O objetivo da presente dissertação foi verificar o efeito da participação de jovens jogadores de futebol em competições com calendário congestionado (CC) nas medidas de desempenho físico, e comparar as acelerações (ACC), as desacelerações (DEC), a potência metabólica média (PM), distância total percorrida (DT) e distância percorrida em alta velocidade (DAV) em 24 jogadores de futebol juvenil (sub-15, n = 11 e sub-17, n = 13) expostos a campeonatos de CC e períodos regulares de calendário não congestionados (calendário regular; CR); como critério de retenção dos dados dos jogadores, adotou-se, a participação mínima de 75% do tempo total de jogo em cada partida. Adicionalmente as medidas de desempenho físico foram normalizadas pelo tempo de participação em minutos na partida. Foram analisados 10 jogos internacionais no formato de CC (5 para cada categoria), realizados durante 3 dias sucessivos, incluindo 2 dias com 2 jogos consecutivos jogados com intervalo de 4-5 horas; para estabelecer uma condição \"controle\", 10 jogos de CR, de cada categoria, foram analisados; os jogos de CR foram realizados com um intevalo de pelo menos 7 dias. Os jogadores usavam uma unidade GPS de 15 Hz com um acelerômetro triaxial de 100 Hz alocada em uma veste especial. Uma diferença classificada como digna de consideração (tamanho do efeito; TE> 0,20) entre CC e CR, foi observada para os parâmetros de desempenho físico ACC, DEC e PM, para sub-15 e sub-17, com valores mais elevados no CC. Enquanto que DT e DAV apresentaram valores superiores para CR, apenas para o sub-15. Contrariamente à hipótese levantada, os parâmetros de desempenho físico mostram que os jogadores juvenis de elite avaliados elevaram a intensidade do jogo quando participaram de torneio CC. Uma diminuição em ACC e DEC, do 1° tempo para o 2° tempo foi observada (sub-15 e sub-17) nos diferentes formatos de campeonato. No entanto, observou-se um aumento da PM do 1° tempo para o 2° tempo; com um aumento muito grande para ambas as categorias durante a CR; para o CC, a PM aumentou (1ª para a 2ª metade) para o sub-17, mas diminuiu para o sub-15. Os resultados do presente estudo, sugerem que os perfis de taxa de trabalho dos jogadores não são prejudicados no CC e que o desempenho físico aumentado nesse tipo de competição pode estar associado a uma estratégia de auto-regulação ou \"pacing\" da intensidade de realização das ações. Apesar das semelhanças para os dados de desempenho físico (sub-15 e sub-17), a PM para o sub-17 foi amplamente aumentada no CC (vs CR) em comparação com os valores de PM do sub-15; sugerindo assim, uma maior capacidade dos atletas, com um suposto nível mais elevado de treinamento (sub-17) em otimizar o desempenho físico neste tipo de competição. Estas informações podem servir como um meio alternativo e eficiente de representação do desempenho físico e auxiliar na organização de uma preparação específica de equipes participantes destes formatos de competições (CC); adicionalmente, os resultados indicam a importância de de considerar as medidas de ACC, DEC e PM na análise do desempenho físico de jovens jogadores, ao invés da utilização isolada de medidas relacionadas a DT e DAV / The aim of this study was to compare the physical performances in youth players during congested (CM) versus regular match (RM) schedules. The accelerations (ACC), decelerations (DEC), average metabolic power (MP), total distance covered (TD) and distance covered at high speed (HSD) were compared across congested match (CM; 10 international matches played over 3 successive days, including 2 days with 2 consecutive matches played with a 4-5 hr interval) and 10 regular non-congested match periods (RM), played with a 7-day interval between matches, in elite youth soccer players (U15, n=11; U17, n=13).; as criterion for retention of the players\' data, it was adopted, the minimum participation of 75% of the total match time of each game. In addition, all variables were normalized per min of on-field playing time. Each player wore a 15-Hz GPS unit coupled with a 100 Hz tri-axial accelerometer (SPI Elite, GPSports, Canberra, Australia A difference classified as worthy of consideration (effect size; ES > 0.20), between CM and RM, was observed for ACC, DEC and MP, for U15 and U17, with higher values in CM. While TD and HSD showed lower values for CM for u15. Contrary to the hypothesis, the relative values of the physical performance parameters were higher for CM. A decrease in ACC and DEC, from the 1st half to the 2nd half of the match was observed (U15 and U17) for both CM and RM. However, an increase in MP from the 1st half to the 2nd half of the match was observed; with a very large increase for