautmaningar. De ser även ett behov av att samla data och dela information mellan maskiner,människor och system som som är delaktiga i tillverkningsprocessen.Sakernas internet, även kallat Internet of Things (IoT), erbjuder teknik som kan göra dettamöjligt. Det här forskningsprojektet besvarar frågan om vilken potential som finns samt vilkautmaningar en implementation av sakernas internet inom europeisk ytmonteringstillverkning avelektronik innebär. Till att börja med introduceras nyckelkoncept inom sakernas internet. Sedandefinieras utgångsläget i elektroniktillverkningsindustrin genom intervjuer med experter.Studien belyser de hinder som ligger i vägen för implementation och föreslår en lösning. Dettainnebär först och främst att datainsamling och delning av data måste uppnås genomanvändning av standardiserade protokoll för sakernas internet ochapplikationsprogrammeringsgränssnitt (APIer). På grund av att elektroniktillverkare inte litar påatt känslig data förblir säker i molnet måste proprietär data separeras från statistisk data. Dettaför att möjliggöra nästa steg som är insamling av så kallad Big Data i en molntjänst. Dettamöjliggör i sin tur för tillverkaren av produktionsmaskiner att erbjuda nya tjänster.

Med tiden och utvecklingen av ny teknik skapas förutsättningar för nya industriella revolutioner vilka historiskt har förändrat produktionsindustrin radikalt. Industri 4.0 är vägen till nästa paradigmskifte och ska med implementering av smart teknik möjliggöra en mer flexibel och effektiv produktion. Samtidigt har frågan ställts om den kommande revolutionen kommer att vara en hållbar lösning ur ett ekonomiskt, ekologiskt och socialt perspektiv. I den här studien har en empirisk studie på de två svenska företagen Scania AB och Atlas Copco utförts för att ta reda på om Industri 4.0 kommer innebära en ekonomisk tillväxt samt om arbetsförhållanden kommer att förändras. Arbetet inleddes med en litteraturstudie i form av en teoristudie på hållbar produktion, smart tillverkning och Industri 4.0. Med erhållen information kunde en förstudie med specifika sökningar utföras på vetenskapliga artiklar om Industri 4.0 och dess påverkan ekonomiskt och socialt, parallellt som frågor dokumenterades för att förbereda en intervjustudie på de ovannämnda företagen. Slutligen kunde all insamlad fakta och data analyseras för att angripa arbetets frågeställning och underfrågor. Utifrån den sociala aspekten visade studien på att en möjlig drivkraft till varför ett svenskt företag idag behöver nå Industri 4.0 är att intresset för traditionellt montörsarbete har minskat från arbetstagarna och med smart teknik kan automatiseringen minska beroendet av människan. Vidare kommer arbetsuppgifter på verkstadsgolvet förändras till att handla om interaktion med automatiserad teknik. Människan spelar fortfarande en stor roll vilket medför att behovet av arbetskraft kommer kvarstå men med fokus på nya kompetenser hos den anställde. Kunskaper kring IT-teknik prioriteras med den kommande systemkomplexiteten vilken smart tillverkning medför och med det behöver industriella produktionsföretag locka ny kompetent personal parallellt med utbildning av existerande. Ny personal kommer lära sig arbetsuppgifter enkelt via hjälpande verktyg samt digitala realtidsinstruktioner och på så sätt förenklas vägarna till att införskaffa och upprätthålla kompetent personal. Det historiskt påverkande problemet inom produktionsarbete med utarbetad och skadad personal kan med de nya produktionsverktygen minimeras tack vare ergonomiska och assisterande verktygslösningar samt digitaliserade utbildningar i en verklig arbetsorienterad miljö. Det ekonomiska perspektivet visade i studien att det finns nya värdeskapande processer och därmed nya affärsmodeller som alla försöker leverera skräddarsydda lösningar till kunderna. En utav dessa är den resultatbaserade affärsmodellen som går ut på att tillfredsställa behov innan de ens uppstår. Den bygger mycket på att smarta sensorer placeras i produkter för att kunna samla in en stor mängd data som sedan ska kunna analyseras för att till exempel se om delar behöver bytas ut. Ytterligare en ekonomisk konsekvens som förväntas av Industri 4.0 är att företag kommer vilja inkorporera smart teknologi i produktionen där alla maskiner är uppkopplade och utbyter data och information. Anledningen är att på samma sätt som den resultatbaserade ekonomin, så ska data tala om hur maskiner och människor presterar och mjukvaran kan därmed föreslå förbättringar som ska i längden leda till ökad produktivitet, kvalité och effektivitet. / With time and development of new technology, premises for a new industrial revolution which historically have radically changed the production-industry have emerged. Industry 4.0 is the road to the next paradigm shift, and with implementation of new smart technology, will enable a more flexible and effective production. At the same time, questions have been asked if the coming revolution would mean a sustainable solution from an economical, ecologic and social perspective. In this paper, an empirical study has been done on the two Swedish companies Scania AB and Atlas Copco to find out if Industry 4.0 will ensue in an economical growth and better working conditions for the workers. This study began with a research in the form of a literature study on sustainable production, Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing. With the obtained information, more specific searches could be made on scientific articles about Industry 4.0 and its economic and social impact, while on the side, questions were written down to prepare an interview study for the previously named companies. Finally, all the collected facts and data