<p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p>Nationell kriminalstatistik tyder på att ungdomar är den mest brottsaktiva åldersgruppen i samhället. Ett förhållande som främst gäller pojkar och unga män, även om brottsligheten ökar något bland flickor och unga kvinnor. Eftersom ungdomar är samhällets framtid är det viktigt att vetenskapligt utrymme skapas och belyser de förebyggande insatser som kan göras för uppkomsten och fortskridningen av ungdomskriminalitet. Med anledning av detta har vi gjort en studie inriktad på Laholms kommun och vilka samhälleliga risker som kan ligga till grund för kriminalitet bland unga.</p><p>Studien baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer med personer inom olika sociala verksamheter i Laholms kommun som berör ungdomar och kriminalitet på ett eller annat sätt, samt ungdomar i åldrarna 15-20.</p><p>Utifrån analys av sociologiska och kriminologiska teorier av bland annat Zygmunt Bauman, Pierre Bourdieu, Erwing Goffman och Jerzy Sarnecki lyfter vi fram olika eventuella bidragande samhällsrisker i Laholms kommun så som arbetslöshet, konsumtion, fritid och sysselsättning, avsaknaden av grupptillhörighet och avvikelse.</p><p><strong>Nyckelord</strong>: Ungdomskriminalitet, Laholms kommun, förebyggande arbete, arbetslöshet, avvikelse</p>

Abstract Nationell kriminalstatistik tyder på att ungdomar är den mest brottsaktiva åldersgruppen i samhället. Ett förhållande som främst gäller pojkar och unga män, även om brottsligheten ökar något bland flickor och unga kvinnor. Eftersom ungdomar är samhällets framtid är det viktigt att vetenskapligt utrymme skapas och belyser de förebyggande insatser som kan göras för uppkomsten och fortskridningen av ungdomskriminalitet. Med anledning av detta har vi gjort en studie inriktad på Laholms kommun och vilka samhälleliga risker som kan ligga till grund för kriminalitet bland unga. Studien baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer med personer inom olika sociala verksamheter i Laholms kommun som berör ungdomar och kriminalitet på ett eller annat sätt, samt ungdomar i åldrarna 15-20. Utifrån analys av sociologiska och kriminologiska teorier av bland annat Zygmunt Bauman, Pierre Bourdieu, Erwing Goffman och Jerzy Sarnecki lyfter vi fram olika eventuella bidragande samhällsrisker i Laholms kommun så som arbetslöshet, konsumtion, fritid och sysselsättning, avsaknaden av grupptillhörighet och avvikelse. Nyckelord: Ungdomskriminalitet, Laholms kommun, förebyggande arbete, arbetslöshet, avvikelse

The purpose of this study was to examine how the needs of social assistance for people with substance abuse are assessed in accordance to The Swedish Social Services Act 4th chapter 1§. The purpose was also to examine how substance abuse is assessed as a social problem by social workers, how the municipal guidelines concerning social assistance for substance abuser were constructed in relation to the Social Service Act and finally how social workers made their assessments of the need of social assistance to people with substance abuse in relation to the legislation. The sample was made among the municipalities in the county of Stockholm. Municipal guidelines were studied in 18 municipalities by content analysis. A sample of 11 social workers was chosen from 5 municipalities. A vignette study was used as method. The results have been analyzed by using a sociology of law approach, based on the theory of the law as mainly a ruling function. The results of the study show that both the construction of municipal guidelines and social workers’ assessment of the need of social assistance to people with substance abuse were based on restrictions with no connection in The Social Service Act. Social workers who did work in a municipal, where there were no special guidelines regarding social assistance to individuals with substance abuse, more frequently made their assessments according to the law. The result was the opposite for social workers working in municipals with special guidelines regarding social assistance to individuals with substance abuse. The results also indicated that social workers, as well as municipal politicians, showed little knowledge and ability to align the social work to current legislation and legal practice.