both categories during the RM; during the CM, MP increased (1st half to the 2nd half) in the U7, but decreased in U15. The present findings suggest that the players work rate profiles are not impaired in CM and that the intensity of the match-play is increased in this type of competition, and might be associated to self-regulation or pacing strategy; despite the similarities for physical performance in U15 and U17), MP was largely increased in U17 during CM (vs CR) compared to U15; this result suggests that the higher the level of the conditioning, the greater the ability of the athlete in optimizing physical performance in this type of match schedule. This information can serve as an alternative and efficient means of representing physical performance and may help coaches to organize and monitor specific preparations of teams participating in these type of competitions (CM); additionally, the results indicate the importance of considering the ACC, DEC and MP measurements in the analysis of physical performance of young players, instead of using only measures related to total distance covered and distances covered at different speeds

Esta investigação teórica procura identificar pontos de aproximação entre o conceito de potência orgástica, formulado pelo psiquiatra e psicanalista austríaco Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957), e o desempenho esportivo. Para isso procuramos focalizar o processo de evolução do conceito tendo como base os textos em que o apresenta e o define, partindo então para a exploração a respeito do conjunto de matizes e nuances que constituem a visão particular que Reich atribui ao termo potência. Em seguida, buscamos realizar essa aproximação com o desempenho esportivo nos sustentando em pesquisadores do tema, de modo a estabelecer pontos comuns de diálogo e similitudes que permitem um olhar sobre o desempenho esportivo à luz da obra reichiana, com especial ênfase à sua visão de potência. Por fim, fazemos uso da contribuição original de Albertini (1997) a respeito dos encontros potentes como forma de adicionar elementos à nossa reflexão e oferecer contribuições à compreensão do desempenho esportivo sob a ótica da psicologia profunda. Entendido primeiramente como a capacidade do indivíduo de se entregar ao fluxo de suas excitações sexuais no ato amoroso, de modo a atingir o orgasmo e assim descarregar sua libido represada, a evolução da obra de Reich aponta para a utilização do conceito de potência em outras dimensões da vida, nos levando a compreender que a visão de potência em Reich se refere à capacidade de ser humano estar presente e entregar-se em tudo aquilo que realiza. Essa visão se aproxima de conceitos utilizados na psicologia do esporte a respeito de estados ótimos de prontidão para o desempenho esportivo, apontados por alguns autores como ideais para a obtenção de resultados superiores. Essa aproximação, quando colocada sob o prisma da ideia de encontros potentes, nos permite reavaliar os aspectos estruturais que o conceito de potência possui no pensamento reichiano, assim como considerar a interferência dos processos transferenciais no desempenho esportivo, apontando para a ideia de que o desempenho esportivo não é afetado apenas por condições psíquicas individuais e isoladas do meio, mas especialmente pelo campo transferencial que se compõe no momento em que o desempenho ocorre / This theoretical investigation aim at the identification of approach points between the concept of orgastic potency, formulated by the Austrian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957), and sport performance. To achieve this intent we first try to focus on the concept´s development process, based on the writings in which Reich presents it and defines it. Then, we continue to search and exploit the set of shades and nuances that make up the particular vision that Reich gives to the term potency. Following, we seek to achieve this approach to sports performance with the support of researchers in this area, in order to establish a common ground of dialogue and point out similarities that allow a glimpse into sports performance through the light of Reich\'s work, with special emphasis on his vision of potency. Finally, we use the original contribution of Albertini (1997) about the \"potent encounters\" as a way to add elements to our reflection and offer contributions to the understanding of sports performance from the perspective of depth psychology. Understood primarily as the ability of an individual to surrender to the free flow of his sexual excitations in lovemaking, in order to achieve orgasm and so discharge their repressed libido, the evolution of this concept points to the