Dans l’histoire de la construction philosophique de l’individualité, le système stoïcien, le plus unitaire et déterministe qui soit, semblait en principe être le moins susceptible d’engendrer une conception forte de l’individu. Celle-ci suppose en effet une séparation qui, dans le cas de l’individualité humaine, s’incarne dans une « volonté » propre. Or pour les Stoïciens, chaque être concourant inexorablement comme partie du tout à l’unité organique du monde, il paraissait difficile de l'en dégager, même en tenant compte de l’autonomie proclamée de l’assentiment, principe de jugement et d’action. Notre recherche espère montrer que c’est pourtant la philosophie stoïcienne qui construit une combinatoire conceptuelle inédite qui n’avait jamais été jusque-là à ce point unifiée et qui en vertu de la nature systématique de cette pensée conduit de l’unicité qu’elle reconnaît à tout être, ancrée dans un corps, à la personnalité qui réalise cette unicité au niveau de l’éthique, du fait d’une capacité subjective qui n’est plus non seulement quelque chose de l’individu mais ce à quoi il s’identifie, son principe d’identité personnelle. Nous nous attachons à mettre en évidence les conditions qui ont rendu possible ce « surgissement » de l’individu à la faveur d’une série de mutations internes au système stoïcien mais aussi d’une mutation politique et culturelle majeure, celle que constitua l’Empire romain. A travers ces mutations, la physique stoïcienne de l’identité, sous-bassement de la conception stoïcienne de l’individu, produit diachroniquement et synchroniquement, dans le champ de la psychologie et de l’éthique, une véritable conception de la subjectivation avec la notion sénéquienne de voluntas et le concept épictétéen de prohairesis qui en viennent à occuper la centralité dévolue au destin dans le premier stoïcisme. Par-delà la singularité des apports sénéquien et épictétéen, la voluntas et la prohairesis font de la faculté de choix le principe d’identité personnelle : l’identité personnelle est décrite comme celle du sens que nous décidons de donner à notre existence qui définit celle ou celui que nous sommes en propre et qui autorise et façonne la plasticité d’un usage de soi qui réside exclusivement en nous. Les usages stoïciens de la métaphore théâtrale permettent enfin d’éclairer cette conception de la subjectivité sous un jour irréductible : ils déploient chacun à leur manière la dialectique de la distance et de l’engagement au cœur du rapport à l’existence, et, avec eux, la non- coïncidence constitutive du rapport à soi qui situe l’identité dans l’entre-deux d’un rapport d’identification toujours à rejouer. / The Stoics, who elaborated the most coherent deterministic system in the history of philosophy, seemed unlikely to produce a concept of the individual. Such a concept is necessarily founded on separateness and implies personal agency. And although the Stoics insisted on the autonomy of assent as a principle of judgement and of action, they believed that each being contributed to the organic whole of the cosmos, making it difficult to consider beings separately from that whole. This inquiry seeks to show that the Stoics nevertheless elaborated a previously unexamined complex of notions that - as a result of the systematic nature of the Stoic thought - moved from the idea of uniqueness of all beings, to personality, which achieves uniqueness on an ethical level. Personality requires agency, which is not of the individual, but is instead that with which the individual is identified. It is the principle of personal identity. We will examine the conditions that enabled the “emergence” of the individual thanks to a series of transformations in the Stoic system as well as another major political and cultural transformation, the constitution of the Roman Empire. As a result of these changes, the Stoics’ conception of the individual, founded on their physical conception of identity, produced - diachronically and synchronically - a notion of both psychological and ethical subjectivation. Seneca’s notion of voluntas and Epictetus’s concept of prohairesis came to occupy the central position once held by fate for the early Stoics. Both these contributions were highly original, but voluntas and prohairesis further identified the principle of personal identity with the faculty of choice: personal identity was described as the meaning we decide to give our lives, defining who we are. It conditions our adaptability and shapes the way we make use of what is irreducibly ours. The Stoics’ use of the actor metaphor sheds light on the nature of subjectivity since it foregrounds the gap between the actor and his role. The dialectic between disengagement and commitment that is at the heart of the relationship to existence, and the consequent discrepancy in the relationship to oneself, leaves identity in the entre-deux of a continually renewed attempt at identification.