was analyzed to attempt to answer this papers issue and sub questions. From the social aspect point of view, this study showed a potential driving force to why a Swedish company today needs to go for Industry 4.0. It is that the interest for traditional manufacturing work has decreased and with automation, manufacturing is less dependent on the human. Furthermore, the work tasks on the shop-floor will change to interacting with automated technology. Humans will still be important which means the need for labour will remain but with higher prerequisites for the employees - especially education. Knowledge about IT will be prioritized with the coming system. Complexity which is brought by smart manufacturing, and with that, industry companies will have to attract new competent employees as the same time as they form and educate the old ones. New employees will be able to learn work tasks easily thanks to Virtual Reality technology and by so,  opening moreways for the company to acquire competent personnel. The historically-known problem of outburned or injured employees will be minimized thanks to new assisted tools and digitalized employee-training in a real and work-oriented environment. The economical perspective showed in this paper that there are new value creating processes and therefore new business models that try to supply tailor-made solutions to the customers. One out of these models is the outcome-business-model that focuses on satisfying the customer’s needs before they even appear. To be able to do this, smart sensors are placed in products to collect a large amount of data that will be analysed to see if some parts need replacement for instance. Another economical consequence that is expected from Industry 4.0 is that companies will try to incorporate smart technology in the production line where all machines will be connected to a network and able to exchange data and information. The reason is similar to the outcome-based-business-model, where the data will tell how machines and people perform and the software will there be able to suggest areas of improvement and lead to increased productivity, effectivity and enhanced quality.

Den globala industrin har under det senaste decenniet genomgått en enorm digital transformation, där tillämpandet av digitala och smarta verktyg inom företag aldrig har varit mer påtagligt. Under november 2011 presenterades begreppet Industrial 4.0 i en artikel skriven av den Tyska regeringen som beskriver en teknikintensiv strategi för år 2020 och omfattar vad idag betraktas som den fjärde industriella revolutionen. Industri 4.0 utgörs till stor del av integrationsprocessen mellan teknik och övrig verksamhet inom ett tillverkningsföretag, vilket i sin tur ger upphov till teknik såsom; automation, förstärkt verklighet, simuleringar, intelligenta tillverkningsprocesser samt övriga processindustriella IT-verktyg och -system. Flertal forskningsstudier hävdar att Industri 4.0-teknologier har potential att revolutionera sättet företag idag tillverkar produkter, men i och med att begreppet är relativt nytt, abstrakt samt består av väldigt komplexa tekniker och komponenter, är införandet av dessa inom en tillverkningsmiljö för närvarande en stor utmaning för tillverkande företag. Denna studie syftar alltså till att belysa de utmaningar och hinder som större tillverkande företag möter vid implementering av digital och smart teknik, samt åtgärder för att motverka dessa. Målet med studien är att leverera ett användbart resultat både för aktiva företag inom tillverkningsindustrin i form av stöd vid analys och diskussion av eventuella implementeringsstrategier och -satsningar inom Industri 4.0, men också ge övriga intressenter en uppfattning kring ämnet med tanke på att det, som sagt, är ett abstrakt system. En litteraturstudie genomfördes både för att få en överblick kring ämnet Industri 4.0 och hur det har behandlats i tidigare examensarbeten, avhandlingar samt forskningsstudier, men även för att identifiera tidigare identifierade hinder. Därefter genomfördes fältstudier på två tillverkande företag, Scania och Atlas Copco, samt teknikkonsultföretaget Knightec. Syftet med detta var framförallt att få en mer påtaglig och verklighetsförankrad uppfattning av Industri 4.0 men även verifiera att informationen i den teoretiska delen är relevant i praktiken för en tillverkande verksamhet. Studien påvisade därtill att identifierade utmaningar och hinder återfinns bland flertal organisatoriska områden inom ett tillverkande företag, varav de mest framgående aspekterna omfattade strategi, ledarskap, kunder, kultur, anställda, juridik samt teknik. Resultatet avslöjade vidare att tillverkande företag präglas av bristfälliga planer och strategier för att identifiera samt implementera nya tekniska lösningar, konflikter bland de anställda, svårigheter att integrera kundsystem enhetligt inom produktionen, avsaknad av lämplig teknisk kompetens, juridiska problem vad gäller hantering av data samt svårigheter att integrera nya och gamla teknologier. / The global industry has during the last decade undergone a considerable digital transformation, whereas the application of digital and smart technology within companies has never been more of a relevant field. During November of 2011, the term Industrial 4.0 was presented in an article written by the German government to describe a technology intensive strategy for the year 2020 and signifies what today is defined as the fourth industrial revolution. Industry 4.0 largely consists of the integration process between technology and remaining operations within a manufacturing company, which enables the development of technologies such as; automation, augmented