The right to non-discrimination is a fundamental part of human rights. Sweden has enacted legislation which prohibits employers from discriminating or harassing employees and job seekers. Swedish authorities also receive a substantial amount of complaints concerning ethnic discrimination in the workplace every year and there are volumes of research showing structural injustices related to discrimination. Despite these facts few employers have so far been found guilty of discrimination on ethnic grounds in Swedish courts. This thesis aims to shed lights on and analyse how the Swedish anti-discrimination legislation is utilised in the Swedish Labour Court regarding discrimination and harassment on ethnic grounds. On the basis that very few lawsuits brought on behalf of employees/job seekers have been successful it is hypothesized that there are problems either with the form of the legislation or the assessment of the court. Firstly the shape of statutes, their legislative history and preparatory works are illustrated to create an understanding for the legal pre-conditions, thereafter the judgements of the Labour Court are analysed within the theoretical framework of the thesis – composed of Critical Race Theory and Sociology of Law. The study has shown problems concerning both the legislation and the assessment of the Labour Court. The legislation does not seem to embody the awareness of discriminating structures shown by the works of the preparatory committees. Further the assessments of the Court suggest a lack of understanding of the interaction between different pre-conditions and how these create a disadvantage for people of a minority standing which affects them both in the workplace and in the judgments of the Court.

Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. / Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Dec 18, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Master of Research and Development Management)-Air Force Institute of Technology, 2008. / Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Dec 28, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Master of Military Studies)-Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. / Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Jan 11, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

This article discusses on the new theory of legislation. It is presented considering its antecedents, and its treatment from sociology of law to the current state of its development. It is make emphasis on the interdisciplinary nature of this theory for a better understanding of the legislative process, without failing to acknowledge the importance of its legal status. / El presente artículo nos introduce a la denominada “Nueva Teoría de la Legislación”. Se presenta sus antecedentes, así como su tratamiento desde la Sociología del Derecho al su estado actual de desarrollo. Por otra parte, se hace énfasis en la naturaleza interdisciplinaria de esta teoría para un mejor entendimiento del proceso de creación de leyes, sin dejar de reconocer la importancia de su situación jurídica.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O objeto de estudo da tese à o subsistema penal militar. O trabalho està estruturado com base na linguagem sociolÃgica de Niklas Luhmann. Foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos metodolÃgicos: revisÃo de literatura da obra desse autor; levantamento histÃrico acerca do processo de institucionalizaÃÃo das organizaÃÃes da justiÃa penal militar; e, pesquisa jurisprudencial nos sites eletrÃnicos do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) e do Superior Tribunal de JustiÃa (STJ) sobre crime militar. Em sÃntese, pode-se dizer que sÃo trÃs os objetivos da pesquisa: reconstruir uma versÃo da sociologia do direito de Niklas Luhmann; observar, a partir dela, a diferenciaÃÃo do subsistema penal militar; e, compreender como esse subsistema processa informaÃÃes e redundÃncias, de modo a evidenciar suas contingÃncias. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que, com o aparecimento e desaparecimento de diferentes organizaÃÃes, as comunicaÃÃes jurÃdicas foram se concentrando em torno de uma distinÃÃo especÃfica (crime militar/nÃo crime militar), com base na qual, diferenciou-se o subsistema. A partir das decisÃes coletadas, verificou-se que as instÃncias decisÃrias desse subsistema desenvolvem suas comunicaÃÃes atravÃs da organizaÃÃo de autorreferÃncias e heterorreferÃncias para produzir informaÃÃes e redundÃncias. Os resultados indicam que o subsistema penal militar à mais restritivo nas interpretaÃÃes dos direitos humanos de acusados ou condenados pela prÃtica de crime militar. Tais restriÃÃes decorrerem de um ponto de vista normativo que se formula no prÃprio subsistema e acarretam a negaÃÃo de benefÃcios penais aos processados ou condenados por crime militar e a nÃo aplicaÃÃo de princÃpios constitucionais para descriminalizaÃÃo de determinadas condutas.

Based on the premise ‘what we measure affects what we do’, this work seeks to address the following key question: What are the characteristics of the knowledge produced by the Rule of Law Index, WGI Rule of Law Indicator, Doing Business Indicators and the Global Competitiveness Index about the rule of law and business regulation respectively, and to what extent can this knowledge be used to assess and compare legal systems? My objective is to address the gap between, on the one hand, policy and scientific approaches to indicators and, on the other hand, legal scholarly approaches. The former tend to be specialized, mathematical and outcome-oriented, focusing on how to produce appropriate measures of social –and legal- phenomena. The latter assume an external point of view and are often verbal and critical. They focus generally on the genealogy, shortcomings and governance aspects of a particular set of indicators. This work provides new insights through a fourfold analysis: (i) an analysis of the context in which transnational legal indicators emerge, (ii) an analysis of their process of commensuration of legal phenomena, (iii) an analysis of their analytical value in jurisprudence and comparative legal studies, and (iv) an analysis of their normative effects on national legal systems. / Doctorat en Sciences juridiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished