Dans les sociétés contemporaines, la mobilité est érigée comme norme sociale nécessaire à l’intégration. A l’inverse, l’immobilité est souvent considérée comme son opposée. De ce fait, elle est associée à un risque important d’exclusion. Une approche en termes d’exclusion implique une orientation plutôt sociologique. Pourtant, ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans une démarche géographique. Ainsi, un premier questionnement émerge de ce positionnement disciplinaire : l’immobilité est-elle un objet géographique ? Par ailleurs, il est possible d’envisager la mobilité et l’immobilité comme des pratiques complémentaires et non opposées. Cela implique que leurs répercussions ne sont pas nécessairement inverses. Cette posture engage un deuxième questionnement : la relation établie entre l’immobilité et l’exclusion est-elle légitime ? Pour répondre à ces deux interrogations, un ensemble d’outils standardisés peuvent être mobilisés : les Enquêtes Nationales Transport (ENT), les Enquêtes Ménages Déplacements (EMD), les panels continus ou les enquêtes sur plusieurs semaines. Tous ces dispositifs sont centrés sur la mobilité. L’immobilité est donc appréhendée par défaut. Ils sont cependant incontournables mais méritent d’être complétés. Pour cela, un questionnaire ad-hoc centré sur l’immobilité et les ressources de proximité a été mis en place dans les aires urbaines de Dijon et Besançon. L’exploitation de cet outil permet d’identifier les déterminants socio-spatiaux de l’immobilité. / In contemporary societies, mobility is considered as a social norm necessary for integration. Conversely, immobility is often seen as the opposite. Therefore, it is associated with a significant risk of exclusion. An approach in terms of exclusion involves a sociological orientation. Nevertheless, this thesis follows a geographical approach. Thus, a first question emerges from this disciplinary position: immobility is it a geographical object? Furthermore, it is possible to consider the mobility and immobility as equivalent and not opposed. This means that their impact may not be reversed. This position engages a second question: the relationship between immobility and exclusion is it legitimate? To answer these two questions, a set of standardized tools can be used: the National Transport Surveys (ENT), Household Travel Surveys (EMD), continuous panels or surveys over several weeks. All these devices are focused on mobility. That’s why immobility is apprehended by default. However, they are essentials but should be completed. For this, an ad-hoc questionnaire focusing on immobility and local resources was set up in urban areas of Dijon and Besancon. The data processing of this tool identifies the socio-spatial determinants of immobility.

1 Abstract Migration has been an inherent part of population development, and due to its role in shaping settlement system and societal changes also one of the key research interests of social geography. Due to the political regime and the limited movement across state borders, attention was predominantly given to internal migration in Czechia in the second half of the 20th century. Conversely, international migration has only been coming to the fore of academic debate since the 1990s. Despite the broad diversity of aspects of international migration in Czechia and the fact that the city has traditionally been the environment associated with the majority of immigrant population, little consideration has been given to the deeper understanding of the relationship between international migration, the presence of foreign citizens and the urban environment, especially foreigners' influence on socio-spatial differentiation and on social environment of particular urban locales. Czechia is a specific case: a country which was isolated from international migration for four decades became one of the main immigration countries in the post-socialist Central Europe after 1989. It represents a unique occasion to investigate the connection between international migration and the city in a previously unexplored environment...

I dagens samhälle utgör offentliga platser en viktig roll för den sociala samvaron i staden. Offentliga platser ska vara tillgängliga för alla, vilket är något som anses vara en självklarhet och som tas för givet. Frågan som ställs i denna studie är huruvida de offentliga rummen i staden verkligen är tillgängliga för alla stadens invånare och besökare, oavsett funktionsvariation. För att besvara studiens syfte samt frågeställningar har kommunala dokument analyserats för att ta reda på hur en kommun arbetar med tillgänglighetsfrågor på en kommunövergripande nivå. En platsanalys har även genomförts på två offentliga platser, i detta fall två torg, för att undersöka tillgängligheten för personer med olika typer av funktionsvariationer. Resultatet från den insamlade empirin har sedan jämförts med resterande kunskapsunderlag för att komma fram till en slutsats kring platsernas tillgänglighet. Slutsatsen av studien visar att de valda platserna var delvis tillgängliga, men att mindre förändringar kan göras för att uppnå ökad tillgänglighet och användbarhet.