use of the term potency in other dimensions of life. Thus, leading us to the understanding that potency, in Reich´s view, refers to the ability of human beings to surrender and be present in everything they do in life. This view is similar to some sport psychology´s concepts about optimal states and readiness for performance, pointed out by some authors as ideal for achieving superior results. This approach, when placed under the light of the potent encounter´s notion, allows us to re-evaluate the structural aspects that the potency concept has on Reich\'s thinking, as well as to consider the interference of transference processes in sports performance. With this we were able to point at the idea that sport performance are not influenced only by individual and isolated psychological conditions, but specially by the transference field composed at/in the moment the performance occurs

This work deals with the summarization of data about the conditions of qualification for particular sport branches and disciplines for the Olympic Games. The issues focus on the 2016 summer Olympics. The aim of the theoretic part is to briefly introduce the history of the Olympics, the division of controlling authorities of international Olympic movement and the contribution of Olympic Games. Further are mentioned Olympic sports and disciplines, qualification of athletes for XXXI. Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro in 2016, the attendance of athletes and the programme of the Olympics. The theoretic part ends with the chapter about evaluation of the sport performance. As for the processing of the result part, the analysis of the documents, published by individual international sport federations. The method of controlled conversation was used for problematic questions, which appear during writing this work. The result part presents qualification criterions for all athletes, which were integrated into the programme of XXXI. summer Olympic Games. The discussion deals with the approval of my hypothesis that there are groups of sports, which had the same qualification for the Olympics in 2016. In conclusion, particular groups of sports are commented and the purpose of my work is assessed.

La réalisation d’une performance sportive dans un environnement chaud est un challenge majeur que doivent surmonter les athlètes de haut niveau notamment à l’occasion des Jeux Olympiques d’été. Depuis plusieurs décennies, les scientifiques ont tenté de trouver des solutions innovantes. Parmi les réponses proposées, on distingue aujourd’hui le refroidissement corporel préalable ou consécutif à l’effort (le pré et le post-cooling, respectivement), qui permettrait de minimiser les risques d’hyperthermie et améliorerait la récupération de l’athlète. Cependant, les modalités d’utilisation de ces méthodes et leur efficacité font l’objet de conclusions pour le moins contradictoires en raison notamment des techniques de refroidissement mises en œuvre (refroidissement par immersion, vêtements thermorégulants, brumisation…), de la durée d’application, du type d’exercice réalisé et des conditions environnementales explorées. La préparation des Jeux Olympiques à Pékin, en Août 2008, a été une occasion unique de faire un état de l’art sur les méthodes existantes. Nous avons testé chez des cyclistes de haut niveau l’hypothèse selon laquelle une stratégie de refroidissement utilisant une veste garnie d’accumulateurs thermiques permettrait d’améliorer le confort thermique et la performance lors d’un exercice de type anaérobie (Wingate test) et lors d’une épreuve d’endurance de 20 minutes. L’étude menée sur le test de Wingate ne montre aucun effet significatif du pré-cooling sur le pic de puissance ni sur la puissance moyenne mais permet néanmoins d’améliorer significativement (P < 0,05) l’indice de fatigue des athlètes testés. Sur l’épreuve de 20 minutes, le pré-cooling permet une amélioration significative (P < 0,05) de la puissance moyenne développée, du confort thermique et une baisse significative des températures cutanées et rectales. Une autre étude portant sur l’influence de différents maillots sur les réponses physiologiques et perceptives de coureurs cyclistes a montré qu’un maillot constitué de larges mailles offrait un meilleur confort thermique en diminuant significativement (P < 0,05) la température cutanée, mais sans modifier la perception de l’effort. Les bénéfices observés chez les cyclistes de haut niveau nous ont orientés vers la mise en œuvre d’un protocole similaire appliqué à des personnes atteintes de pathologies affectant la thermorégulation. Ainsi, nous avons débuté un protocole de recherche clinique exploratoire visant à étudier les