Dans une première partie, une approche sociohistorique permet de dénaturaliser les catégories d'arts martiaux et de sports de combat forgées par des acteurs sociaux en lutte pour le contrôle d’un champ. Cette première étape permet d'identifier trois idéaux types : les combats codifiés, les combats culturalisés et les pratiques de self-defense. La deuxième partie démontre à partir des données de terrains recueillies que le Tai-chi peut être analysé comme une technique de soi et l’école de Tai-chi comme un dispositif visant à l’incorporation d’un éthos confucéen par les élèves. La troisième partie montre la subjectivation des élèves repose sur l’incorporation d’une culture kinesthésique. Cependant, les élèves transforment le dispositif d’éthopoïèse confucéen du maître en un dispositif d’exopoïèse. Le « Ren », forme idéalisée du lien social confucéen, devient une forme de non-lien social permettant d’enraciner l’école dans un imaginaire exotique. L’école devient ainsi un espace d'altérité radicale permettant un déplacement récréatif, une sublimation du quotidien. Cet espace devient ainsi un lieu privilégié de réinvention de soi. / In the first part of thesis, a socio-historical analysis allows an unnaturalision of the concept of martial arts and combat sport created by social actors in their struggle for controlling a field. This first step enables us to identify three ideal types : the codified combat, culturalised combat and self-defence practice. The second part shows from the field data that Tai-chi could be analysed as a technology of the self and the Tai-chi school as an apparatus aiming at the embodiment of a Confucian ethos by the students. The third part points out that the student subjectivation lies on the embodiment of a kinaesthetic culture. However, the student transforms the Confucianist éthopoïesis apparatus into an exopoïesis apparatus. The « Ren », an idealised form of Confucianist social relations became a form of non-social relations rooting the school in an exotic imaginary. The school thus became a space of radical alterity enabling a recreative shift, a sublimation of everyday life. Thus, the school became a favoured place of self-reinvention.

Cette thèse propose une analyse sociologique de la subjectivation féministe au sein de trois sociétés arabes, le Liban, la Jordanie et l’Égypte. Partant du constat que ni le féminisme nationaliste ni le féminisme islamique ne renvoient à l’épaisseur des expériences féministes contemporaines, cette thèse propose une lecture postcoloniale des multiples formes de subjectivation féministe. Le travail de recherche s’appuie sur une étude de l’Histoire des mouvements féministes arabes depuis le début du 20ème siècle, ainsi qu’une étude sur trois terrains, au plus près des acteurs/actrices féministes contemporaines, pendant quatre ans. Cette thèse démontre comment par une analyse microsociologique des actes des individus se disant féministes, il est possible de comprendre comment les sociétés arabes participent à la modernité. Cette thèse démontre l'importance des déplacements les moins visibles au sein de l'agir des féministes arabes. Cet agir sera étudié à l'aune de la subjectivation féministe, sans laquelle il serait difficile de comprendre les mouvements culturels arabes. Les expériences féministes contemporaines sont le produit de longues années de subjectivation féministe. Celle-ci est le produit des épreuves collectives vécues dans les sociétés arabes (colonisations, décolonisation, nationalisme, panarabisme et islamisme). Elles sont aussi une raison, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, qui explique les multiples formes de résistance aux épreuves spécifiques à la patriarcalisation du corps des femmes arabes. À partir de récits individuels, de formes multiples de l’auto-identification au féminisme, de l’activisme organisé ou des activismes quotidiens, cette thèse montre le glissement de la subjectivation comme mouvement dans la culture vers des dynamiques de mouvements culturels. Ces derniers attestent d’une modernité hybride et contradictoire propre à l’histoire de l’individuation dans les trois sociétés étudiées. / This thesis suggests a sociological analysis of the feminist subjectivation in three Arab societies: Lebanon, Jordan and Egypt. Based on the fact that neither the nationalist feminism, nor the Islamic one, refer to the substantial experiences of contemporary feminists, this thesis implies a postcolonial reading of the multiple forms of feminist subjectivation. The research is based on a historical study of the Arab feminist movements since the beginning of the 20th century, in