Nowadays, software systems are getting more and more complex. To tackle this challenge most diverse techniques, such as design patterns, service oriented architectures (SOA), software development processes, and model-driven engineering (MDE), are used to improve productivity, while time to market and quality of the products stay stable. Multiple of these techniques are used in parallel to profit from their benefits. While the use of sophisticated software development processes is standard, today, MDE is just adopted in practice. However, research has shown that the application of MDE is not always successful. It is not fully understood when advantages of MDE can be used and to what degree MDE can also be disadvantageous for productivity. Further, when combining different techniques that aim to affect the same factor (e.g. productivity) the question arises whether these techniques really complement each other or, in contrast, compensate their effects. Due to that, there is the concrete question how MDE and other techniques, such as software development process, are interrelated. Both aspects (advantages and disadvantages for productivity as well as the interrelation to other techniques) need to be understood to identify risks relating to the productivity impact of MDE. Before studying MDE's impact on productivity, it is necessary to investigate the range of validity that can be reached for the results. This includes two questions. First, there is the question whether MDE's impact on productivity is similar for all approaches of adopting MDE in practice. Second, there is the question whether MDE's impact on productivity for an approach of using MDE in practice remains stable over time. The answers for both questions are crucial for handling risks of MDE, but also for the design of future studies on MDE success. This thesis addresses these questions with the goal to support adoption of MDE in future. To enable a differentiated discussion about MDE, the term MDE setting'' is introduced. MDE setting refers to the applied technical setting, i.e. the employed manual and automated activities, artifacts, languages, and tools. An MDE setting's possible impact on productivity is studied with a focus on changeability and the interrelation to software development processes. This is done by introducing a taxonomy of changeability concerns that might be affected by an MDE setting. Further, three MDE traits are identified and it is studied for which manifestations of these MDE traits software development processes are impacted. To enable the assessment and evaluation of an MDE setting's impacts, the Software Manufacture Model language is introduced. This is a process modeling language that allows to reason about how relations between (modeling) artifacts (e.g. models or code files) change during application of manual or automated development activities. On that basis, risk analysis techniques are provided. These techniques allow identifying changeability risks and assessing the manifestations of the MDE traits (and with it an MDE setting's impact on software development processes). To address the range of validity, MDE settings from practice and their evolution histories were capture in context of this thesis. First, this data is used to show that MDE settings cover the whole spectrum concerning their impact on changeability or interrelation to software development processes. Neither it is seldom that MDE settings are neutral for processes nor is it seldom that MDE settings have impact on processes. Similarly, the impact on changeability differs relevantly. Second, a taxonomy of evolution of MDE settings is introduced. In that context it is discussed to what extent different types of changes on an MDE setting can influence this MDE setting's impact on changeability and the interrelation to processes. The category of structural evolution, which can change these characteristics of an MDE setting, is identified. The captured MDE settings from practice are used to show that structural evolution exists and is common. In addition, some examples of structural evolution steps are collected that actually led to a change in the characteristics of the respective MDE settings. Two implications are: First, the assessed diversity of MDE settings evaluates the need for the analysis techniques that shall be presented in this thesis. Second, evolution is one explanation for the diversity of MDE settings in practice. To summarize, this thesis studies the nature and evolution of MDE settings in practice. As a result support for the adoption of MDE settings is provided in form of techniques for the