Abstract The purpose of the study was to broaden understanding of structural racism by examining the relationships between Indigenous peoples and nation-states in the context of education and how this affects Indigenous lives. This thesis delves into understanding both the theoretical and methodological contributions that more critical analyses can have on: the role of de-colonial approaches to Indigenous health research methodologies so that the most urgent health inequities are addressed through more rigorous and Indigenous specific research processes; and to improve our understanding of the complex interactions that historical and contemporary legacies of residential schools and boarding schools have on the health and well-being of Indigenous populations in Canada and Finland. The research design was a qualitative multiple case study informed by a public health critical race praxis. The study was completed in two phases; consisting of a literature study using content analysis of Indigenous research ethics protocols and policies, in Canada and the Nordic countries; and, three case studies developed from open ended questions from structured interview research comparing discriminatory experiences and its impact on self-perceived health with participants from Six Nations of the Grand River, Canada (n = 25) and the Sámi in Inari, Finland (n = 20); and their family members. The case studies were analyzed using both Western and Indigenous methodologies. Results of Phase one shows how Indigenous resistance to colonial structures within academia in Canada and Finland has resulted in dialogical processes to create an ethical space for working between the differing worldviews of academia and Indigenous communities with the aim to produce ethically valid knowledge. Phase two results shows that regardless of contextual differences of the experiences in Canada and Finland, the main parallel outcomes are similar, i.e. the teachings of shame received in these educational environments. This produces both vulnerabilities and resiliencies and the negative effects of shame require an ongoing healing journey for both individuals and their families and communities at large. Conclusion: For a more in depth understanding of structural racism and its influence on Indigenous health, investigations require methodological choices by both Western and Indigenous methodologies. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen päämääränä on tuottaa tietoa rakenteellisesta syrjinnästä. Tämä tapahtuu tutkimalla alkuperäiskansojen ja kansallisvaltioiden välisiä suhteita koulujärjestelmissä sekä sitä, miten rakenteellinen syrjintä vaikuttaa alkuperäiskansojen jäsenten elämään. Tutkimuksen kriittinen analyysi tuottaa dekoloniaalisia lähestymistapoja terveystutkimuksen menetelmiin, jolloin tärkeimmät terveyserot paljastuvat alkuperäiskansalähtöisten tutkimusprosessien kautta. Tutkimus pyrkii lisäämään ymmärrystä siitä, millaisia väliaikaisia sekä nykypäivään asti ulottuvia vaikutuksia sisäoppilaitoksilla ja kouluasuntoloilla on ollut Kanadan ja Suomen alkuperäiskansojen jäsenten terveyteen ja hyvinvointiin. Väitöskirjan tutkimusasetelma on laadullinen monitapaustutkimus, jossa sovelletaan Critical Health Praxis (PHCR) -menetelmän viitekehystä. Tutkimuksen ensimmäisessä osassa vertaillaan laadullisen sisällönanalyysin avulla Kanadan ja Pohjoismaiden alkuperäiskansojen tutkimuseettisiä käytäntöjä ja menettelytapoja. Toisessa osassa on kolme tapaustutkimusta, jotka perustuvat strukturoidun kyselytutkimuksen avovastausten syrjintäkokemuksiin ja niiden vaikutuksiin itsekoettuun terveyteen Kanadan ensimmäisten kansojen jäsenillä (Six Nations of the Grand River, n = 25) sekä Suomen saamelaisilla (Inarin kunta, n = 20). Tapaustutkimuksissa sovelletaan alkuperäiskansalähtöisiä ja länsimaisia tutkimusmenetelmiä. Tulokset osoittavat, että alkuperäiskansojen vastustus kolonialistisia akateemisia rakenteita kohtaan Suomessa ja Kanadassa on synnyttänyt dialogisia prosesseja, joiden avulla voidaan luoda eettistä tilaa tiede- ja alkuperäiskansayhteisöjen maailmankuvien yhteensovittamiseksi ja eettisesti hyväksyttävän tiedon tuottamiseksi. Toisen vaiheen tulokset osoittavat, että vaikka Kanadan sisäoppilaitosten ja Suomen kouluasuntoloiden yhteiskunnalliset lähtökohdat ja käytännön toteutustavat eroavat toisistaan, lopputulos on samansuuntainen: kouluympäristön aiheuttama häpeä, joka tuottaa sekä haavoittuvuutta että resilienssiä. Kielteisten kokemusten työstäminen vaatii pitkää, parantavaa prosessia, joka koskee niin yksilöitä, perheitä kuin yhteisöjäkin. Johtopäätöksenä todetaan, että tarvitaan sekä länsimaisia että alkuperäiskansalähtöisiä tutkimusmenetelmiä, jos halutaan ymmärtää syvällisesti rakenteellista syrjintää ja sen vaikutuksia alkuperäiskansojen terveyteen ja hyvinvointiin.

