This report is a technical verification and validation of Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) over Very High Frequency Data Link Mode 4 (VDL Mode 4) for the use as surveillance in terminal areas and en-route airspace in non-radar areas. The main objective is to verify that ADS-B/VDL Mode 4 fulfils the technical requirements for an implementation at Kiruna airport, Sweden. Comparison has been made to the current requirements for Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR). The work in this report has been conducted in three phases: preliminary study, tests and verification and validation. During the preliminary study documents primarily from EUROCONTROL and ICAO were used to find out which requirements that were applicable. The next part consisted of both practical tests and theoretical verification of the VDL Mode 4 performance. Finally the results from the tests were validated and put together in this report. Main conclusion from this report is that ADS-B/VDL Mode 4 fulfils the corresponding SSR requirements. Therefore ADS-B/VDL Mode 4 should be able to serve as primary mean for surveillance in non-radar areas. The results from this report will constitute a part of the technical subset of future safety case for ADS-B in non-radar areas. The complete safety case will be used to authorize ADS-B/VDL Mode 4 in non-radar airspace, both in Sweden and internationally.

This report is a technical verification and validation of Traffic Information Service Broadcast (TIS-B) using the data link VDL Mode 4. The main objective of the report is to examine the usefulness of TIS-B considering the results from tests performed in the Stockholm Terminal Area and for the Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (A-SMGCS) at Arlanda airport. The results are compared with the requirements that have been set by the standardisation organisations ICAO, RTCA, Eurocontrol and Eurocae. TIS-B is however such a new concept, so most of the operational requirements have not yet been defined. The process for performing the evaluation of TIS-B involves three stages: · Study the requirements on TIS-B, ADS-B, radar and A-SMGCS. · Verify TIS-B by performing tests at Arlanda airport. · Validate the test results through analysis. A theoretical study of slot allocation optimisation is performed to decide how the slot allocation is to be implemented. The report includes a Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA). The FHA is done to see if the applications for TIS-B are ready for implementation or if more hazard preventing actions has to be taken, before any operational actions can be performed. The report also involves a theoretical introduction to Air Traffic Management (ATM), Surveillance techniques and TIS-B. All parts included in the report results in conclusions and recommendations regarding the TIS-B service.

ABSTRACT Triticum sphaerococcum (AABBDD, 2n = 6x = 42) is a land race of wheat known from the Indian subcontinent. It has several favourable characters including short and strong culms, hemispherical grains with a shallow crease (that may increase the yield of white flour), higher protein content compared to bread wheat (T. aestivum), and resistance to drought, and yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis. However, an unfavourable characteristic of T. sphaerococcum is its lower yield compared to bread wheat. Being a land race, the sphaerococcum wheat is poorly studied. This study was undertaken to increase knowledge of the physiology and genetics of this land race and determine if it may be possible to separate the favourable characters of T. sphaerococcum from its unfavourable characters. Plant height in bread wheat is controlled by many genes. ‘Reduced Height’ (Rht) genes which differ in their response to externally applied gibberellic acid (GA3) are responsible for the short stature of modern bread wheat varieties. Therefore, GA3 was used to probe the relationship between the semidwarf sphaerococcum phenotype and the Rht gene. T. sphaerococcum variety Sp5 showed a unique “seedling response” to externally applied GA3 when compared with T. aestivum varieties harbouring Rht1, Rht2, Rht8, Rht12, Rht13 or Rht18 alleles. A mapping population of doubled haploids was generated through wide hybridisation of F1 (Sp5 x Otane) with Zea mays. A genome-wide scan of Sp5 and Otane (parents) using 348 microsatellite (SSR) markers showed that only 169 of these markers (49%) were polymorphic between the parents. A DArT profiling yielded 348 markers that were polymorphic between the parents. Microsatellite markers and DArT markers were used to create a genetic map. The mapping population was phenotyped and a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was performed for component traits of the complex sphaerococcum trait including plant height, spike length, awn length, yield, grain shape and crease size. Results of the QTL analysis indicated that it may be difficult to separate the favourable characters of T. sphaerococcum from its unfavourable characters through mutation because the component traits of the complex sphaerococcum trait may be under pleiotropic control of the Sp gene. The hypothesis that T. sphaerococcum originated through a mutation in T. aestivum was tested through induced mutation using gamma rays. Mutants from sphaerococcum-type to aestivum-type were isolated and phenotyped. Sphaerococcum-type mutants also were isolated and characterised from mutated aestivum-type wheat suggesting a possible origin of T. sphaerococcum through a mutation in T. aestivum.