Research on perception and characterisation of African cities is generally divided between two theses. The first, known as Euro-centric because of its analytical capacity based exclusively on the European cities model results on image of African cities as elusive, unknowable, informal entities. Faced with this vision, a postcolonial vision has emerged urban studies, calling for a change of paradigm. The latter's main objective is to revisit these criticisms about African cities through an approach that refutes these characterisations by placing at the heart of the debate the way in which African cities are perceived and experienced by their inhabitants and by looking closely at the often-inventive practices of these populations. To achieve this objective, this thesis focuses on the social universe of taxi drivers using the concept of socio-spatial navigation conceived as a form of mobility in the wake of New mobility paradigm. The methodology combines an ethnographic approach which consisted of participant observation to understand the practices of the populations and an inductive approach (Grounded Theory) to identify the ideas and perspectives of the actors. To this end, 125 taxi drivers, 50 tricycle drivers and 3 bus drivers corresponding to 5% of their self-declared were monitored. The results about the use of collective taxis, buses and tricycles revealed a number of tensions. These tensions are between what is legal, i.e. authorised by the authority, and what is illegal (taxi using gas, tricycle as a mean of transportation), i.e. forbidden by the authority, but generated by the people (from below) in close relation to their daily reality and above all as a response to the gap between the institutional planning and management model and their own city. This situation brings out a pattern of a moral economy of mobility The second category of results relates to spatial knowledge of the city. The study revealed that the city of Bobo-Dioulasso is an entity that can be known and understood through a learning process. This process consists of memorising two types of landmarks (visible and invisible) through practical experiences and information received from other city dwellers. Furthermore, the games played by the actors during collective taxi ride revealed that the taxi is not just a simple means of transportation. It is a place of important interactions. Depending on the taxi driver's skills of Know-how and Know how to be, the taxi space oscillates between a non-place, non non-place and a heterotopia of deviance. / La recherche sur la perception et la caractérisation des villes africaines est globalement partagée entre deux thèses. La première qualifiée d’euro-centrique par ses analyses qui s’inspirent exclusivement du modèle européen abouti à des images de la ville africaine comme des entités insaisissables, inconnaissables, informelles, etc. Face à cette vision a émergé une vision postcoloniale qui appel à un changement de paradigme dans les études urbaines. Cette dernière a pour objectif majeur de revisiter ces critiques sur la ville africaine par une approche qui réfute ces caractérisations en replaçant au cœur du débat la façon dont les villes africaines sont perçues et vécues par les habitants et en regardant de près les pratiques souvent inventives de ces populations. Pour atteindre cet objectif, cette thèse s’intéresse à l’univers social des chauffeurs de taxi à l’aide du concept de la navigation socio-spatiale conçu comme une forme de mobilité dans le sillage de la New mobility paradigm. La méthodologie combine une approche ethnographique qui a consisté à une observation participante pour comprendre les pratiques des populations et une approche inductive (Grounded Theory) pour cerner les idées et les perspectives des acteurs. A cet effet, ce sont 125 chauffeurs de taxi, 50 chauffeurs de tricycles et 3 chauffeurs de bus correspondant à 5% de leurs effectifs déclarés par les acteurs eux-mêmes qui ont été suivis. Les résultats sur l’utilisation des taxis collectifs, du bus et des tricycles ont fait ressortir un certain nombre de tension. Ces tensions se situent entre ce qui est légal, c’est-à-dire autorisé par l’autorité et ce qui est illégale (taxi à gaz, tricycle transportant des passagers) donc interdit par cette autorité, mais généré par les populations (par le bas) en étroite relation avec leur réalité quotidienne et surtout en guise de réponse à l’écart entre le modèle de planification et de gestion institutionnelle et leur ville à eux. Cette situation fait ressortir un schéma d’une économie morale de la mobilité. Les résultats relatifs à la connaissance spatiale de la ville. L’étude a révélé que la ville de Bobo-Dioulasso est une entité que l’on peut connaitre, saisir à travers un apprentissage de la ville. Ce processus consiste à mémoriser deux types de repères (visibles et invisibles) à travers des expériences pratiques et des informations reçues d'autres citadins. Par ailleurs, les jeux d’acteurs lors des déplacements en taxi collectif ont permis de révéler que le taxi n’est pas seulement un simple moyen de déplacement. Il est le lieu d’importantes interactions. En fonction des compétences de savoir-faire et de savoir être du chauffeur de taxi, l’espace du taxi oscille entre un non-lieu, au non non-lieu à une hétérotopie de déviance.