addition to a four-year fieldwork, in close proximity to feminist stakeholders (men and women), in the three societies mentioned above. Through a micro-sociological analysis of individuals’ actions, declaring themselves feminists, this thesis demonstrates how it is possible to understand the process through which Arab societies partake of modernity. This act will be studied with respect to the feminist subjectivation without which it would be difficult to understand Arab cultural movements. Contemporary feminists’ experiences are the result of many years of feminist subjectivation. The latter is the result of collective challenges faced in Arab societies (colonization, decolonization, nationalism, Pan-Arabism and Islamism). These experiences are also the reason, all other things being equal, which explains the multiple forms of resistance to specific challenges related to the patriarchalization of Arab women’s body. Based on individuals’ narratives, multiple forms of auto-identification to feminism and of organized activism or daily activism, this thesis clarifies the passage of the subjectivation as a movement in culture into the dynamics of cultural movements. The latter affirms a hybrid and a contradictory modernity proper to the history of individuation in the three studied societies.

Cette thèse explore les liens entre les mobilités transnationales et les expériencessubjectivantes de Roms bulgares dont la vie quotidienne se situe à la fois en Bulgarie eten France. La réflexion porte sur les rapports entre une population et des États-nationsdans différents contextes, en observant le traitement politique spécifique de ces Romsminorisés, appréhendés comme différents et problématiques. Ce travail s’appuie sur uneethnographie translocale et multi-échelle afin de saisir les imbrications micro et macrodans la construction d’un problème public et politique (la « question rom ») commedans les expériences des migrants. D’une part, deux dispositifs politiques spécifiquesmis en place dans une agglomération française ont été observés au long cours etanalysés dans une approche généalogique, politique et ethnographique. D’autre part,plusieurs familles de migrants roms bulgares vivant en squat ont été suivies dans leurexpérience transnationale. En mettant en perspective la politique locale en direction deces migrants, leurs rapports à l’État et leurs dynamiques migratoires, cette thèsecontribue à une anthropologie politique et des migrations. Au-delà de leur captationdans des politiques oscillant entre exclusion et assimilation, en France comme enBulgarie, ces Roms bulgares jouent sur les frontières géographiques, sociales etidentitaires pour se réinventer. L’attention portée aux Roms comme acteurs amène uneréflexion sur leurs processus de subjectivation, entendus comme construction d’un sujetagissant sur lui-même en s’inscrivant dans des rapports de pouvoirs et de domination.Cette recherche constitue donc un apport à l’anthropologie du sujet. / This dissertation explores the links between transnational mobilities and experiences ofsubjectivation of Bulgarian Roma migrants whose daily life is both in Bulgaria andFrance. Reflection is conducted on the relationship between a population and nationstatesin different contexts, by observing the specific policy addressing these Romaperceived as inherently different and problematics. This work is based on a translocaland multi-scale ethnography to capture the linkages between micro and macro levels inthe construction of a public and political issue (the “Roma issue”), as in the experiencesof migrants. First, two specific policy measures put in place in a French locality wereobserved with a long term follow-up and analyzed in a historitical, political andethnographic approach. In addition, several families of Bulgarian Roma migrants livingin squats were followed in their transnational experiences. By putting in perspectivelocal policy towards these migrants, their relationship to State and their migrationdynamics, this thesis contributes both to political anthropology and anthropology ofmobility. In their daily life, these Roma manage to go beyond their enrolment inpolicies ranging from exclusion and assimilation in France as in Bulgaria: they play onthe geographic, social and identity boundaries in order to reinvent itself. Focusing onthe Roma as actors raises questions about their processes of subjectivation. The latterare understood as the ways in which subjects are “made” in action both on themselvesand others within relations of power and domination. This research therefore provides acontribution to the anthropology of the subject.