reality, simulations, intelligent manufacturing processes and other process industrial IT-tools and systems. Several research studies has suggested that Industry 4.0 technologies has the potential to revolutionize the way companies today manufacture products, however, since the concept is relatively new, abstract and consists of various complex technologies and components, the implementation process of these within a manufacturing environment is one largest challenges that manufacturing companies are facing. This study therefore aims to highlight the challenges and difficulties that large manufacturing companies are facing when implementing digital and smart technology, as well as provide solutions regarding how they can be overcome. The overall goal is to deliver useful results both for active companies within the manufacturing industry in regards to serving as support when analyzing and discussing possible implementation strategies as well investments related to Industry 4.0, but also to provide surrounding stakeholders with a perception of the subject. At the commencement of the project, a literature study was performed to develop an overview of how Industry 4.0 has been discussed in previous theses and research studies as well as to find previously identified difficulties regarding the implementation process. Finally, a field study was performed at Scania and Atlas Copco and at the technology consulting firm Knightec. The main purpose was to gain a more realistic perspective regarding how digitalization and Industry 4.0 systems are applied and to verify that the information from our theoretical study is relevant and applicable within an actual manufacturing company. The study furthermore revealed that the identified difficulties and challenges can be found within multiple organizational areas of a manufacturing company, whereas the most distinct aspects consisted of strategy, leadership, customers, culture, employees, legal governance as well as technology. The results showed that companies were characterized by an overall lack of strategy to implement new technologies, conflicts with employees during implementation, difficulties to integrate customer orders with production, lack of technical skills in staff, legal issues regarding data storage and difficulties integrating new and old technologies.

Den fjärde industriella revolutionen, även kallad Industri 4.0, drivs av ett antal teknologier som medför digitalisering och automatisering av industriella processer. Konceptet innebär en applicering av dataanalys med avancerade analytiska verktyg på stora mängder data, vilka påstås ge stora möjligheter för kvalitetsförbättringar. För att en sådan övergång ska ske är förmågan att hantera data avgörande. Trots det uppvisar många företag idag bristande användning av data för att ta beslut. Frågan är hur företag kan göra för att hantera data och utföra en transformation till Industri 4.0. För att studera det här ämnet har det här examensarbetet utförts som en fallstudie på en stansprocess hos Scania Ferruform. Genom en litteraturstudie, kvantitativ datainsamling samt observationer och intervjuer undersökte examensarbetet den nuvarande användning av data i processen. Därefter undersöktes data med statistiska verktyg för att visa på hur data kan hanteras i en process för att erhålla större kunskap om orsaker till avvikelser. Examensarbetet utredde till sist hur fortsatt arbete med datahantering kan utföras för att uppnå målet Industri 4.0.Analysverktyg har använts för att analysera över 39 000 datapunkter. Resultatet visar på att det finns utvecklingsmöjligheter vad gäller insamling, kvalitet och användning av data. Ett ramverk presenteras för hur företaget bör hantera data för att kunna utvinna ny kunskap från deras processer samt hur Ferruform fortsatt kan arbeta mot Industri 4.0.Slutligen ges rekommendationer om fortsatta studier. Resultatet av examensarbetet blir ett stöd för Ferruform i deras arbete mot mer dugliga processer och den tekniska utveckling företaget eftersträvar. / The fourth industrial revolution, also called Industry 4.0 is powered by several technologies which result in digitalization and automatization of industrial processes. The concept includes the application of big data and advanced analytics, which are said to provide great opportunities for quality improvements. For such a transition to take place, the ability to handle data is crucial. Despite this, many companies today show a lack of use of data to drive decision-making. The question is how companies can manage data and ultimately transition towards Industry 4.0. To research this topic this thesis has been carried out as a case study of a punching process at Scania Ferruform. Through a literature review, quantitative data collection, as well as observations and interviews, the thesis examined the current use of data in the process. Subsequently, data were examined with statistical tools to illustrate how data can be managed in a process to attain increased knowledge about causes of deviations. Lastly, the thesis explored future work towards Industry 4.0. Analysis tools have been used to analyse over 39 000 data points. The result of the study shows that there are opportunities for development in terms of collection, quality and use of data. A framework of how Ferruform should manage data in order to extract new knowledge from its processes is presented. Furthermore, an action plan is presented for a transition towards Industry 4.0. Finally, recommendations are given for further studies. The result of the thesis will be helpful for Ferruform in its transition towards more efficient processes and the technical development of which the company strives towards.