effets du port d’une veste thermorégulante sur les performances motrices et cognitives de patients atteints de sclérose en plaques. Ce protocole, qui a obtenu l’accord du Comité de Protection des Personnes du Grand Est –II, devrait commencer fin 2012. / Abstract: Exercising in the heat and high relative humidity is a major challenge that athletes have to overcome, especially during the summer Olympic Games. For decades, scientists investigated innovative solutions amongst which the body cooling before competing (pre-cooling) or after competing (post-cooling) seemed to be a valuable mean of minimizing hyperthermia threats and increasing the recovery of the athletes. However, contradictory results have been reported concerning body cooling protocols (cold water immersion, cooling vests, water sprays, etc.), exposure time, exercise duration, environmental conditions and their efficiency. By preparing the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, we managed to review the existing literature on those methods. We hypothesized that a cooling vest combined with a cooling headband would increase thermal comfort of elite cyclists and their performances on an anaerobic (Wingate Test) and endurance (20 minutes time-trial) exercises. The Wingate Test study showed no significant effect of pre-cooling on peak or mean power output despite a significant increase (P < 0.05) of fatigue indexes. During the endurance study, pre-cooling maneuvers induced significant improvement (P < 0.05) of the mean power output, of the thermal comfort and a significant decrease in rectal and skin temperatures. Another study concerning the influence of wearing different cycling shirt on perceived and physiological responses of cyclists showed that a large knitted shirt provided a better thermal comfort by decreasing significantly (P < 0.05) skin temperatures, but without affecting perceived exertion. Those positive results on elite athletes lead us to apply similar cooling strategies on a population experiencing disease-related thermoregulation troubles. We decided to initiate an exploratory clinical study aiming at investigating the effects of a cooling vest on motor and cognitive skills of patients with multiple sclerosis disease. This protocol obtained the clearance of the French National Ethics Committee – East Section II, and should start on the late of 2012.

Title: Analysis of the World Championships 2005-2017 Objectives: The main aim of this thesis is to analyse the sport performance of solo figure skaters in the World Championships. After that changes in development of these performances of women and men skaters are researched. Another aim is to predict the development of sport performance of figure skaters in the next four years. Methods: In creating this thesis methods of correlation and regression analysis, literature research on the basis of content analysis and personal experience in the field of the research have been used. Results: This thesis confirms the increasing tendency of sport performance in single skating in the World Championships. The greates portion of the increase falls on the increasing difficulty of the included jumping emelent. The prediction of acquired points for the best man in the World Championships ain 2018 is 216 points with probability 83 % and for best lady, it is 153 points with probability 74 %. Keywords: points for elements, figure skating, new judging system, program components, sport performance

The purpose of this study was to examine effects of a Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC) intervention on football performance, mindfulness, emotional regulation, performance anxiety and psychological illness (general anxiety, depression and emotional/physical fatigue) compared to an active control group over time. Effects of the intervention were measured through a quantitative survey at three measure points, pre and post (immediately after) the intervention together with a two months follow up. The participants were young elite football players (n = 44, Mage = 16.8, SD = 0.65) from the same senior high school. The participants were divided into four groups, one experiment group and one control group for each of the sexes. The intervention consisted of six sessions spread over six weeks, where the experiment group took part of the MAC intervention and the control group went through a group dynamic intervention. Mix-model ANOVA showed no significant difference in effect for any variable, thus no differences between the experiment group and the control group. This suggest that MAC has no additional effects on football performance and psychological illness compared to a group dynamics intervention.