Afro-Descendants suffer sustained discrimination and invisibility that is proliferated with policies that were once blatantly racist, but are now furtive. This study argues that structural racism is alive and well in liberal institutions such as publicly funded colleges and universities. Thus, structural racism is subtly replicated and reproduced within these institutions and by institutional agents who are Racist without Racism. This study builds on theories from Pierre Bourdieu, Frantz Fanon, Glen Loury and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva. The juxtaposition of their theoretical arguments provides a deeper insight into how structural racism becomes a de facto reflexive phenomenon in liberal and progressive institutions such as universities, which are heralded as the epitome of racism-free spaces in colorblind states. Inspired by Lieberman’s nested mixed methods approach, the study examines Afro-Descendants’ sustained discrimination and invisibility in publicly funded universities in New York City and the city of São Paulo. The success of race-based affirmative action is examined quantitatively in New York City and São Paulo. Semi-structured interviews are conducted with Afro-Descendant professors, students and administrators in New York City and São Paulo’s publicly funded liberal university systems. These interviews are conducted to (1) understand the respondents’ experiences in their respective liberal spaces as racial minorities; and (2) determine whether they have benefited or been harmed by a public policy designed to ameliorate their inferior positions. Overall, findings from this study suggest that structural racism exists and persists in New York City and São Paulo. Moreover, Afro-Descendant participants in both cities acknowledge and experience structural racism within their respective liberal university systems.

On March 25th 2020 George Floyd, a black man, was killed on the streets of Minneapolis,Minnesota by Derek Chauvin, a white police officer. This sparked new life into the BlackLives Matter movement (BLM), which had been around since 2013. This new found interestin the movement had a remarkable spread on social media, permeating the discoursethroughout most parts of society. The purpose of the essay is to study how the use ofInstagram has contributed to the spread of the BLM movement as well as the socialconsequences the movement had on society. To study this the essay uses Faircloughsperspective on critical discourse analysis to analyze three dimensions of the empiricalmaterial, these being: text, discursive practice and social practice. Interaction, intertextuality,interdiscourse and themes are going to be used as tools to provide the necessary frameworkfor analysis. This in combination with postcolonialism, structural racism and mediatizationfor the theoretical framework. The analysis proved that educational and informative textswere important in conveying messages linked to racism, antiblackness, racial profiling andstructural racism. Aswell as reoccuring themes, such as police violence, antiblackness,slavery, racism, demonstrations. The platform was used to highlight social injustices andsocietal problems. Instagram proved an important medium for spreading the movement'smessage, having voices that are typically repressed in society forming and controlling thediscourse. Due to an increasingly mediated society, the use of Instagram made it possible foreveryone to take part of the discourse.

Structural racism has been identified as a major source of medical vulnerability for urban populations. Police brutality is a consequence of structural racism and a critical social determinant of urban health that is associated with both physical and psychological injury. However, the presence of law enforcement agents is common in the healthcare setting, especially in the emergency department. The emergency department occupies a critical social role as a major source of healthcare for vulnerable urban populations, yet very little is known about patients’ opinions regarding police activity in the ED. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on the pathogenic effects of structural racism by designing trauma informed methodology to investigate patient perceptions of police presence in the emergency room. / Urban Bioethics