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[pt] A presente tese propõe uma abordagem geográfica da segurança pública, tema muitíssimo relevante tanto no cotidiano de muitos moradores das regiões metropolitanas como no debate político realizado em todo o país. Foram analisadas as potencialidades e limitações da construção de uma governança da segurança pública que focalize a Baixada Fluminense, importante fração da Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro (RMRJ), considerando o funcionamento dos Conselhos Comunitários de Segurança (CCS) e as ações policiais na região. Os procedimentos e técnicas empregados para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa doutoral compreenderam grosso modo levantamentos bibliográfico e documental, além da produção de farto material empírico. Foram analisadas 66 atas de reuniões dos CCS da Baixada Fluminense, no período compreendido entre julho de 2016 e junho de 2019; feitas mais de 15 entrevistas com policiais, membros permanentes dos mencionados conselhos, um prefeito e um secretário municipal de segurança; acompanhadas in situ 15 reuniões dos CCS, entre agosto de 2019 e julho de 2021; realizados dois extensos trabalhos de campo: o primeiro nas imediações do Arco Metropolitano (em Nova Iguaçu) e o outro no Complexo do Roseiral (em Belford Roxo). Além disso, foram produzidos 11 mapas e 3 séries temporais sobre a incidência da letalidade violenta e dos roubos de rua e roubos de carga na região estudada, importantes indicadores estratégicos para o Instituto de Segurança Pública do Rio de Janeiro (ISP). Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que os CCS da Baixada Fluminense podem se tornar um vetor de construção de uma governança da segurança pública, desde que a parceria seja adotada como nível preferencial de abertura à participação popular nesses espaços e as diferenciações sócio-espaciais sejam consideradas quando da elaboração de políticas públicas orientadas à redução da incidência criminal e também da sensação de insegurança. / [en] This thesis proposes a geographical approach to public security, a very relevant topic both in the daily lives of many residents of metropolitan areas and in the political debate held throughout the country. The potentialities and limitations of building a public security governance that focus on the Baixada Fluminense, an important part of the Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro (RMRJ), were analyzed, considering the functioning of the Conselhos Comunitários de Segurança (CCS) and police actions in the region. The procedures and techniques employed for the development of doctoral research broadly comprised bibliographical and documental surveys, in addition to the production of abundant empirical material. 66 minutes of meetings of the CCS of Baixada Fluminense were analyzed, in the period between July 2016 and June 2019; more than 15 interviews were conducted with police officers, permanent members of the aforementioned councils, a mayor and a municipal security secretary; 15 CCS meetings were monitored in situ, between August 2019 and July 2021; two extensive fieldworks were carried out: the first in the vicinity of the Arco Metropolitano (in Nova Iguaçu) and the other in Complexo do Roseiral (in Belford Roxo). In addition, 11 maps and 3 time series were produced on the incidence of violent lethality and street robberies and cargo thefts in the region studied, important strategic indicators for the Instituto de Segurança Pública do Rio de Janeiro (ISP). The research results show that CCS in Baixada Fluminense can become a vector for building public security governance, as long as the partnership is adopted as a preferred level of openness to popular participation in these spaces and socio-spatial differences are considered when the elaboration of public policies aimed at reducing the incidence of crime and also the feeling of insecurity.