En difficulté dans un système économique et managérial qui ne leur convient plus, certains cadres choisissent de quitter leur organisation pour devenir coach. Par-delà la normativité des transitions de carrière en sciences de gestion, nous montrons qu’il s’agit d’une bifurcation. Au sein du courant des Critical Management Studies et à partir d’une perspective foucaldienne du pouvoir, nous interprétons la bifurcation comme un processus de saturation lié aux effets de subjectivation de la gouvernementalité managériale. La bifurcation constitue une distanciation critique, notamment chez les jeunes managers et les managers à mi-vie, et amorce une microémancipation vers et par le coaching, via une réappropriation subjective de techniques de souci de soi. Cette recherche est basée sur un protocole de Grounded Theory et sur la méthode des récits de vie. L’attitude analytique mobilise des énoncés phénoménologiques, une thématisation a posteriori et une analyse critique de discours. Notre modèle théorique repose sur une population de 25 cadres devenus coachs et met en évidence un processus générique qui s’exprime différemment selon l’âge lors de la transition, selon le vécu de l’expérience professionnelle, le sexe ou encore le poste avant la transition (manager, consultant). / Some executives, facing an economical and managerial system that doesn’t suit them anymore, chose to leave their position in a structure to become coaches. Beyond the managerial norms of career change, we explain that it is a turning point. This change of career, within the Critical Management Studies movement, and with a Foucauldian power perspective, is interpreted here as them reaching saturation point, due to the effects of subjectivation related to managerial governmentality. Those former executives, especially young and middle-aged managers, find themselves gaining a critical detachment. Furthermore, we notice a phenomenon of microemancipation through being coached … in the training of becoming a coach, by reappropriating the techniques of the care of the self. This research process involves Grounded Theory and life narratives. Firstly, we worked on phenomenological texts, then on an a posteriori coding by themes, and finally on a critical discourse analysis. Our resulting theoretical framework is anchored on a population of 25 former executives who have become coaches. It underlines a generic process with differences related to criteria such as gender, age when the career change happens, previous professional experience and position (manager or consultant).

Ce travail de recherche tend à la fois à développer une modélisation, ainsi qu’à mettre en évidence les effets psychiques thérapeutiques, d’un Dispositif d’accompagnement psychologique de groupe qui propose d’utiliser la médiation des soins socio-esthétiques dans la prise en charge de patientes rencontrées en oncologie gynécologique. C’est ainsi que nous proposons en premier lieu de développer la présentation du fil cosmétologique qui correspond au déroulement du dispositif de recherche, ainsi que celle du cosmétogramme qui est la grille d’observation construite afin de faciliter dans un deuxième temps le repérage des processus psychiques en jeu dans les ateliers. La présentation clinique de nos groupes de patientes nous permet d’illustrer à la fois le parcours des patientes dans le dispositif de recherche et l’utilisation du cosmétogramme.Nous soutenons que les spécificités de ce Dispositif original, dans le paysage des soins hospitaliers tels qu’ils sont proposés aux femmes atteintes d’un cancer féminin, sont source de restauration somato-psychique individuelle visant à une remobilisation psychocorporelle revivifiante. En effet, nous en avons recensé plusieurs (la multimodalité sensorielle, le groupe, les objets médiateurs et le binôme d’animatrice) qui permettraient la mise en œuvre d’un accompagnement psychodynamique de ré/investissement de soi par la mobilisation de processus psychiques particuliers pour des patientes encore sous l’impact d’effractions somatiques comme psychoaffectives générées et/ou réactivées par l’expérience maladive et celle des soins.L’aire d’expériences psycho-socio-esthétique mobiliserait particulièrement le processus de réflexivité psychique et proposerait un étayage intéressant pour la restauration des enveloppes psychiques des patientes bien mises à mal par la maladie et les soins. Nous avons aussi exploré la mise au travail du processus du féminin, en nous concentrant sur la dimension relationnelle du dispositif, plus spécifiquement sur ses enjeux identificatoires et transférentiels. Ainsi, à partir de cette clinique, nous nous sommes intéressée aux processus psychiques qui semblent favoriser une dynamique de réaménagements narcissiques-identitaires et libidinaux chez nos patientes et conduire à une relance du processus de subjectivation féminine et d’appropriation subjectivante de l’expérience