Fokus på hållbarhet i företag ökat kraftigt på senare år. Ett resultat av denna hållbarhetsutveckling är GRI (Global Reporting Initiative), en organisation som utvecklar ramverk och ger vägledning för innehållet i företagens hållbarhetsredovisningar. Svenska Regeringen på initiativ av Maud Olofsson var först i världen med att kräva att alla svenska statliga företag, från och med räkenskapsåret 2008, ska upprätta en externt granskad hållbarhetsredovisning i enighet med GRI:s riktlinjer G3.  Den här studien syftar till att undersöka hur de svenska statliga företagen har påverkats av regeringens nya krav.   Studien innefattar en undersökning av sju statliga företag som idag redovisar hållbarhet i enighet med GRI:s riktlinjer. En kvalitativ fallstudie har använts för undersökningen. Efter intervjuer med företagen kan det fastslås att det nya regeringskravet till viss del är en kostsam process. Det kan även konstateras att redovisning enligt GRI:s riktlinjer medför positiva förändringar i företagens interna processer. Företagen har även blivit mer medvetna om vilken påverkan de har på den hållbara utvecklingen. / Focus on sustainability in companies has increased sharply the last couple of years. A result of this development in sustainability is GRI (Global Reporting Initiative), an organization that develops frames and gives guidance for sustainability reports in the companies. The Swedish government on the initiative of Minister Maud Olofsson was first in the world to demand that all Swedish state-owned companies, from the fiscal year 2008, shall establish an externally audited sustainability reports in agreement with the GRI guidelines G3. This study aims to examine how the Swedish state-owned companies have been affected by the new government requirements.   The study includes an examination of seven state-owned companies, which today reports sustainability in agreement with GRI guidelines. A qualitative case study has been used for the thesis. After interviews with companies it can be stated that the new governmental requirement in some extent is a costly process. It can also be noted that accounting in accordance to GRI guidelines leads to positive changes in the companies internal processes. The companies have also become more aware of the impact they have on sustainable development.

Bakgrund: I Sverige ska de statligt ägda bolagen från och med den första januari 2008, upprätta en hållbarhetsredovisning. Motsvarande skyldighet finns inte för icke-reglerade bolag, dessa kan dock frivilligt välja att presentera hållbarhetsinformation. Institutionell teori menar att organisationer inom en institution efterliknar varandra som ett reslutat av samhällets påtryckningar. Regeringens riktlinjer gällande en obligatorisk hållbarhetsredovisning för statliga bolag skulle på så sätt kunna resultera i en indirekt reglering av de icke-reglerade företagen. De undersökta bolagen i denna studie är det statliga bolaget Vattenfall AB samt de icke-reglerade bolagen E.ON Sverige AB, Tekniska Verken i Linköping AB och Mälarenergi AB. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka huruvida de fyra undersökningsföretagen kan ha påverkats av Regeringens riktlinjer för en obligatorisk hållbarhetsredovisning för statliga bolag. Avsikten är även att utifrån de tre icke-reglerade bolagen synliggöra situationer där riktlinjerna indirekt skulle kunna påverka. Metod: Uppsatsen är en kvalitativ tvärsnittsstudie av de fyra bolagen. En litteraturstudie av företagens hållbarhetsredovisningar och kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Slutsats: Vattenfall har genom en tvingande isomorfi blivit direkt reglerade då de valt att samtycka till Regeringens riktlinjer. Uppsatsens insamlade empiri indikerar att det finns två eventuella situationer där Regeringens riktlinjer indirekt skulle kunna påverka de icke-reglerade bolagens hållbarhetsredovisningar; (1) genom en ökad mediebelysning av publicering av Regeringens riktlinjer och (2) genom benchmarking gentemot andra företag. / Background: In Sweden the state-owned companies are as of January 1st 2008 directly bounded to establish a sustainability report. There is no equivalent legislation available for the non-regulated companies, they may however voluntarily choose to present sustainability information. Institutional theory argues that organizations within an institution resemble each other as a result of the society’s social pressure. The Government’s guidelines regarding a mandatory sustainability report for state-owned companies could result in an indirect regulation of the non-regulated companies. The companies featured in this study is the state-owned company Vattenfall AB and the three non-regulated companies E.ON Sverige AB, Tekniska Verken i Linköping AB and Mälarenergi AB. Purpose: The aim of this paper is to examine whether there is a possibility that the four chosen companies can have been affected by the Government’s guidelines. The purpose is also to highlight possible situations where the guidelines indirect could affect the non-regulated companies.Method: This essay is a qualitative cross-sectional study of the four companies. A literature review of the companies’ sustainability reports and qualitative semi-structured interviews has been conducted. Results: Vattenfall has through a coercive isomorphism become directly regulated, because they have chosen to acquiescence to the Governments guidelines. The study’s empirical data indicates two possible situations where the guidelines could indirect affect the non-regulated companies; (1) through increased media attention of the publication of the Guidelines and (2) through impact through benchmarking.