Les variétés traditionnelles de vigne nécessitent de très nombreux traitements phytosanitaires pour lutter contre les maladies cryptogamiques qui touchent leurs parties herbacées, comme le mildiou et l’oïdium, causés par Plasmopara viticola et Erysiphe necator respectivement. Ces traitements, coûteux et préjudiciables pour l'environnement, pourraient être réduits par l’emploi de variétés résistantes. La vigne cultivée européenne (Vitis vinifera, 2n=38) est très sensible au mildiou et à l'oïdium. En conséquence, la résistance doit être introduite à partir d’autres Vitaceae ayant un niveau de résistance plus élevé à ces maladies. Plusieurs origines de résistance ont déjà été observées et inventoriées, en particulier chez l’espèce d’origine américaine Muscadinia rotundifolia (2n=40). Ces facteurs sont d'un intérêt majeur pour la sélection de variétés résistantes. Cependant, lors du processus d'introgression, des difficultés à obtenir des pépins viables en F1 ainsi que des anomalies phénotypiques dans les descendances en rétrocroisement ont été constatées. Afin d’optimiser la gestion des résistances provenant de cette espèce dans les programmes d’amélioration variétale, il est nécessaire de comprendre l’organisation génétique et génomique de M. rotundifolia, et de compléter la connaissance des facteurs de résistance issus de cette espèce. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de la thèse sont : (i) de réaliser une analyse comparative des génomes de V. vinifera et M. rotundifolia et (ii) d’identifier de nouveaux facteurs de résistance chez M. rotundifolia utilisables à terme en sélection. Pour cela, une carte génétique de M. rotundifolia a été développée à partir d’une population de 200 individus issue de l’autofécondation de M. rotundifolia cv. Regale. Parallèlement, la même population a été testée pour son niveau de résistance au mildiou et à l’oïdium. Une carte génétique couvrant 950 cM a été réalisée. Elle comprend 191 marqueurs microsatellites répartis sur les 20 chromosomes de M. rotundifolia, et permet de conclure à un niveau de macrosynténie très élevé avec V. vinifera. Le groupe de liaison 20 de M. rotundifolia correspondrait à la partie inférieure du groupe de liaison 7 de V. vinifera. Par ailleurs, un QTL de résistance au mildiou a été détecté sur le groupe de liaison 18 de M. rotundifolia, au niveau d’une région riche en gènes de type NBS-LRR, et un nouveau QTL de résistance majeur à la l’oïdium a été mis en évidence sur le groupe de liaison 14 de M. rotundifolia. Ce QTL, nommé Ren5 pour ‘Resistance to Erysiphe necator 5’, montre une action précoce dans l’arrêt de la croissance du mycélium du pathogène, dès l’établissement des premiers stades de biotrophie du champignon. De plus, le QTL Ren5 a été confronté à deux souches supplémentaires d’E. necator, appartenant aux deux groupes d’oïdium retrouvés dans vignobles européens, contre lesquelles il reste efficace. Les données de cartographie génétique générées pour M. rotundifolia dans ce travail, ainsi que la mise en évidence de Ren5 et de son mode d’action, permettront d’améliorer la gestion des facteurs de résistance issus de cette espèce pour la sélection de variétés résistantes au mildiou et à l’oïdium. / Grapevine requires numerous harmful plant-health treatments, in particular to control downy and powdery mildews, caused by Plasmopara viticola and Erysiphe necator, respectively. One way to reduce the use of fungicides in viticulture is to create resistant grapevine cultivars. European cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera, 2n=38) is susceptible to mildews, whereas related species such as Muscadinia rotundifolia (2n=40) exhibit high levels of resistance. In breeding programs, resistance factors from these related species are introduced into the susceptible elite varieties. Nevertheless, difficulties in obtaining viable seeds in the siblings of Vitis x Muscadinia crosses are observed. In order to optimize the management of resistance factors from M. rotundifolia in breeding programs, it is necessary to understand the genomic organisation of this species, and to complete the knowledge of these factors. Thus, the main objectives of this work are : (i) making a comparative analysis of V. vinifera and M. rotundifolia genomes and (ii) identifying new resistance factors from M. rotundifolia. For this purpose a framework genetic map of M. rotundifolia cv. Regale has been created, using a 200 individual S1 population. This population has also been screened for its resistance to downy and powdery mildew. A 950 cM genetic map has been generated, including 191 SSR markers distributed across the 20 chromosomes of M. rotundifolia. A high level of macrosynteny has been observed between the Muscadinia map and the genetic maps available for V. vinifera. Linkage group (LG) 20 of M. rotundifolia matches with the lower part of V. vinifera LG7. Furthermore, a QTL for resistance to downy mildew has been identified on M. rotundifolia LG18, and a major QTL for resistance to powdery mildew has been mapped on LG14. The latest, called Ren5 for ‘Resistance to Erysiphe necator 5’, acts during an early stage to stop E. necator’s mycelium growth, since the first stages of biotrophy have been established for the fungus. Moreover, Ren5 has been confronted to two additional powdery mildew strains, belonging to the two European groups of E. necator, and it remained efficient. Gathering knowledge about the genetic organization of M. rotundifolia, and the mechanism and spectrum of action of newly identified resistance factors such as Ren5, will be useful to optimize the management of M. rotundifolia resistance traits in breeding programs aiming to create new resistant varieties to downy and powdery mildews