du cancer. / This study aims both to develop a model, as well as to highlight the therapeutic psychic effects, of a psychological accompaniment set up group that proposes to use the mediation of socio-aesthetic care in the treatment in charge of patients met in gynaecological oncology.Thus, we propose, in the first place, to develop the presentation of the cosmetological thread which corresponds to the progress of the research set up, as well as that of the cosmetogram which is the observation grid constructed in order to facilitate in a second time the identification of the psychic processes running in the workshops. The clinical presentation of our patient groups allows us to illustrate at the same time the path of patients in the research set up and the use of the cosmetogram.We argue that the specificities of this original set up, in the hospital care landscape as it is proposed to women with female cancer, are source of individual somato-psychic restoration aimed at a revivifying psychocorporal remobilization. Indeed, we have identified several ones (sensory multimodality, the group, the mediating objects and the binomial animator) that would allow the implementation of a psychodynamic accompaniment of re / self-investment by the mobilization of particular psychic processes for patients still under the impact of somatic and psychoaffective break-ins generated and / or reactivated by the experience of disease and of medical care.The area of psycho-socio-aesthetic experiences would particularly mobilize the psychic reflexivity process and offer an interesting support for the restoration of the psychic envelopes of patients well harmed by disease and medical care. We also explored how the process of the feminine works, focusing on the relational dimension of the set up, more specifically on its identificatory and transferential issues. Thus, from this clinic, we have been interested in the psychic processes that seem to favor a dynamic of narcissistic-identity and libidinal readjustments in our patients and lead to a recovery of the process of female subjectivation and subjectivizing appropriation of the experience of cancer.

Dickens formule un projet de la mémoire qui s’étend sur plusieurs de ses romans publiés entre 1840 et1870. Cette dimension de son œuvre se place entre les deux pôles de la memoria – une forme institutionnalisée de la mémoire technique chez les classiques et les médiévaux – et une mémoire subjective, proustienne. Les romans étudiés s’articulent autour d’une mise en scène de cette combinaison à travers laquelle les deux sujets de l’individu et de la société sont liés aux thèmes de la Loi, du savoir, et du désir. Ils sont autant de « livres de la mémoire » qui font système de l’univers psychique et social représentés en mettant en œuvre les outils métaphoriques et logiques propres à l’art et aux phénomènes mnémoniques.Cependant, ce système de la mémoire correspond aussi bien à ce qui organise les données du réel qu’à ce qui les perturbe. Ainsi, il constitue une manière de représenter tant l’effort de symbolisation que ce qui l’entrave, le subvertit ou le pervertit. Les personnages du roman sont pris entre les deux pôles de l’ordre et de la discipline, d’un côté, et du choc traumatique qui sème le chaos, de l’autre. L’évolution de ce parcours de la représentation correspond à la poursuite du processus de subjectivation que les personnages de Dickens traversent, allant du premier moment de la sujétion à la Loi symbolique au dernier moment de l’accès au savoir ou à la vérité, une révolution subjective. / Dickens formulates a project of memory which extends over several of his novels published between1840 and 1870. This dimension of his work is to be situated between the two poles of memoria – aninstitutionalized form of technical memory developed during the classic and medieval periods – and asubjective, Proustian memory. The novels studied here are built on an enactment of this combinationthrough which the agencies of the individual and society are related to the themes of Law, knowledge,and desire. They are “books of memory” that totalize the psychic and social worlds represented infiction by using metaphorical and logical material peculiar to the art of memory and to mnemonicphenomena.However, this system of memory corresponds to that which orders the coordinates of reality as to thatwhich disturbs them. It is a way of representing the effort of symbolization as well as the factor thatimpedes, subverts, or perverts it. The characters are placed between the two poles of order anddiscipline, on one side, and traumatic shock leading to disorder, on the other. The evolution of this lineof representation corresponds to the process of subjectivization that Dickens’s characters undergo,moving from a first moment of subjection to the symbolic Law to an ultimate moment of access toknowledge or truth, a real subjective revolution.