identification of risks relating to productivity impacts. / Um die steigende Komplexität von Softwaresystemen beherrschen zu können, werden heutzutage unterschiedlichste Techniken gemeinsam eingesetzt. Beispiele sind, Design Pattern, Serviceorientierte Architekturen, Softwareentwicklungsprozesse oder modellgetriebene Entwicklung (MDE). Ziel dabei ist die Erhöhung der Produktivität, so dass Entwicklungsdauer und Qualität stabil bleiben können. Während hoch entwickelte Softwareentwicklungsprozesse heute schon standardmäßig genutzt werden, fangen Firmen gerade erst an MDE einzusetzen. Jedoch zeigen Studien, dass der erhoffte Erfolg von MDE nicht jedes Mal eintritt. So scheint es, dass noch kein ausreichendes Verständnis dafür existiert, inwiefern MDE auch Nachteile für die Produktivität bergen kann. Zusätzlich ist bei der Kombination von unterschiedlichen Techniken damit zu rechnen, dass die erreichten Effekte sich gegenseitig negieren anstatt sich zu ergänzen. Hier entsteht die Frage wie MDE und andere Techniken, wie Softwareentwicklungsprozesse, zusammenwirken. Beide Aspekte, der direkte Einfluss auf Produktivität und die Wechselwirkung mit anderen Techniken, müssen aber verstanden werden um den Risiken für den Produktivitätseinfluss von MDE zu identifizieren. Außerdem, muss auch die Generalisierbarkeit dieser Aspekte untersucht werden. Das betrifft die Fragen, ob der Produktivitätseinfluss bei jedem Einsatz von MDE gleich ist und ob der Produktivitätseinfluss über die Zeit stabil bleibt. Beide Fragen sind entscheidend, will man geeignete Risikobehandlung ermöglichen oder künftige Studien zum Erfolg von MDE planen. Diese Dissertation widmet sich der genannten Fragen. Dafür wird zuerst der Begriff MDE Setting'' eingeführt um eine differenzierte Betrachtung von MDE-Verwendungen zu ermöglichen. Ein MDE Setting ist dabei der technische Aufbau, inklusive manueller und automatische Aktivitäten, Artefakten, Sprachen und Werkzeugen. Welche Produktivitätseinflüsse von MDE Settings möglich sind, wird in der Dissertation mit Fokus auf Änderbarkeit und die Wechselwirkung mit Softwareentwicklungsprozessen betrachtet. Dafür wird einerseits eine Taxonomie von Changeability Concerns'' (potentiell betroffene Aspekte von Änderbarkeit) vorgestellt. Zusätzlich, werden drei MDE Traits'' (Charakteristika von MDE Settings die unterschiedlich ausgeprägt sein können) identifiziert. Es wird untersucht welche Ausprägungen dieser MDE Traits Einfluss auf Softwareentwicklungsprozesse haben können. Um die Erfassung und Bewertung dieser Einflüsse zu ermöglichen wird die Software Manufaktur Modell Sprache eingeführt. Diese Prozessmodellierungssprache ermöglicht eine Beschreibung, der Veränderungen von Artefaktbeziehungen während der Anwendung von Aktivitäten (z.B. Codegenerierung). Weiter werden auf Basis dieser Modelle, Analysetechniken eingeführt. Diese Analysetechniken erlauben es Risiken für bestimmte Changeability Concerns aufzudecken sowie die Ausprägung von MDE Traits zu erfassen (und damit den Einfluss auf Softwareentwicklungsprozesse). Um die Generalisierbarkeit der Ergebnisse zu studieren, wurden im Rahmen der Arbeit mehrere MDE Settings aus der Praxis sowie teilweise deren Evolutionshistorien erhoben. Daran wird gezeigt, dass MDE Settings sich in einem breiten Spektrum von Einflüssen auf Änderbarkeit und Prozesse bewegen. So ist es weder selten, dass ein MDE Setting neutral für Prozesse ist, noch, dass ein MDE Setting Einschränkungen für einen Prozess impliziert. Ähnlich breit gestreut ist der Einfluss auf die Änderbarkeit.Zusätzlich, wird diskutiert, inwiefern unterschiedliche Evolutionstypen den Einfluss eines MDE Settings auf Änderbarkeit und Prozesse verändern können. Diese Diskussion führt zur Identifikation der strukturellen Evolution'', die sich stark auf die genannten Charakteristika eines MDE Settings auswirken kann. Mithilfe der erfassten MDE Settings, wird gezeigt, dass strukturelle Evolution in der Praxis üblich ist. Schließlich, werden Beispiele aufgedeckt bei denen strukturelle Evolutionsschritte tatsächlich zu einer Änderung der Charakteristika des betreffenden MDE Settings geführt haben. Einerseits bestärkt die ermittelte Vielfalt den Bedarf nach Analysetechniken, wie sie in dieser Dissertation eingeführt werden. Zum Anderen erscheint es nun, dass Evolution zumindest zum Teil die unterschiedlichen Ausprägungen von MDE Settings erklärt. Zusammenfassend wird studiert wie MDE Settings und deren Evolution in der Praxis ausgeprägt sind. Als Ergebnis, werden Techniken zur Identifikation von Risiken für Produktivitätseinflüsse bereitgestellt um den Einsatz von MDE Settings zu unterstützen.