Rozptýlená výroba elektrické energie využívající obnovitelné zdroje, jako je sluneční energie, přispívá ke snížení emisí skleníkových plynů. Z hlediska provozu distribuční soustavy je také výhodné, aby energie byla primárně spotřebována v místě výroby. To je částečně možné přizpůsobením spotřeby, ale především využitím akumulačních systémů. V této práci je představen hybridní systém složený z fotovoltaické elektrárny, akumulátoru elektrické energie a akumulátoru tepelné energie. Výběr a parametry všech částí hybridního systému jsou popsány v práci. Akumulátor elektrické energie je navržen a sestaven z LiNiMnCoO2 článků a řídícího systému zajišťujícího bezpečný provoz. Řídicí systém akumulátoru (BMS) zajistí odpojení baterie, pokud je překročen některý z provozních parametrů baterie. Návrh baterie i sestavy je popsán v práci. Akumulátor tepelné energie sestává z výkonového spínače a nádrže na teplou vodu s topnou patronou pro odporový ohřev vody. Na základě rešerše komerčně používaných zařízení pro regulaci příkonu byly definovány jejich nedostatky a na základě nich bylo navrženo optimální řešení. Řešení spočívá v použití komerčního polovodičového spínacího prvku. Pro tento výkonový spínací prvek byla vytvořena zpětnovazební řídící smyčka s regulátorem výkonu, který byl implementován v prostředí softwaru LabVIEW. V práci je také uveden postup návrhu chladiče spínacího prvku a LCL filtru, který je klíčový pro splnění požadavků elektromagnetické kompatibility. V druhé části práce je popsán návrh nadřazeného řídícího algoritmu, jehož úkolem je řídit výkonové toky v hybridním systému tak, aby byly splněny požadavky definované jak uživatelem, tak i okamžitým stavem akumulátorů. Algoritmus byl implementován v prostředí LabVIEW. Funkčnost celého systému byla ověřena měřením v laboratorních podmínkách. Z výsledků plyne, že nadřazený řídící algoritmus funguje správně. Řídící smyčka tepelného akumulátoru je stabilní a reguluje zátěž na požadovanou hodnotu. Přidanou hodnotou je kratší reakční doba na změnu toku výkonu oproti hybridnímu měniči a díky tomu dochází k minimalizaci přetoků elektrické energie do distribuční sítě. Na práci je možné navázat rozšířením stávajícího algoritmu o možnost řízení/ovládání více typů akumulačních jednotek a generátorů nebo implementováním odlišných strategií řízení.

The swift shift of the automotive industry towards electrification is primarily propelled by technological advancements in battery technology. To stay competitive and meet the new demands of the industry, there is a crucial need for novel ideas and innovation. Higher energy density and lower cost makes Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) competitive and affordable for a wider range of customers. Component space requirements inside a BEV as well as the growing trend towards increasing the voltage of the system from 400 V to 800 V poses new challenges that has to be overcome. Mechanical contactors have the advantage of being simple and easy to use, with low conductive losses. However, they have some drawbacks, such as poor performance when switching under load, limitedability to interrupt fault currents and large controlpower usage. To address these issues, a bidirectional MOSFET configuration can be used to replace the current system. This configuration provides enhanced abilities to quickly suppress fault current, improve robustness, eliminate mechanical failure points, and perform pre-charge sequences without the need for a dedicated branch. Additionally, this configuration maintains current performance in a smaller volume. Within the Battery distribution unit (BDU), this configuration replaces several components, such as thermal fuses, HV contactors, pre-charge relays,pre-charge resistors, and breaker/pyro-fuses with high voltage solid-state components. This study aims to propose potential mitigation methods through a combination of literature survey and comprehensive analysis using Simscape/-MATLAB Simulink models of a fully operational BDU utilizing readily available market components for a 1.2 kV system. The developed model illustrates the thermaland electrical performance of solid-state components in diverse testing scenarios, while maintaining their expected lifecycle. Additionally, sensitivity analysis is conducted using the proposed model to identify themost crucial design parameters within the system. The resulting system performs satisfactory during normal operations, albeit with ten times higher conductive losses attributed to the elevated junction resistance when compared to contactors.Consequently, additional cooling measures are required during harsh operations and DC fast charge. However, the required magnitization energy for a contactor does over time equate or even surpass the MOSFETs conductive losses. The design has established the feasibility of leveraging the primary switchfor pre-charge sequence execution, thus eliminating the need for a dedicated pre-charge branch. The system exhibits strong potential for interrupting both resistive and direct shorts at various locations in the model. However, the low system inductance and the need to avoid introducing any additional inductance into the system renders fault scenarios heavily dependent on said parameter. In conclusion, the proposed model exhibits considerable potential to eliminate numerous auxiliary components therefore reducing losses and offer a more adaptable and consolidated solution. Resulting in a smaller physical footprint and more favorable positioning within the BDU. Moreover, the financial analysis of the system highlights promising prospects for its integration into the drivetrain with the growingmarket trends.

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In this thesis, the focus is on studying BaZrO3-BaCeO3 based proton conductors due to that they represent very promising proton conductors to be used for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (ITSOFCs). Here, dense BaZr0.5Ce0.3Y0.2O3-δ (BZCY532) ceramics were selected as the major studied materials. These ceramics were prepared by different sintering methods and doping strategies. Based on achieved results, the thesis work can simply be divided into the following parts: 1) An improved synthesis method, which included a water-based milling procedure followed by a freeze-drying post-processing, was presented. A lowered calcination and sintering temperature for a Hf0.7Y0.3O2-δ (YSH) compound was achieved. The value of the relative density in this work was higher than previously reported data. It is also concluded that this improved method can be used for mass-production of ceramics. 2) As the solid-state reactive sintering (SSRS) represent a cost-effective sintering method, the sintering behaviors of proton conductors BaZrxCe0.8-xLn0.2O3-δ (x = 0.8, 0.5, 0.1; Ln = Y, Sm, Gd, Dy) during the SSRS process were investigated. According to the obtained results, it was found that the sintering temperature will decrease, when the Ce content increases from 0 (BZCLn802) to 0.3 (BZCLn532) and 0.7 (BZCLn172). Moreover, the radii of the dopant ions similar to the radii of Zr4+ or Ce4+ ions show a better sinterability. This means that it is possible to obtain dense ceramics at a lower temperature. Moreover, the conductivities of dense BZCLn532 ceramics were determined. The conductivity data indicate that dense BZCY532 ceramics are good candidates as either oxygen ion conductors or proton conductors used for ITSOFCs. 3) The effect of NiO on the sintering behaviors, morphologies and conductivities of BZCY532 based electrolytes were systematically investigated. According to the achieved results, it can be concluded that the dense BZCY532B ceramics (NiO was added during ball-milling before a powder mixture calcination) show an enhanced oxygen and proton conductivity. Also, that BZCY532A (NiO was added after a powder mixture calcination) and BZCY532N (No NiO was added in the whole preparation procedures) showed lower values. In addition, dense BZCY532B and BZCY532N ceramics showed only small electronic conductivities, when the testing temperature was lower than 800 ℃. However, the BZCY532A ceramics revealed an obvious electronic conduction, when they were tested in the range of 600 ℃ to 800 ℃. Therefore, it is preferable to add the NiO powder during the BZCY532 powder preparation, which can lower the sintering temperature and also increase the conductivity. 4) Dense BZCY532 ceramics were successfully prepared by using the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) method at a temperature of 1350 ℃ with a holding time of 5 min. It was found that a lower sintering temperature (&lt; 1400 ℃) and a very fast cooling rate (&gt; 200 ℃/min) are two key parameters to prepare dense BZCY532 ceramics. These results confirm that the SPS technique represents a feasible and cost-effective sintering method to prepare dense Ce-containing BaZrO3-BaCeO3 based proton conductors. 5) Finally, a preliminary study for preparation of Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-δ (SDC) and BZCY532 basedcomposite electrolytes was carried out. The novel SDC-BZCY532 based composite electrolytes were prepared by using the powder mixing and co-sintering method. The sintering behaviors, morphologies and ionic conductivities of the composite electrolytes were investigated. The obtained results show that the composite electrolyte with a composition of 60SDC-40BZCY532 has the highest conductivity. In contrast, the composite electrolyte with a composition of 40SDC-60BZCY532 shows the lowest conductivity. In summary, the results show that BaZrO3-BaCeO3 based proton-conducting ceramic materials represent very promising materials for future ITSOFCs electrolyte applications. / <p>QC 20150423</p>

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