The following work presents several trans-disciplinary resources for understanding cities beyond just their physical form and spatial processes. The conceptualization of cities from a top-down, modern and post- modern approach to the form-function duality lacks multiple dimensions, which need to be studied in order to gain a proper understanding of how contemporary urban societies perform nowadays. Instead, this work considers settlements as a set of an infinite number of individual perceptions and experiences, which construct overlapping layers of hidden and intangible information that shape cities as complex systems. Social relations that are moving progressively to the virtual realm are becoming major factors in decision-making and location choices by citizens. This definition of a city’s hidden image is developed through the study of data retrieved from online servers. To do so, this work focuses on spatial and temporal activity patterns, values of certain places and their quantitative weight within the urban fabric, the distribution and nature of places, the observation of people’s perception of certain places through the representation of activities captured by pictures posted online, or several other theoretical and methodological approaches under the umbrella of crowd-sourced data in the city.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:58:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3332.pdf: 13536927 bytes, checksum: 73b5f601c5c8e31b4883b86242bf5479 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-20 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This study deals with the socio-spatial dynamics of the city of Limeira, seat of a municipality located in the eastern region of the state of São Paulo, seen primarily through the perspective of the reconstruction of material history registered in this urban nucleus during the 19th century. Research was carried out on the prior period, from 1799 when two Allotments were granted at the confluence of the Jaguari and Atibaia Rivers, the source of the Piracicaba River, and which would become, along with other land allotments, the municipal boundaries up until the final decade of that century. The study is thus based on the apprehension of the process of material evolution that marked the developing urbanization, perceived by the rediscovery of four variable factors which attended the establishment and development of the city: the formation and evolution of the transportation system, the installation and occupation of the urban street network, the location dimension of administrative edifications and the dynamic of urban equipment, both public and private. Research was made to identify how Limeira related to the national, state and regional contexts of that period, to describe the process of establishing towns near the geographical feature known as Morro Azul , or Blue Hill (where the present-day towns of Rio Claro, Araras and Piracicaba are also located), and, lastly, to understand significant social and historical facts related to physical expansion and to economic factors. The occupation of the land before the urban settlement was also dealt with, giving special attention in this process to the socio-spatial issues linked both to Allotments granted in the region and to the farms that were born out of those properties. Besides looking into pertinent scientific and technical literature available, direct documental sources were researched, found in collections of church documents in parishes and diocesan offices, in collections of public documents, in museums and libraries both public and private along with consultation and interpretation of historiographic bibliographies, as well as articles and laws, among others. The analyses which were elaborated show the materiality of space both as a result and as a basis for the evolution of social relationships and for the dominant class to stay in control, evidenced by forms of land appropriation and by the presence of a basis for the socio-spatial segregation found in the city in the next century, even though new configurations for the latter were adopted. / Este estudo aborda a dinâmica socioespacial da cidade de Limeira, sede de município situado na área leste do Estado de São Paulo, vista prioritariamente por meio da reconstrução da história material que gravou este núcleo urbano no século XIX. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida sobre o período anterior compreendido entre o ano de 1799 - data da concessão de duas Sesmarias na confluência dos rios Jaguarí e Atibaia, nascente do rio Piracicaba, e que viriam a compor em conjunto com outras datas de terras, os limites municipais - e o decênio final daquele século. O trabalho se pauta, deste modo, na apreensão do processo de evolução material, percebido por meio do resgate de quatro variáveis que assinalaram a implantação e o desenvolvimento da cidade: a formação e evolução do sistema viário, a instalação e ocupação da malha urbana, a dimensão locacional das edificações do poder administrativo e a dinâmica dos equipamentos urbanos, tanto comunitários quanto privados. Buscou-se ainda identificar a situação de Limeira nos contextos nacional, estadual e regional da época; os processos de instalação das urbes próximas à formação geográfica conhecida como Morro Azul (onde nos dias de hoje encontram-se também as cidades de Rio Claro, Araras e Piracicaba) e, por fim, os fatos históricos e sociais significativos relacionados à expansão física e aos fatores econômicos. Tratou-se também, da ocupação do território anterior à formação urbana, destacando-se neste processo as questões socioespaciais atreladas tanto às concessões de Sesmarias na região, quanto das fazendas oriundas daquelas possessões. Além da literatura técnico-científica pertinente, foram pesquisadas fontes documentais diretas, encontradas nos acervos paroquiais e diocesanos, arquivos públicos, museus, bibliotecas - tanto públicas quanto particulares - acrescidas da consulta e interpretação da bibliografia historiográfica, bem como de artigos, legislação, dentre outras. As análises elaboradas mostram a materialidade do espaço, ao mesmo tempo, como resultado e como base para a evolução das relações sociais e para a manutenção do poder da classe dominante, evidenciado nas formas de apropriação da terra e na presença, apesar da adoção de novas configurações, da base para a segregação socioespacial encontrada na cidade no século seguinte.