Cette étude cherche à développer un regard complexe et non technocratique sur l'Enseignement Secondaire Technique Professionnel (ESTP) au Chili, en l'analysant à partir des notions d'imaginaire social de Cornelius Castoriadis et du discours de Michel Foucault. Avec cet abordage nous prétendons élargir le débat autour des formes sociales et subjectives à la base de la politique éducative de l'ESTP ainsi qu’autour de l’imaginaire social qui l'institue. À cette fin, la méthodologie employée comprend des entretiens semi-structurés à des sujets liés à l’ESTP et à l’Enseignement Secondaire Général, ainsi que l'analyse de documents historiques et actuels relatifs à l’ESTP, à partir de la méthode proposée par Michel Foucault. Cette thèse montre que le ciment idéologique qui soutient l'ESTP n’est en aucun cas économique fonctionnel ; il s’agit plutôt d’un imaginaire social qui configure certaines stratégies d'administration des formes de subjectivation des jeunes des secteurs populaires. De la même manière, l’analyse des résultats met en évidence que la politique éducative de l'ESTP se base sur une forte division sexuelle du travail, face auquel cette politique est hautement conservatrice. / This research develops a complex view about the Vocational – Technical Education in Chile, from an approach that overcomes the technocratic analysis which dominates until now, questioning her from notions like social imaginary of Corneluis Castoriadis and discourse of Michel Foucault. This way of analysis pretends to open the discussion about the social and subjectives forms which are sustained across the educational politic of Vocational – Technical Education, and also the social imaginary that institutionalize her. For this goal, it develops a methodology that includes semi constructured interviews to subjects related with the Vocational – Technical and Humanistic Education and the analysis of historic and actual documents about the Vocational – Technical Education. The thesis shows that it is not the economic-functional vision which sustains the Vocational – Technical Education, like the educational politic trays to show her-self, but rather a neoliberal knowledge that configures certain administration strategies of the subjectivation forms of young people from vulnerable populations. They emerges inside the discourse and the social imaginary like subjects marked by the lack. They are the Others of the education towards whom goes Other educational politic. / La presente investigación busca desarrollar una mirada compleja respecto de la Enseñanza Media Técnico- Profesional (EMTP) en nuestro país, desde un enfoque que supera el análisis tecnocrático que ha primado hasta ahora, interrogándola desde las nociones de imaginario social de Cornelius Castoriadis y de discurso de Michel Foucault. Con este abordaje se pretende abrir la discusión, tanto en torno a las formas sociales y subjetivas que se sustentan a través de la política educativa de EMTP, como del imaginario social que la instituye. Para dicho fin, se desarrolla una metodología que incluye la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas a sujetos relacionados con la modalidad EMTP y EMCH, y el análisis de documentos históricos y actuales referentes a EMTP. La tesis da cuenta que no es una visión económico-funcional la que sostiene a la EMTP, tal como la política educativa intenta mostrarse a sí misma, sino más bien, un saber neoliberal que configura ciertas estrategias de administración de las formas de subjetivación de los jóvenes de sectores populares, quienes emergen dentro del discurso y del imaginario social como sujetos marcados por la carencia. Son los Otros de la educación, hacia quienes se dirige Otra política educativa.