Title: Verification of the effects of hyperoxia on the result in a test simulating performance in a team sprint on SkiErg skiing simulator. Objectives: The work aims to verify the effect of hyperoxia on the result in a test simulating performance in a team sprint on SkiErg skiing simulator. Methods: This is a qualitative research conducted by comparing hart rate, power in watts and lactate in ten probands. Values measured after inhalation of concentrated oxygen and placebo were compared. Results: There was no positive effect from meansurements of the heart rate, power in watts and lactate after concentration of inhaled oxygen and placebo on the SkiErg simulator. We concluded that the effect of inhalated concentrated oxygen Was in our test statistically insignificant. Keywords: Cross-country skiing, strengh, hyperoxia, heart rate, lactate

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of emotion regulation and rumination in the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and self-assessed performance. A total of 89 soccer players (72 male, 17 women; Mage = 28.75, SD =3.283 years) participated. A quantitative longitudinal design (three-time measures within a four-week period) was conducted where the independent and dependent variables, as well as the two potential mediators were measured using Rumination Reflection Questionnaire, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Athlete Mindfulness Questionnaire and Sport Performance Questionnaire. The results showed a significant indirect effect of dispositional mindfulness on self-assessed performance through both emotion regulation and rumination. These findings indicate that emotion regulation and rumination mediate the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and self-assessed performance in the examined sample. Findings are to be taken with caution given the homogeneous sample of athletes considered and the use of a subjective measure of performance. Further research should focus on a more targeted group and use a more objective performance measure, as well as a sport specific rumination scale. / Syftet med den föreliggande studien var att undersöka rollen av emotionsreglering och ältande mellan dispositionell mindfulness and självskattad idrottsprestation. Totalt 89 fotbollsspelare (72 män, 17 kvinnor; Målder = 28.75, SD = 12.28 år) deltog i studien. Studien var av kvantitativ longitudinell design (tre mättillfällen under en fyra veckors period) där den oberoende variabeln, den beroende variabeln och två potentiella mediatorer undersöktes med hjälp av Rumination Reflection Questionnaire, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Athlete Mindfulness Questionnaire och Sport Performance Questionnaire. Resultaten visade signifikant indirekt effekt av dispositionell mindfulness på självskattad idrottsprestation genom både ältande och emotionsreglering. Resultaten indikerar att ältande och emotionsreglering medierar förhållandet mellan dispositionell mindfulness och självskattad idrottsprestation i det undersökta urvalet. Det diskuteras att atleter med karaktärsdrag att vara medvetna dagligen är mer benägna att effektivt reglera deras negativa emotioner. Det diskuteras dessutom att atleter med en högre grad av ältande tankar har mer negativ idrottsprestation än atleter med lägre grad av ältande tankar. Resultaten bör tolkas med försiktighet med tanke på att undersökningen gjordes på en homogen grupp av fotbollsspelare med ett subjektivt mått av prestation. Framtida forskning bör fokusera på en mer bestämd grupp för att öka reliabiliteten och använda mer objektiva mått på prestation, samt använda ett idrottsspecifikt instrument för att mäta ältande.

Subject: The knowledge of the sport performance structure with individual identification of the sport training model is a prerequisite for the effective management of sport training. Achieving the sports top limit performance in sport is possible by adapting the training plan to the athlete's individuality by his physiological and psychological prerequisites. To achieve the highest sports performance, sports training analysis is an indispensable tool for international competitiveness. This case study deals with the description of sports training models identified by the composition and dynamics of the training load predictors. A retrospective longitudinal study provides with insights into the possibilities of influencing sports training, which made national, Czech, records on the course of 800 m men and 3,000 m of women's steeplechase. Probandé (n=2) at the age of 21 (runner 1) and 28 resp. 29 years old (runner 2) reached limiting sports performances. The track record dates originates from 1995 to 2012. Runners were participants or medalists from top world or European athletic competitions. Objectiv: The aim of the thesis is to identify retrospectively through the found predictors, by whom were reached limit sports performance and sporting performance in the middle distances run. Methods: The...