Cette thèse de doctorat tente de répondre à la question de recherche suivante :comment ont évolués les variations spatiales des comportements de fécondité en Europe depuis un demi-siècle ?Elle s’emploie donc plus à décrire les variations spatiales de la fécondité qu’à analyser comment et pourquoi la fécondité européenne à évoluée pendant cette période. Si cette question est principalement descriptive elle abordera toute fois des questionnements interprétatifs des variations spatiales observées. En effet décrire comment les variations spatiales ont évoluées mène indirectement à se demander pourquoi de telles évolutions ont eu lieu. Cette thèse adopte une méthodologie géographique, inductive, évolutive et à des échelles spatiales multiples, ce qui la distingue de la plupart des études qui abordent un sujet démographique. Elle recoure à plusieurs bases de données originales, certaines à la fois transversales, chronologiques, infranationales et couvrant un large espace transnational. Cela a imposé un important travail de récolte et prétraitement des données, mais confère aux résultats une originalité qui contribue à une meilleure compréhension globale de la fécondité en Europe, de ses variations spatiales et de ses évolutions récentes.Le corps de cette thèse est organisé en quatre chapitres ayant chacun fait l’objet d’une publication (soumise :chapitre 3, acceptée :chapitre 2, ou publiée :chapitre 4 et 5). Les deux premiers articles explorent chacun une des deux principales dimensions des comportements de fécondité que sont l’intensité (chapitre 2) et le calendrier de la fécondité (chapitre 3). Ils s’intéressent aux évolutions de ces dimensions sur environs un demi-siècle en Europe en utilisant principalement des données au niveau régional NUTS-2. Le quatrième chapitre considère ces deux dimensions de manière simultanée et s’intéresse aux différences spatiales locales (à une échelle équivalente au niveau communale en Belgique). Le cinquième chapitre considère les variations intra-urbaines à Bruxelles, en considérant à la fois les différences entre groupes sociaux et entre espaces, ce qui permet d’évaluer l’impact des variables contextuelles par rapport à l’influence de la composition de la population. En conclusion cette thèse expose les variations spatiales des comportements de fécondité en Europe ainsi que leurs évolutions depuis la seconde moitié du vingtième siècle. Elle propose aussi un ensemble de déterminants utile à l’interprétation les variations spatiales de la fécondité. Ces déterminants sont tantôt matériels tantôt du ressort des études abordant une position épistémologique plus post-matérialiste. L’approche géographique de cette thèse pousse à considérer ces deux ensembles de facteurs et à les structurer selon leur rayon d’action, soit l’échelle spatiale à laquelle ils influencent les comportements de fécondité. Il ressort que l’articulation de ces différents facteurs exerçant leur influence à des échelles différentes constitue un contexte géographique déterminant en partie les actions individuelles de la fécondité. / Option Géographie du Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

A pesquisa tem como objetivo lançar luz sobre o debate em torno das transformações socioespaciais recentes nas cidades brasileiras. Nestas, observam-se processos e nichos de mercado vinculados a produtos imobiliários que participam como causas da dissolução urbana nas metrópoles contemporâneas, caracterizadas pela fragmentação territorial e segregação social. Enfocando os produtos imobiliários vinculados ao turismo, buscamos compreender como se dá a articulação dessa forma de produção social do espaço baseada na emergência de um novo quadro de agentes sociais. Tais agentes são considerados como sujeitos que realizam práticas urbanas inovadoras comprometidas, contudo, com a lógica de reprodução do capital. Este enfoque se justifica por provocar uma discussão em torno dos conceitos de \"padrão de ocupação\" e \"estruturação espacial\", na perspectiva de compreender o novo papel dos agentes imobiliários articulados ao turismo. No primeiro capítulo, abordamos a discussão teórica sobre a produção da cidade contemporânea no contexto da reestruturação, trabalhando os fundamentos da produção e apropriação do espaço urbano contemporâneo. Como ponto de partida, lançamos mão do conceito de espaço social e sua produção como estratégia de acumulação do capital, ressaltando o papel do mercado e do Estado na organização espacial da produção. Na sequência, discutimos a questão da transição metropolitana e