A pesquisa tem como objeto de análise o Proformação, programa especial de formação de professores a distância, realizado pelo governo federal em parceria com estados e municípios. O curso, sobretudo em estados das regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste do Brasil, se dedicou à formação em exercício de profissionais que não possuíam os pré-requisitos legais necessários para lecionarem nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, e foi analisado enquanto dispositivo didático (LARROSA) constituído de um conjunto de estratégias de subjetivação e governo das subjetividades docentes. O estudo, de referenciais pós-críticos fundamentalmente foucaultianos, foi desenvolvido por meio de pesquisa documental, entrevistas e análise da produção memorialística dos cursistas, com vistas a compreender os mecanismos discursivos pelos quais os saberes tidos como corretos pelo programa foram apresentados aos seus participantes. As estratégias de legitimação das verdades constituídas pelo programa incluíram uma dinâmica embasada na multiplicidade de instrumentos e das relações entre os envolvidos, que possibilitaram a criação de um ambiente de contínuo cuidado de si e atenção ao outro. A proposta pedagógica valoriza a produção um profissional específico, cujas ações, bases morais e desejos estivessem de acordo com os ideais de um discurso que encontra no poder disciplinar e na ação pastoral suas bases fundamentais; um discurso híbrido que mescla referenciais distintos e descontinuidades em suas práticas para a obtenção de um professor de características bem delimitadas. Parece evidente que as estratégias de governo das subjetividades desenvolvidas no Proformação, aliadas a um discurso já bastante legitimado nos ambientes de formação docente, trouxeram consigo uma grande produtividade, possibilitando a constituição de novos sistemas de reconhecimento (POPKEWITZ), por meio dos quais os professores poderiam se observar e se avaliarem constantemente. A observação da produção escrita dos professores cursistas evidenciou a legitimação de alguns binários (passado/presente, certo/errado, contínuo/estanque, seguro/inseguro) que construíram a imagem do profissional atualizado, capacitado e eterno aprendiz como ideal a ser buscado. Foi, portanto, por meio da diversidade de mecanismos e instrumentos, da produção de um discurso híbrido, da dinâmica intensa de monitoramento das atividades, e da valorização de um processo dirigido de reflexão sobre si que o programa pôde buscar, como resultado, a formação normalizante e padronizada de seus profissionais. Sua dinâmica possibilitou ainda, a aceitação de seus mecanismos de controle e a redução das resistências às suas táticas de governo. No centro da proposta, parece surgir a figura do professor mínimo: um profissional capaz de se posicionar de acordo com os saberes pedagógicos aceitos pelos atuais discursos educacionais, e que seja capaz de se regular, constantemente, em relação a eles. / The analyzed object of this research is Proformação, a special program for distance teacher training, carried out by the federal government in a partnership with states and municipalities. The course, mostly in states of the North, Northeast and Center-West regions of Brazil, focused on training professionals who did not have the legal requirements necessary to teach in the initial grades of Elementary School, and was analyzed as a didactic device (LARROSA) composed of a set of subjectivation strategies and control of teaching subjectivities. The study, with essentially Foucaultian post-critical referentials, was developed through documental research, interviews and analysis of the memorialistic production of participants, aiming at understanding the discursive mechanisms through which knowledge considered correct by the program was presented to participants. The legitimation strategies of the truths presented by the program included a dynamics based on the multiplicity of instruments and the relationship between the individuals involved, which allowed the creation of an environment of continuous care with oneself and attention to others. The pedagogic proposal values the production of one specific professional, whose actions, moral bases and wishes agreed with the ideals of a speech essentially based on disciplinary power and pastoral action; a hybrid speech that mixes distinct referentials and discontinuities in its practice so as to attain a teacher with well delimited features. It seems to be clear that the government strategies for the subjectivities developed at Proformação, allied with a speech already legitimated in teacher training environments, have added great productivity, allowing the constitution of new accreditation systems (POPKEWITZ), through which teachers could constantly observe and assess themselves. The observation of written production of participating teachers showed the legitimation of some binaries (past/present, right/wrong, continuous/still, safe/unsafe) which built the image of the up-to-date and qualified professional, a constant learner as an ideal to be sought. Therefore, it was through the diversity of mechanisms and instruments, the production of a hybrid speech, the intense monitoring dynamics of activities, and the valorization of a reflection-oriented process that the program was able to seek, as a result, the standardized training of its professionals. Its dynamic further allowed the acceptance of its control mechanisms and the reduction of resistance to its governmental tactics. In the core of the proposal, there seems to appear the image of the minimum teacher: a professional capable of expressing himself/herself according to pedagogical knowledge accepted by the current educational speeches, and capable of constantly adapting to them.