<p>Fokus på hållbarhet i företag ökat kraftigt på senare år. Ett resultat av denna hållbarhetsutveckling är GRI (Global Reporting Initiative), en organisation som utvecklar ramverk och ger vägledning för innehållet i företagens hållbarhetsredovisningar. Svenska Regeringen på initiativ av Maud Olofsson var först i världen med att kräva att alla svenska statliga företag, från och med räkenskapsåret 2008, ska upprätta en externt granskad hållbarhetsredovisning i enighet med GRI:s riktlinjer G3.  Den här studien syftar till att undersöka hur de svenska statliga företagen har påverkats av regeringens nya krav.</p><p> </p><p>Studien innefattar en undersökning av sju statliga företag som idag redovisar hållbarhet i enighet med GRI:s riktlinjer. En kvalitativ fallstudie har använts för undersökningen. Efter intervjuer med företagen kan det fastslås att det nya regeringskravet till viss del är en kostsam process. Det kan även konstateras att redovisning enligt GRI:s riktlinjer medför positiva förändringar i företagens interna processer. Företagen har även blivit mer medvetna om vilken påverkan de har på den hållbara utvecklingen.</p> / <p>Focus on sustainability in companies has increased sharply the last couple of years. A result of this development in sustainability is GRI (Global Reporting Initiative), an organization that develops frames and gives guidance for sustainability reports in the companies. The Swedish government on the initiative of Minister Maud Olofsson was first in the world to demand that all Swedish state-owned companies, from the fiscal year 2008, shall establish an externally audited sustainability reports in agreement with the GRI guidelines G3. This study aims to examine how the Swedish state-owned companies have been affected by the new government requirements.</p><p> </p><p>The study includes an examination of seven state-owned companies, which today reports sustainability in agreement with GRI guidelines. A qualitative case study has been used for the thesis. After interviews with companies it can be stated that the new governmental requirement in some extent is a costly process. It can also be noted that accounting in accordance to GRI guidelines leads to positive changes in the companies internal processes. The companies have also become more aware of the impact they have on sustainable development.</p>

Submitted by Amelie Pedersen (ameliepedersen22@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-09T20:36:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Amelie Pedersen - The Impact of Corruption on the Performance of State-owned Companies - Case of Petrobras Brasil 14-04-2016 VF.pdf: 1430141 bytes, checksum: 82b174df20d7a214894eb1544bfc9f55 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2016-05-10T12:25:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Amelie Pedersen - The Impact of Corruption on the Performance of State-owned Companies - Case of Petrobras Brasil 14-04-2016 VF.pdf: 1430141 bytes, checksum: 82b174df20d7a214894eb1544bfc9f55 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-10T12:29:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amelie Pedersen - The Impact of Corruption on the Performance of State-owned Companies - Case of Petrobras Brasil 14-04-2016 VF.pdf: 1430141 bytes, checksum: 82b174df20d7a214894eb1544bfc9f55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-14 / State-owned companies are often considered as crucial components of a country’s economy. They are responsible for the creation of numerous jobs and are often providing essential services that require heavy capital investment. However, in countries with weak institutions where the accountability of politicians is poor and the management of SOEs’ financial resources undergo little control, officials are often inclined towards corruption. Huge amounts of public funds are easily diverted, and money which should have been invested in capital expenditure, in paying back company debt or in increasing shareholder return, are used to increase private patrimony or illegally fund political parties. Company performance suffers from such divestments as parts of the company’s profits are not reinvested in the company and as managers’ incentives are unaligned with shareholder interests. Petrobras, Latin America’s biggest company in terms of assets and annual revenues, suffered in 2014 and 2015 from an immense corruption scandal the economic impact of which is considerable, as investor confidence in Brazil weakened following the event. The scandal exposed an extensive corruption scheme through which contractors were colluding to increase prices of construction contracts, with the approval of Petrobras’ management who required in return either personal gains or funds for the Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT). The exposure of the scandal in the Brazilian press has had a great impact on Petrobras’ credibility as a firm: the company’s accounts were hiding immense irregularities as it had been paying too much for construction contracts which weren’t priced at market value. Throughout this paper, we will use the example of Petrobras to illustrate how corruption within State-Owned companies undermines company’s performance and how it impacts the company’s various stakeholders. / As empresas estatais são freqüentemente consideradas como componentes cruciais da economia de um país. Eles são responsáveis pela criação de vários postos de trabalho e proveem serviços essenciais que exigem um grande investimento de capital. Porém, em países com instituições fracas, onde a responsabilidade dos políticos é limitada e a gestão dos recursos financeiros das empresas estatais sofre pouco controle, os funcionários são muitas vezes tentados pela corrupção. Enormes quantidades de fundos públicos são facilmente desviados, e dinheiro que deveria ter sido investido nas despesas de capital, no pagamento de dívida da empresa ou no aumento do retorno para os acionistas, é usado para aumentar a riqueza privada de indivíduos ou para financiar ilegalmente partidos políticos. O desempenho da empresa sofre com essas alienações visto que parte dos lucros da empresa não são reinvestidos na empresa e dado que incentivos dos gestores estão desalinhados com os interesses dos acionistas. Petrobras, a maior empresa da América Latina em termos de ativos e receitas anuais, sofreu em 2014 e 2015 um escândalo de corrupção imenso, cujo impacto económico foi considerável, levando ao enfraquecimento da confiança de muitos investidores no Brasil após o evento. O escândalo expôs um extenso esquema de corrupção através do qual os contratantes foram conspirando para aumentar os preços de contratos de construção, com a aprovação da administração da Petrobras que pediu em troca ganhos pessoais ou fundos para o Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT). A exposição do escândalo na imprensa brasileira teve um grande impacto sobre a credibilidade da Petrobras: as contas da empresa estavam escondendo imensas irregularidades dado que a empresa tinha pago demais para os contratos de construção que não foram precificados no valor do mercado. Ao longo deste estudo, usamos o exemplo da Petrobras para ilustrar como a corrupção dentro empresas estatais prejudica o desempenho da empresa e como ela afeta as várias partes interessadas da empresa.

Submitted by Vinicius Cunha (vinicius.cunha@bndes.gov.br) on 2012-07-07T00:18:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Vinicius_Cunha.pdf: 923012 bytes, checksum: 1ff0887da097b2c17db75a8cbbc01b28 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-07-31T14:19:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Vinicius_Cunha.pdf: 923012 bytes, checksum: 1ff0887da097b2c17db75a8cbbc01b28 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-07-31T14:19:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Vinicius_Cunha.pdf: 923012 bytes, checksum: 1ff0887da097b2c17db75a8cbbc01b28 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-31T14:20:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Vinicius_Cunha.pdf: 923012 bytes, checksum: 1ff0887da097b2c17db75a8cbbc01b28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-11 / This dissertation aims to discuss sports marketing issues, emphasizing the role of Brazilian State-owned companies as sports supporters. There is still a lack of acknowledgment regarding their sponsorship policies and interests in doing so, and that is the gap this paper intends to fill. What critical aspects might be involved in the decision of State-owned companies to establish sports sponsorship? The author will carry out bibliographical research to gather some data on the returns from sports marketing. In addition to this, the BNDES and Eletrobras – two of the largest Brazilian publicly-owned companies – will be scrutinized to better understand patterns, concerns and goals related to their involvement with sport. The outcome, once generalized, will shed light on corporate sports marketing strategies, and, thus, the dissertation will accomplish its goals. / A dissertação aborda aspectos concernentes ao marketing esportivo no Brasil, com ênfase no patrocínio a modalidades exercido pelas empresas públicas. Na arena em que atuam com papel de destaque, muito pouco ainda é sabido sobre os interesses no apoio por parte destas corporações. Quais seriam, então, os fatores críticos que levam empresas públicas a patrocinarem o esporte? Através de pesquisa bibliográfica, evidencia-se o vasto potencial que o marketing esportivo detém em termos de comunicação e de mercadologia. E através de estudo de caso envolvendo motivações no BNDES e na Eletrobras, pretende-se generalizar os objetivos das empresas públicas com o uso do patrocínio esportivo.

Face à l’évolution des modes de gestion du service public et des régimes de travail qui y sont associés, le droit privé du travail tend à s’imposer comme le modèle de référence au sein du secteur public, au détriment de la logique statutaire prévalant dans la fonction publique et les entreprises publiques. En effet, si l’encadrement juridique du service public conserve une part irréductible d’exorbitance, l’effacement progressif de son particularisme laisse place à un vide qui encourage l’expansion d’un droit privé du travail faisant office de droit commun. Ce mouvement suscite de nombreuses interrogations. Comment le renouvellement de la conception du service public traduit-il ses effets sur l’encadrement juridique des relations de travail du secteur public ? Par quels procédés l’implantation du droit privé s’opère-t-elle ? À quelles résistances ou déformations s’expose-t-elle ? Quels mécanismes d’adaptation du droit privé doivent alors être mis en œuvre ? Il résulte de l’étude que le particularisme irréductible du service public ne suffit plus, à lui seul à établir une incompatibilité de principe de nature à faire obstacle à l’implantation continue du droit privé du travail dans le secteur public. / While the means of management of public services and the work statutes associated are evolving, private labour law is becoming a reference within public services, to the detriment of the statutory logic that traditionally prevails within public services and state-owned companies. Indeed, if the legal framework surrounding public services retains particular characteristics, its specificity is slowly declining, leaving place to a void which facilitates / encourages the expansion of private labour law, which is becoming ordinary law. This trend raises numerous questions. How does the new public services approach translate into the legal framework of work relations in public services? Through which proves does private law implement itself? To which resistances and distortions is it faced with? Which public law mechanisms can then be used to adapt such implementation? This study shows that the specificity of public services is no longer enough, in its own, to become an obstacle against the continuing implementation of private labour law in the public sector.

Ämnet hållbarhet är idag mer aktuellt än någonsin. Många företag tar ansvar för sin påverkan på omgivningen och detta ansvar har kommit att bli en del av den externa rapporteringen. Företags hållbarhetsrapportering har traditionellt varit frivillig och det har tillämpats självreglering. I kontrast till de noterade företagens avsaknad av regler har svenska staten, genom införandet av en ägarpolicy, ställt upp krav på de statliga företagen. Kraven innebär att de statliga företagen ska agera föredömligt inom hållbart företagande och hållbarhetsrapportera i enlighet med GRI:s riktlinjer. Syftet med denna studie har varit att utifrån GRI:s kvalitativa egenskaper gällande hållbarhetsrapporteringens informationskvalitet undersöka skillnader mellan noterade och statliga företags hållbarhetsupplysningar inom de områden som stadgas i ÅRL 6 kap 12 § 1 st. Vår studie är komparativ och vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med kvantitativa inslag. Bedömningar har gjorts av 21 noterade och 21 statliga företags hållbarhetsrapportering. Med en egenutvecklad modell för bedömning av skillnader i informationskvalitet, har vi kunnat uppfylla studiens syfte och besvara vår forskningsfråga: Vilka skillnader i hållbarhetsrapporteringens informationskvalitet kan identifieras mellan noterade och statliga företag? Studiens resultat visar att de statliga företagens hållbarhetsrapportering genomgående uppvisar en högre informationskvalitet än noterade företag. De största skillnaderna som identifierades var att de statliga företagen i en avsevärd större utsträckning efterföljde internationella ramverk och riktlinjer samt att de lät sin hållbarhetsrapport genomgå en oberoende extern granskning. Den reglering som statliga företag omfattas av verkar leda till en högre informationskvalitet i hållbarhetsrapporteringen än vad självreglering gör. Studiens teoretiska bidrag är en modell som möjliggör en bedömning av informationskvalitet i företags hållbarhetsrapportering och en kartläggning av skillnader mellan noterade och statliga företag. Även praktiker kan ha nytta av vår kartläggning som visar att noterade företag kan öka sin informationskvalitet genom att efterfölja internationella ramverk samt låta rapporteringen bli externt granskad. / The subject of sustainability is today more current than ever before. Many companies take responsibility for their impact on the environment and this responsibility has become part of the external reporting. Corporate sustainability reporting has traditionally been voluntary and subject to self-regulation. Contrary to the lack of rules for listed companies, the Swedish state has imposed demands on state-owned companies through the introduction of an ownership policy. The requirement means that state-owned companies should act exemplarily in sustainable business and report sustainability in accordance with GRI's guidelines. The purpose of this study has been to investigate differences between listed and state-owned companies' sustainability information quality in the areas defined in ÅRL 6 kap 12 § 1 st, based on GRI's qualitative characteristics regarding sustainability reporting. Our study is comparative and we have used a qualitative content analysis with quantitative elements. Assessments have been made of 21 listed and 21 state-owned companies' sustainability reporting. With a self-developed model for assessing differences in information quality, we have been able to fulfil the purpose of the study and answer our research question: What differences in sustainability reporting information quality can be identified between listed and state-owned companies? The results of the study show that the sustainability reporting of state-owned companies contains a higher information quality than listed companies. The major differences identified were that the state-owned companies complied with international framework and guidelines to a significantly greater extent and let their sustainability report be subject for independent external auditing. The government-controlled regulation seems to lead to a higher information quality in sustainability reporting than self-regulation. The theoretical contribution of the study is a model that enables an assessment of information quality in sustainability reporting and a mapping of differences between listed and state-owned companies. Practitioners may also benefit from our study, which shows that listed companies can increase their information quality by following international frameworks and allowing the reporting to be externally audited.  This thesis is written in Swedish.

Magister Legum - LLM / Directors of companies are the forerunners in overseeing and strategically managing a company.1 The Companies Act 71 of 2008 (the Companies Act) gives the board of directors the legislative obligation for a company to be managed by or under the direction of the board of directors.2 The board of directors have a central role in the decision making and operation of a company; this position also applies to the board of directors of State owned Companies (SOC). This dissertation explores methods to hold directors of SOCs personally liable for irregular, wasteful and fruitless expenditure Irregular expenditure is defined as expenditure that does not comply with the provisions of the Public Finance Management Act 1 of 1999 (PFMA), the State Tender Board Act 86 of 1968 or any legislation that provides for provincial government procedure.3 Fruitless and wasteful expenditure is defined as ‘expenditure which was made in vain and would have been avoided had reasonable care has been exercised’.This research aims to analyse legislative mechanisms put in place that hold directors of SOCs personally liable for irregular, reckless, wasteful and fruitless expenditure. Section 77(2)(b) and 218(2) of the Companies Act contains the legislative basis for the personal liability of directors of SOCs for irregular, wasteful and fruitless expenditure.