Some of the world’s most valuable companies today are platform businesses. Both smaller and larger companies are turning their product and service development from a linear developmentapproach to a platform approach. Despite the emerging studies on platforms, and even though studies on customer involvement have been performed for decades, there is an acknowledged research gap on customer involvement in the development of platforms. This thesis contributes to research by studying Tradera, an online small to medium-sized (SME) marketplace platform facilitating and enabling sales of goods through matching of sellers and buyers on the site. The study is based on an extensive literature search within the fields of customer involvement anddigital platform businesses. The results were based on qualitative data received from exploratory studies in the form of 13 semi-structured interviews conducted at the company. The results from studying the company revealed the complexity in the product of being a platform as well as the complexity of the user base involved in the product development. The complex user base leads to heterogeneity in user needs and difficulty of knowing which users to involve and when to involve them in the product development in order to increase user satisfaction. There was also found to be difficulties in the allocation of resources for (SME)platforms regarding user involvement. Even though difficulties in user involvement were found, the research also showed the great resource of user data that is to be utilized. The purpose of the study was to map and refine the process of user involvement in the product development of an SME platform in order to increase user satisfaction. The study resulted in a framework and recommendation for how to find and involve users in the product development process. The recommendations are to be considered by SME platform businesses wanting to increase the user satisfaction of their product. / Några av världens mest värdefulla företag idag är plattformsföretag. Både mindre och större företag ändrar sin produkt- och tjänsteutveckling från en linjär utvecklingsstrategi till en plattformsstrategi. Trots ökade studier av plattformsföretag, och att studier on kundinvolvering har utförts i årtionden, finns det ett forskningsgap när det gäller kundinvolvering i utvecklingen av plattformar. Denna avhandling bidrar till forskning genom att studera Tradera, en liten till medelstor marknadsplattform som online underlättar och möjliggör försäljning av varor genom matchning av säljare och köpare på webbplatsen. Studien bygger på en omfattande litteraturundersökning inom områdena kundinvolvering och digitala plattformar. Resultatet baserades på kvalitativa data från undersökande studier i form av tretton semistrukturerade intervjuer som genomfördes på företaget. Genom att studera företaget avslöjades komplexiteten i att vara en plattform samt komplexiteten hos användarbasen som är involverad i produktutvecklingen. Resultatet påvisade att den komplexa användarbasen leder till heterogenitet i användarnas behov och svårigheter att veta vilka användare som ska involveras och när de ska involveras i produktutvecklingen för att öka kundnöjdheten. Studien visade också på svårigheter hos små till medelstora plattformar att fördela resurser till användarinvolvering. Förutom svårigheter med användarinvolvering visade även studien att det finns stora resurser i användardata som kan utnyttjas. Syftet med studien var att kartlägga och förfina processen för användarinvolvering i produktutvecklingen av små till medelstora plattformar för att på så sätt öka kundnöjdheten. Studien resulterade i ett ramverk och rekommendationer för hur företag kan hitta och involveraanvändare i produktutvecklingsprocessen. Rekommendationerna och ramverket kan implementeras hos små och medelstora plattformsföretag som vill öka användarnöjdheten hos sin produkt.