För att kunna prestera bra under fysiskt krävande ishockeymatcher krävs det att spelarna harhög maximal benstyrka och en hög explosiv förmåga. Bilaterala knäböj är en erkänd och välspridd övning för att förbättra power och muskelstyrka i benen. Unilaterala knäböj är än mersportspecifika för ishockeyn. Vid en isokinetisk rörelse är hastigheten förutbestämd ochdärmed konstant medan kraften kan förändras under rörelsen. De flesta isokinetiska systemhar varit designade för unilaterala isolerade övningar, men gällande isokinetiskaflerledsövningar så som knäböj tycks det inte finnas någon forskning om i nuläget.Studiens syfte var att undersöka effekten av sex veckors unilateral styrketräning (knäböj),antingen genom traditionell eller genom isokinetisk träning, på power i unilaterala ochbilaterala jump squats och 17.3 m sprinttid på is hos manliga juniorishockeyspelare.20 manliga ishockeyspelare på elitnivå, 18-19 år gamla, delades slumpmässigt in i två olikaträningsgrupper. Den ena gruppen (QG) utförde isokinetiska unilaterala knäböj i 1080Quantum med 110o vinkel i knäleden, medan den andra gruppen (SG) utförde traditionellaunilaterala knäböj i Smithmaskin med 110o vinkel i knäleden. Träningsperioden varade undersex veckor. Båda grupperna genomförde för- och eftertester bestående av sprinttest på is ochpeak power för unilaterala och bilaterala jump squats.QG visar en signifikant förbättring i peak power utfört på två ben (p=0,004). SG visar ensignifikant förbättring i unilaterala knäböj utfört på höger ben (p=0,018). QG hade en tendenstill signifikant förbättring i issprint (p=0,059).Isokinetiska unilaterala knäböj i Smithmaskin med en koncentrisk hastighet på 0,2meter/sekund och en excentrisk hastighet på maximalt 4,0 meter/sekund och en maximalkraftinsats är ett effektivt sätt att förbättra power på två ben och eventuellt också för attförbättra sprinthastigheten vid issprint för ishockeyspelare. Om isokinetiska unilaterala knäböjär en effektivare metod för att förbättra power jämfört med traditionella unilaterala knäböj iSmithmaskin med maximal hastighet är det svårt att dra slutsatser om från denna studiesresultat. / Ice-hockey are physically demanding. To be able to perform during a game it is required thatthe players have a high maximum leg strength and power. A bilateral squat is a valid and widespread exercise for improving muscle strength and power in the legs. Even more specific forice-hockey is the unilateral squat. During an isokinetic movement the velocity is pre-set andtherefore constant, while the force can be altered during the movement. Most isokineticsystems have been designed for unilateral training, but in terms of isokinetic multi-jointexercises, such as the squat, there seems to be no research until this day.The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of six weeks unilateral strength training(squat), either through traditional or isokinetic training, on power-output and 17.3 m sprinttime on ice among male junior ice-hockey players.20 elite male ice-hockey players, 18-19 years of age, was randomly divided in two differenttraining groups. One group (QG) did isokinetic unilateral squats in 1080 Quantum, with anangle of 110o degrees in the knee joint. The other group (SG) did traditional unilateral squatsin a Smith-machine, also with an angle of 110o degrees in the knee joint. The period oftraining was set to six weeks. Both groups participated in pre- and post-tests consisting ofsprint on ice and peak power in unilateral and bilateral jump squats.A significant improvement was seen with QG in peak power performed on both legs(p=0,004). SG had a significant improvement in unilateral squat performed on the right leg(p=0,018). A tendency to significant improvement was seen with QG in the ice-sprint(p=0,059).Isokinetic unilateral squat in a Smith-machine with a concentric velocity set to 0,2m/sec andan eccentric velocity set to 4,0m/sec with a maximum force is an effective exercise toimprove power-output on two legs, perhaps also to improve sprint ability on ice, among icehockeyplayers. It is difficult to draw conclusion about the results from this study whetherisokinetic unilateral squats is an effective method to improve the power compared totraditional unilateral squats in a Smith-machine with maximum speed.