Submitted by Elias Pereira Lopes Júnior (eliasjunior08@gmail.com) on 2016-04-04T15:21:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Elias.pdf: 1767406 bytes, checksum: 8645b8014124512acb0a1a5019ab2f4d (MD5) / Rejected by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde Elias, No inicio da sua primeira folha você deve colocar apenas : FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS ESCOLA DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO DE EMPRESAS DE SÃO PAULO - AGRADECIMENTO ;RESUMO e ABSTRACT, - as palavras devem estar de forma que seja em negrito, maiúscula e centralizado De resto esta tudo ok. Ao submeter na biblioteca digital, deve estar com a ficha catalográfica e em PDF. Qualquer duvida estamos a disposição, Att, Pâmela Tonsa on 2016-04-04T16:29:06Z (GMT) / Submitted by Elias Pereira Lopes Júnior (eliasjunior08@gmail.com) on 2016-04-04T22:14:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Elias.pdf: 1766262 bytes, checksum: 122e715644d06eab112f903d7e6321ec (MD5) / Rejected by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br), reason: Bom dia Elias, Para tudo dar certinho é necessário apenas dois ajustes. * Na segunda folha não tem FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS - ESCOLA..... * Seu titulo esta diferente da ATA, caso realmente exista essa alteração é preciso o professor orientador vir até a secretaria para fazer a alteração no verso da ATA com o titulo atual. Caso contrário não poderei aprovar. (" EFEITO DO AMBIENTE POLÍTICO SOBRE O INVESTIMENTO REALIZADO POR EMPRESAS ESTATAIS") Após os ajustes você deve submete-lo novamente para analise e aprovação. Att. Pamela Tonsa 3799-7852 on 2016-04-05T11:15:44Z (GMT) / Submitted by Elias Pereira Lopes Júnior (eliasjunior08@gmail.com) on 2016-04-05T13:11:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Elias.pdf: 1765100 bytes, checksum: 416f0cdce6ea758a50c0142c0d4763f5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2016-04-05T13:23:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Elias.pdf: 1765100 bytes, checksum: 416f0cdce6ea758a50c0142c0d4763f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-05T13:28:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Elias.pdf: 1765100 bytes, checksum: 416f0cdce6ea758a50c0142c0d4763f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28 / This research analyzes the political influence on investments by state-owned enterprises or State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). Therefore, were compared the data of private companies with the SOEs. The argument used in this research is that the government uses its influence on SOEs to get support to make policy changes. Therefore, it is expected that the greater the potential conflict between Princpal-Principal, greater are the investments by SOEs (H1). The conflict between Princpal-Principal (PP) occurs when there is a conflict of interest between two categories of principal: controlling shareholders and minority shareholders. The second argument refers to the performance of companies. In this case, it is expected that performance is worse in SOEs in which the state is the majority shareholder (H2). In this study, were used data about companies that are listed in the stock market, including state-owned enterprises that have the government as its majority shareholder (with a share of over 50% in the share capital). The database used in this study was constructed from secondary data in which, after treatment, is made up of 96,379 observations of 41 countries companies between 2002 and 2011. This research makes use of a quasi-experiment using the technique difference in difference (difference-in-differences). The Quasi-experiment occurs when an exogenous event affects the explanatory variable. The results confirmed the hypothesis H1, but not confirmed the H2 hypothesis. After analyzing the results, this study suggests that politicians use their influence on the companies in which the government is the majority shareholder in order to obtain political / private gain. / Esta pesquisa aborda a influência política sobre os investimentos feitos por empresas estatais ou State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). Para tanto, comparou-se os dados de empresas privadas com os de SOEs. O argumento empregado nessa pesquisa é que o governo utiliza sua influência sobre as SOEs para conseguir suporte para realizar mudanças nas políticas. Portanto, espera-se que quanto maior for o potencial conflito entre Principal-Principal, maiores serão os investimentos realizados pelas