a dissolução urbana das cidades contemporâneas, utilizando o conceito de reestruturação, associado ao de globalização, ressaltando o novo padrão de cidade e a nova configuração espacial. No segundo capítulo fazemos a primeira aproximação com a questão central, analisando a urbanização litorânea no contexto da reestruturação metropolitana de Fortaleza. Desse modo, examinamos as especificidades das Zonas Costeiras, o processo de ocupação do litoral cearense e a consolidação de Fortaleza como capital, enfocando em detalhes, o seu processo de metropolização. Para isso, partimos de uma análise que cobre desde a industrialização tardia no Nordeste à reestruturação produtiva e sócio-territorial do Ceará contemporâneo, a fim de ressaltar a emergência do turismo em sua relação com a produção do novo espaço urbano litorâneo. No terceiro capítulo, tratamos a questão central da reestruturação metropolitana e a emergência do turismo, enfocando a participação dos agentes imobiliários no caso de Aquiraz. Essa escolha deve-se ao fato de que esse trecho do litoral revela de modo mais evidente a questão em foco, proporcionando elementos conclusivos capazes de consolidar nossas considerações finais. Assim, foi possível concluir que a ação desses agentes imobiliários responde à reorganização de um novo processo de produção do espaço para o turismo, frente à necessidade de incorporar novos territórios à lógica de reprodução do capital. / The objective of this research is to shed light on the debate about recent socio-spatial transformations in Brazilian cities. One can observe in these transformations market processes and niches linked to real-estate products that participate as the causes for the urban dissolution in contemporary large cities, characterized by territorial fragmentation and social segregation. While focusing on those real-estate products that are linked to tourism, we have aimed to understand the process by way of which the articulation of such new form of social production of space, based on an emerging scenario created by social agents, takes place. Such agents are seen as the subjects who bring forth innovative urban practices though intrinsically committed to the logic of quick increase of capital. Such focus can be justified for provoking a discussion about the concepts of occupation pattern and spatial structuring, as an attempt to understand the new role played by real-estate agents involved in tourism. In the first chapter we approach the theoretical discussion on the production of contemporary cities in a re-structuring context, analyzing the fundamentals of production and appropriation of the contemporary urban space. As our point of departure, we took over the concept of social space and its production as a strategy towards the accumulation of capital, emphasizing the role played by the market and the State in the spatial organization of production. Then we discussed both the metropolitan transitional issue and the urban dissolution of contemporary cities, by using the concept of a restructuring standpoint associated with the concept of globalization, emphasizing the new pattern of city as well as the new spatial configuration. In the second chapter we carry out the first approximation to the central issue, analyzing the coastal urbanization in the context of the metropolitan re-structuring of Fortaleza. Thus, we examined the detailed features of the Coastal Areas of Ceará, the \'occupational process\' of those areas and the consolidation of Fortaleza as a Capital City, by emphasizing, in detail, the process as it gradually became a metropolis. For that reason, we started from an analysis that comprehends from the belated industrialization of the Northeast of Brazil to the productive and socio-territorial re-structuring of modern Ceará in order to emphasize the emergency of tourism in its relation to the production of a new urban coastal space. In the third chapter we treated the central issue of both the metropolitan restructuring and the emerging need for tourism, focusing on the participation of real-estate agents as in the case of Aquiraz. Such a choice is due to the fact that that coastal line reveals more clearly the issue under analysis, creating conclusive elements capable of consolidating our final considerations. Thus it was possible to say in conclusion that \'the action of those real-estate agents respond to the re-organization of a new process of production of space for tourism, in the face of the need to incorporate new territories into the logic of capital growth\'.