[pt] Diante do predomínio do número de crianças e adolescentes negros em situação de acolhimento institucional, elegeu-se como objetivo geral da pesquisa, analisar o processo de invisibilização da questão étnico-racial no contexto das unidades de acolhimento institucional para crianças e adolescentes. O campo de pesquisa se constituiu a partir da atuação em duas unidades de acolhimento do município de Itaguaí-RJ sob o seguinte aporte metodológico: 1) revisão bibliográfica, no qual identificamos as produções existentes que realizam uma análise sobre o acolhimento institucional de crianças e adolescentes, relacionando com a questão étnico-racial e englobando uma discussão Decolonial que discutem a invisibilização das questões étnico-raciais a partir de um olhar colonizador sobre os corpos negros; 2) análise documental dos prontuários das crianças e dos adolescentes acolhidos, na qual buscamos identificar a presença ou ausência da dimensão étnico-racial no espaço de acolhimento; 3) realização de grupos focais com trabalhadores das unidades de acolhimento, visando captar os sentidos atribuídos à invisibilização da questão étnico-racial. O estudo aponta para um processo contínuo e constante de invisibilização da questão étnico-racial considerando o racismo institucional e estrutural. Os profissionais ouvidos identificam que a maior parte das crianças e adolescente são negros, mas a inserção de classe sobrepõe a questão da raça, sem a compreensão que esses marcadores sociais estão intimamente relacionados. / [en] Facing the predominant number of black children and adolescents in institutional care situation, the process of invisibility of the ethnic-racial issue was chosen as a research problem. The research field was constituted from the work in two reception units in the city of Itaguaí (RJ), under the following methodology: 1) bibliographic review, in which we identified productions that carry out an analysis on the institutional reception of children and adolescents, relating to the ethnic-racial issue and encompassing a Decolonial discussion related to the invisibility of ethnicracial topics starting in a colonizing perspective on black bodies; 2) documental analysis of the medical records of children and adolescents who were sheltered, in which we sought to identify the presence or absence of the ethnic-racial dimension in the reception space; 3) holding focus groups with workers from the reception units, the meanings attributed to the invisibility of the ethnic-racial issue. The study points to a continuous and constant process of invisibility of the ethnic-racial issue, considering institutional and structural racism. The professionals consulted identify that most children and adolescents are black, but the social issue overrides the issue of race, without understanding that these markers are closely related.

This qualitative study aims to reach further understanding of how social workers at the Swedish Public Employment Service perceive structural racism in the Swedish labor market for second-generation afro-swedes. The study is conducted in Sweden. The first part of the research focused on the main reasons second-generation Afro-Swedes risk social exclusion from the Swedish labor market, while the second part focused on discriminatory employment and the third part covered strategies to tackle structural racism and to improve social inclusion of second-generation Afro-Swedes. The Theoretical framework of social exclusion was used to analyse the study findings. Through semi-structured interviews, four social workers expressed their views of various factors of structural racism second-generation afro-swedes experience in the Swedish labor market. The result shows that second-generation Afro-Swedes experiencing structural racism in the Swedish labor market are likely to experience social exclusion in the Swedish community. It was shown that factors such as cultural incompetency, discriminatory employment and education play significant roles in structural racism and social exclusion.

[pt] A recente emergência do termo violência obstétrica abarca uma grande carga de significados e possibilidades. Fruto da busca pela ruptura com as estruturas opressoras de poder impostas sobre os copos das mulheres em período gestacional no sistema de saúde, o termo é tão polêmico e impactante quanto a violência vivenciada por essas mulheres no mundo inteiro. Diante dos debates que a expressão suscita, este trabalho consiste na análise dos mecanismos de poder que perpetuam a violação de direitos das mulheres gestantes no sistema de saúde brasileiro, sob a perspectiva de Michel Foucault, e sua caracterização como violência de gênero, estruturante da sociedade capitalista ocidental. A partir da análise de tais mecanismos, considerando fatores como o racismo estrutural, classe e as disputas políticas que envolvem a atenção de saúde da mulher, bem como o arcabouço legal disponível, pretende-se traçar um panorama das possibilidades de prevenção e enfrentamento do problema no cenário brasileiro atual. / [en] The recently emerged term obstetric violence, is capable of great meaning and possibilities. Resulting from the struggle for rupture from oppressing structures of power imposed upon pregnant women s bodies in facility-based childbirth and other health services, this term is as polemic and powerful as the violence experienced by women all over the word. Considering the debates over this expression, the present research hopes to analyze the power dynamics that enable pregnant women s rights violation in Brazilian health-care system, using Michel Foucault s perspective, and a gender-based violence approach, that is built into the fabric of patriarchal capitalist society. Based on this analysis and considering facts such as structural racism, class and political disputes that surrounds women s healthcare attention, as well as the legal available support, it is hoped to provide an overview of possibilities for prevention and confrontation of the problem, in Brazilian current circumstances.