É notória a maciça participação da mulher na profissão docente. Inúmeros trabalhos contribuem significativamente no sentido de investigar esse fenômeno, tanto quantitativa quanto qualitativamente. No entanto, a chamada feminização do magistério não se refere exclusivamente à forte presença das mulheres na profissão docente, mas, também, à associação das atividades e significados dessa profissão ao universo feminino, historicamente. Através do discurso, acreditamos ser possível acessar o que há de singular no sujeito, ou seja, o inconsciente, assim como as marcas sociais e históricas que o caracterizam. Dessa forma, apresentamos os resultados de nossa pesquisa de mestrado, fundamentada nas contribuições da Análise do Discurso Francesa (pêcheuxtiana) como instrumento teórico-metodológico da psicanálise freudo-lacaniana e das Ciências da Educação, que buscou investigar de que forma os sujeitos inscritos nesta pesquisa se constituem como professoras e as possíveis relações que se estabelecem com a condição feminina. Para tal intento, ao partimos de um enfoque discursivo, fizemos uso de depoimentos orais de quatro professoras atuantes no Ensino Fundamental, em uma escola na cidade de Ribeirão Preto, interior de São Paulo. Os depoimentos orais, advindos de entrevistas semiestruturadas, foram gravados e transcritos e, posteriormente, selecionamos recortes que constituíram nosso corpus de análise. As análises realizadas trazem marcas e indícios linguístico-discursivos que apontam para o reconhecimento de que: 1) os processos de subjetivação docente, ainda nos dias atuais, são atravessados por componentes ideológicos e inconscientes, que guardam íntima relação com a condição feminina; 2) as professoras são capturadas ideológica e inconscientemente, no que diz respeito às suas escolhas profissionais e práticas docentes; 3) sentidos sócio-historicamente produzidos, legitimados e naturalizados concernentes ao feminino, à profissão docente e à posição professora são observados nas formulações atuais, que atualizam a memória discursiva das mesmas; 4) o reverberar da necessidade de se dizer dos sujeitos ouvidos nesta pesquisa, aponta para a premência de existirem espaços discursivos (ASSOLINI, 2011, 2013) nos cursos de formação docente que possibilitem ao sujeito-professor(a) falar de si e (re)significar seus saberes e fazeres docentes / The massive participation of women in teaching is notorious. Numerous works significantly contribute, in number and quality, to investigate this phenomenon. However, the so-called feminization of teaching not only refers to the strong presence of women in the teaching profession, but also to the association of activities and meanings of this profession with the feminine universe, historically. Through discourse it is possible to access what is unique in the subject, in other words the unconscious and the social and historical marks which characterize it. Therefore, we present the results of our master qualification research, based on the contributions of Discourse Analysis of French matrix - as a theoretical and methodological tool - of the Freudian-Lacanian psychoanalysis and Science Education, in order to investigate in what way the subjects of this research are constituted as teachers and the possible relations that are established with the feminine condition. To that end, our starting point was a discursive approach using oral statements from four working teachers of Elementary School in a school in the city of Ribeirão Preto in the countryside of São Paulo. The oral statements, from semi-structured interviews, were recorded, transcribed, and subsequently we selected clippings to constitute our analytical corpus. The analyses show linguistic-discursive marks and indications which point out to the recognition that: 1) the teacher´s subjectivation processes are still permeated by ideological and unconscious components, which bear a close relationship with the feminine condition; 2) the teachers are ideologically and unconsciously captured in terms of their professional choices and teaching practices; 3) socially and historically produced meanings, legitimized and naturalized, concerning the feminine, the teaching profession and the position of teacher, are observed in the current formulations, which validate their discursive memory; 4) the resonance of the necessity of consisting, of the subjects heard in this study, points to the urgent need for discursive spaces (ASSOLINI, 2011, 2013) in teacher´s training courses that enable the subject-teacher to \"speak about themselves\" and to (re)signify their knowledge and duties as teachers