This master's thesis is oriented on software development processes improvement techniques. It presents modern approaches of process development and analyses problems of their management and usage in various life cycle phases. In connection with these techniques it brings draft of support tool, which increases automatization of processes development with pertinent cooperation with other tools, as one of presumptions of improvement of their quality.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alisson lindoso2.pdf: 6722921 bytes, checksum: 2f55fa8a7f109106c015f0307cb7582c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-10 / The increasing demand of software applications constructed conciliating productivity, low cost and high quality, even in complex and changeable domains, turns necessary the elaboration of techniques and methodologies focusing on development paradigms more suitable for approaching these conflicting features, like the multiagent one. On the other hand, the sotware reuse process promotes the creation of new applications employing reusable software artifacts previously developed. This work introduces MAAEM, an ontology-driven methodology for analysis, design and implementation of multi-agent applications through the reuse of models and components that represent the requirements of a family of applications in a domain as well as the corresponding agent-oriented solutions to these ones. ONTORMAS, an ontology whose instantiation is useful for modeling and representing specific applications developed with MAAEM methodology, is also presented. Two case studies elaborated in order to evaluate the methodology and ontology are also described, exploring the cases with and without reuse, respectively, in the touristic and juridical domains. / A crescente demanda por aplicações de software cuja construção concilie produtividade, baixo custo e alta qualidade, mesmo em domínios complexos e mutáveis, torna necessária a elaboração de técnicas e metodologias que foquem paradigmas de desenvolvimento mais adequados para abordar aquelas características conflitantes, tal como o paradigma multiagente. Por outro lado, o processo de reutilização de software permite promover a criação de novas aplicações empregando artefatos de software reutilizáveis previamente desenvolvidos. Esse trabalho introduz a MAAEM, uma metodologia baseada em ontologias para a análise, o projeto e a implementação de aplicações multiagente através do reuso de modelos e componentes que representam os requisitos de uma família de aplicações em um domínio, assim como as correspondentes soluções orientadas a agentes para tais requisitos. É também apresentada a ONTORMAS, uma ontologia cuja instanciação é útil para modelar e representar aplicações específicas desenvolvidas com a metodologia MAAEM. São descritos ainda dois estudos de caso elaborados no sentido de avaliar a metodologia e a ontologia, explorando os casos com e sem reuso, respectivamente, nos domínios turístico e jurídico.

En trend i den teknologiska utvecklingen på senare tid har varit att skapa en ökad rörlighet hos användaren. En bidragande faktor till detta är den snabba förbättringstakten hos de smartphones som i större utsträckning har funktionalitet som tidigare endast datorer hade. Detta har i sin tur förändrat de förväntningar slutanvändarna har på tjänsters tillgänglighet, vilket har lett till att produktiva mobila applikationer, appar, har funnit sin plats i vardagen. Denna studie är genomförd på Scanias Fleet Management-avdelning som erbjuder en webbaserad tjänst där åkerier kan administrera, övervaka och följa upp sina fordonsflottor. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om en förlängning av Scanias existerande webbtjänst till den mobila sfären är rätt steg att ta och vilka organisatoriska och tekniska utmaningar en ingång inom apputveckling ger upphov till. För att bemöta denna problematik har en omfattande kvalitativ undersökning genomförts där tre huvudgrupper av respondenter har intervjuats: jämförbara företag som har ställts inför liknande utmaningar, apputvecklingsföretag som har förståelse för appområdet samt Fleet Management-tjänstens existerande användare. Dessutom har en undersökning av potentiella tekniska utmaningar vid apputveckling gjorts genom framtagning av en prototyp i form av en app. Den genomförda undersökningen har, i kombination med studiens teoretiska referensram, lett till rekommendationer om hur man bör bemöta steget till de mobila enheterna. Denna studie visar på att det är lämpligt att anamma denna teknologiska trend då de positiva effekterna av en app väger upp kostnaderna. Apputveckling kräver ett tillvägagångssätt som skiljer sig från klassisk mjukvaruutveckling då slutanvändarens roll är mycket viktig under hela utvecklingsprocessen samt att en teknisk specialistkompetens behövs. En starkt iterativ utvecklingsprocess förutsätts och en proaktiv utvecklingsfilosofi krävs då tekniska förändringar inom smartphone-världen sker med stormsteg. / A recent trend in the technological evolution has been to increase the mobility of the end-user. A contributing factor is the fast rate of improvement in the smartphone area. This, in turn, has changed the expectations end-users have on the availability of services, which has allowed mobile applications, apps, to find their place in everyday life. This study has been conducted at Scania’s Fleet Management department that offers a web-based service where haulage contractors can administer, monitor and follow up on their vehicle fleets. The purpose of this study was to investigate if Scania’s existing web service should be extended into the mobile area, and if so, what organizational and technical challenges app development imposes. To address this problem, a qualitative investigation was carried out with three main groups of respondents: comparable companies that have faced similar challenges, app development companies and the current users of the Fleet Management service. Additionally, a prototype application was developed to investigate the potential technical challenges that may occur. Combined with a theoretical framework the conducted research has led to recommendations on how to best take the step into the field of mobile devices. This study shows that it is advisable to adopt the mobile technological trend since the positive effects of an app outweigh the potential costs. The technical changes within the field of smartphones occur at a rapid rate, which requires special technical skills. The development also requires iterative development methods where the end-user is included throughout the whole process.