[pt] Esta pesquisa, realizada nos Quilombos de Baía Formosa e Rasa, em Armação dos Búzios - RJ, analisa as dinâmicas de poder em situações de subalternidade para mulheres quilombolas, abordando o feminismo presente em suas ações diárias, suas formas organizativas, redes de articulação, e espaços que ocupam como lideranças. Busca compreender suas estratégias de resistência a partir do conhecimento situado, reconhecendo as complexidades em suas vivências. A realidade brasileira enfrenta o persistente impacto do racismo estrutural, originado no passado colonial, impactando as comunidades quilombolas, especialmente as mulheres quilombolas, uma das categorias mais oprimidas na sociedade brasileira. Metodologicamente, adota uma abordagem compartilhada com as mulheres, usando narrativas pessoais e histórias de vida para analisar padrões de poder pós-coloniais. Destaca-se o papel das mulheres quilombolas em lutas políticas e resistência contra opressões históricas. Essas mulheres enfrentam complexidades interseccionais de raça e gênero, resistindo à invisibilidade e disputando narrativas. A força dessas sujeitas reside napreservação cultural, luta pela terra e busca por autonomia. A pesquisa enfatiza a necessidade de reconhecimento e valorização de identidades, promovendo a desconstrução do pensamento hegemônico. Essa dissertação fundamenta-se no diálogo com teorias decoloniais e feminismo negro, e contribui com os estudos de quilombos e gênero. A pesquisa revelou que mulheres quilombolas enfrentam opressões por diversas estratégias. A identidade negra e feminina é um ponto crucial na formação dos Quilombos, centrando-se na luta pelo território. Reforçaro compromisso com a valorização de suas vozes, promoção da igualdade e reconhecimento das contribuições únicas que oferecem para o Brasil. / [en] This research, conducted in the Quilombos of Baía Formosa and Rasa, in Armação dos Búzios - RJ, analyses the dynamics of power in situations of subalternity for quilombola women, addressing the feminism present in their daily actions, their organisational forms, networks of articulation, and spaces they occupy as leaders. It seeks to understand their resistance strategies based on situated knowledge, recognising the complexities of their experiences. The Brazilian reality faces the persistent impact of structural racism, which originated in the colonial past, impacting Quilombola communities, especially Quilombola women, one of the most oppressed categories in Brazilian society. Methodologically, it adopts a shared approach with women, using personal narratives and life stories to analyse post-colonial power patterns. It emphasises the role of quilombola women in political struggles and resistance against historical oppressions. These women face intersectional complexities of race and gender, resisting invisibility and disputing narratives. Their strength lies in cultural preservation, the struggle for land and the quest for autonomy. The research emphasises the need to recognise and value identities, promoting the deconstruction of hegemonic thinking. This dissertation is based on a dialogue with decolonial theories and black feminism and contributes to quilombo and gender studies. The research revealed that quilombola women face oppression through various strategies. Black and female identity is a crucial point in the formation of Quilombos, centred on the struggle for territory. Reinforcing the commitment to valuing their voices, promoting equality and recognising the unique contributions they offer to Brazil.

This project explores, identifies, and interrogates how Swedish online mass media represent the issue of 'racisms' between people with migrant background/migrant groups and the implications of these representations on their lives. The materials are analyzed using the WPR approach (Bacchi 1999) and content media analysis. The theoretical background draws from social psychological theory of intergroup relations, postcolonial theory and critical race theory in order to establish an overview of the concept of ‘racism’ and how it can be used in relation to migrant groups. Where the media representations maintained that migrants can produce 'racism', led to further stigmatization and exclusion of migrant groups. Internalizing racism by migrants can result in self-hatred and practicing migrant respectability in order to differentiate themselves from undesirable migrants as represented in the materials. This project contributes in exploring the system of hierarchies which can deepen our understanding of how tensions and conflicts work between migrant groups.

[pt] A pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar as relações raciais intersubjetivas, decorrentes da relação transferencial entre psicólogos negros e seus clientes brancos. Considerou o fato de a Psicologia social e clínica, em diversas pesquisas, ter apontado para a necessidade de os psicólogos lidarem com questões raciais, presentes na sua prática cotidiana. A pesquisa, usando a plataforma online, utilizou para a coleta de dados, a metodologia clínico-qualitativa, com entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas, com 10 psicólogos (as) clínicos negros (as),a partir do método de Análise de Conteúdo de Laurence Bardin. Percebeu-se tanto a necessidade de compreensão de racialização quanto dos efeitos do racismo manifesto nas estruturas psíquicas. As possibilidades de reflexões sobre processos de intervenção, para uma psicologia atenta à manutenção da saúde mental a partir das diversidades e de suas singularidades no racismo estrutural brasileiro. / [en] The research aimed to study the intersubjective racial relations, arising from the transferencial relationship between black psychologists and their white clients. It considered the fact that social and clinical psychology, in several research studies, has pointed to the need for psychologists to deal with racial issues, present in their daily practice. The research used the online platform for data collection, the clinical-qualitative methodology, with semi-structured individual interviews, with 10 black clinical psychologists, based on Laurence Bardin s Content Analysis method. It was noticed both the need to understand racialization and the effects of racism manifested in psychic structures. The possibilities of reflections on processes of intervention, for a psychology attentive to the maintenance of mental health from the diversities and their singularities in the Brazilian structural racism.