SOEs (H1). O conflito entre Principal-Principal (PP) ocorre quando existe o conflito de interesses entre duas categorias de principal: acionistas controladores e acionistas minoritários. O segundo argumento refere-se ao desempenho das companhias. Nesse caso, espera-se que o desempenho seja pior nas SOEs em que o estado seja o acionista majoritário (H2). Nesse estudo, foram abordadas companhias que estão listadas no mercado de ações, inclusive empresas estatais que têm o governo como seu acionista majoritário (com participação de mais de 50% no capital acionário). A base de dados utilizada neste estudo foi construída a partir de dados secundários na qual, após tratamento, é composta de 96.379 observações de empresas de 41 países entre os anos de 2002 e 2011. Esta pesquisa faz uso de um quase-experimento utilizando a técnica de diferença em diferença (Difference-in-Differences). O Quase-experimento ocorre quando um evento exógeno afeta a variável explicativa. Os resultados confirmaram a hipótese H1, porém não confirmaram a hipótese H2. Diante da análise dos resultados, este estudo sugere que os políticos usam a sua influência sobre as empresas em que o governo é o acionista majoritário com objetivo de obter ganhos políticos/privados.

[pt] Atualmente, com a intensificação da integração econômica e financeira dos mercados, o enfraquecimento das fronteiras nacionais e o significativo crescimento do comércio internacional, os investidores estão direcionando cada vez mais seus fluxos de capitais para os mercados externos, de forma a promover a diversificação internacional de suas carteiras, reduzindo o risco ao mesmo nível de retorno aos apresentados por carteiras puramente nacionais. É neste contexto de expansão internacional dos mercados e de elaboração de carteiras internacionais que as informações referentes aos riscos de cada investimento se tornam ainda mais importantes. Neste sentido, visando suprir essas necessidades de informações, começaram a surgir no início do século XX as empresas privadas de rating com o propósito de fornecer as classificações de risco dos emissores de títulos, os ratings de crédito. Consequentemente, ao classificar o risco de um título, esses ratings possuem a capacidade de influenciar o mercado como um todo. Assim, esse trabalho objetiva verificar o impacto que as alterações de rating soberano brasileiro pelas agências especializadas produzem no mercado acionário brasileiro, mais especificamente no comportamento das ações de empresas estatais, visto que estas deveriam ser supostamente mais impactadas que as demais frente a essas revisões, tanto via resposta do mercado como um todo quanto ao fato de ter a percepção do risco de seu controlador diretamente alterado por esses ratings. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um estudo de evento, para analisar os efeitos verificados sobre os retornos de mercado (IBOVESPA) e das empresas estatais, nos períodos de downgrade e de upgrade. / [en] Currently, with the intensification of economic and financial integration of the markets, the weakening of national borders and the significant growth of international trade, investors are increasingly directing their capital flows towards external markets in order to promote international diversification of their portfolios, reducing the risk at the same level of return to those presented by purely domestic portfolios. It is in this context of international expansion of markets and of the development of international portfolios that the information regarding the risks of each investment becomes even more important. In this sense, in order to meet these information needs, the private rating companies began to emerge as early as the twentieth century, in order to provide risk ratings regarding the issuers of securities, credit ratings. Consequently, by classifying the risk of a security, these ratings have the ability to influence the market as a whole. Thus, this study aims to investigate the impact that Brazilian sovereign rating changes by these specialized agencies have in the Brazilian stock market, specifically regarding the behavior of shares of state-owned companies, as these should supposedly be more affected than the others against sovereign risk reviews, both through the market s response as a whole and by the fact that the perception of risk by their majority shareholder is directly altered by these ratings. To this end, an event study is conducted to analyze the effects seen on market returns (IBOVESPA) and state enterprises, in periods of downgrade and upgrade.