Våren 2009 spreds en ny subtyp av influensavirus A(H1N1) mycket snabbt över världen. Media hårdbevakade pandemins framfart och förmedlade bilden av en allvarlig smitta med högre dödlighet i yngre åldrar. Hotet om påverkade samhällsfunktioner och en hårt belastad sjukvård ledde till beslutet att låta massvaccinera hela svenska folket. I frontlinjen stod primärvårdssjuksköterskorna som hade till uppgift att bemöta en orolig allmänhet. Syftet med studien var att undersöka primärvårdssjuksköterskors upplevelser av svininfluensapandemin A/H1N1. Hur upplevde de allmänhetens reaktion, sin egen arbetssituation och hur hanterade de situationen? Studien är empirisk och grundar sig på kvalitativa intervjuer med sex sjuksköterskor på tre olika vårdcentraler i Malmö. Analysmetoden var kvalitativ innehållsanalys såsom den beskrivs av Lundman och Hällgren Graneheim (2008). Resultatet redovisas i ett antal kategorier under tre teman. Temat för allmänhetens reaktioner var rädsla; människor uppgavs kontakta vårdcentralerna i långt större utsträckning än vanligt, vara vaksamma och ivriga att få vaccin samtidigt som de var misstänksamma mot vaccinets säkerhet. Det andra temat var hanterbart kaos, vilket representerar upplevelsen av arbetssituationen, som präglades av hög belastning, bristande beredskap, komplicerad rådgivning och etiska dilemman. Situationen hanterades genom målmedvetenhet som var det tredje framträdande temat, med försök att lugna, metodisk handläggning och kollegialt stöd som representativa kategorier. / In the spring of 2009 a new subtype of the influenza virus A(H1N1) spread very rapidly over the world. The media coverage of the pandemics’ rampage was intense and media conveyed the image of a severe infection with higher mortality at younger ages. The threat of interruptions to public services and a congested medical care led to the decision to undertake mass vaccination of the entire Swedish population. In the front line were the primary care nurses with the task to counter anxious citizens. The aim of this study was to investigate primary healthcare nurses’ experiences of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1). How did they experience the public’s reaction, their work situation and how did they handle the situation? This is an empirical study based on qualitative interviews with six nurses at three healthcare centers in Malmö. The method of the analysis was a content analysis, as described by Lundman and Hällgren Granheim (2008). The results are presented in a number of categories in three themes. The theme of the public reaction was fear; the informants stated that people contacted the health care centers in far greater extent than usual, they were vigilant and eager to receive the vaccine whilst they were suspicious of the vaccine’s safety. The second theme was manageable chaos, which represents the experience of the work situation, which was characterized by high stress, lack of preparedness, difficult counseling and ethical dilemmas. The situation was handled by determination, which is the third theme; attempts to calm, methodical management and collegially support are representative categories in this theme.

Syfte: Att analysera hur Aftonbladet använde olika strategier och retoriska begrepp under rapporteringen av svininfluensan, samt hur mediers makt kan beskrivas utifrån Foucaults teori. Teori: Medieretorik, encoding/decoding, budskapsstrategier, diskursteori, diskursens makt Metod: Kritiskt granskande analyser i form av kritisk diskursanalys och kritisk retorikanalys. Resultat: Aftonbladet använder sig utav medvetna eller omedvetna strategier och retoriska begrepp för att sända ut ett visst budskap. Makten att kunna försöka påverka kan, enligt Foucaults teori, komma ifrån staten i första hand. Därför är användningen utav strategier och retoriska begrepp nödvändig för att bibehålla makten att kunna försöka påverka och övertyga läsarna.

<p><strong>Title</strong>:      Kriskommunikation på 140 tecken; En kvantitativ innehållsanalys om media och myndigheters traditionella roller vid pandemikrisen A(H1N1) via SVT Rapport och Krisinformation.se:s twitterflöden.</p><p><strong>Author</strong>:                         Arne Wetterholm & Petter Westlund</p><p><strong>Tutor</strong>:                         Mats Eriksson</p><p><strong>Course</strong>:                         Medie- & Kommunikationsvetenskap C, inriktning PR</p><p><strong>Semester</strong>:                         Autumn 2009</p><p><strong>Purpose</strong>:      The purpose of this study is to analyse how twitter-feeds has been reporting the A(H1N1) pandemics. Do authorities and media keep their classical approach towards new crisis in a new media channel like Twitter.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Method & material</strong>:      The analysis is conducted through a quantitative research method where two Twitter feeds will be used as the main source of the material. The 50 latest messages of the feeds in both Twitter microblogs Krisinformation.se and SVT PlayRapport will be represented in the material.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Theories</strong>:      The theoretical background consists of Jan van Dijk and Manuel Castells theories of the network society. The theories of classical approach on authorities and media are also a part of the theoretical background along with theories about the modern web.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Main results</strong>:      The main results of this study points towards a continuous approach of both authorities and media in the Twitter feeds. That means that new opportunities of crisis information don’t mean new approaches for authorities and media when reporting a crisis.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>:     crisis information, crisis communication,  Twitter, SVT, Rapport, Krisinformation.se, kriskommunikation, A(H1N1), nya influensan, svininfluensan, swine inluenza, microblog, mikroblogg, kvantitativ, quantitative, innehållsanalys, context analysis.</p>

The aim of this thesis has been to examine how the risk for the swine flu was represented in the Swedish Radio news broadcast Ekot 16.45 during different phases of the pandemic in 2009. We wanted to study how the risk was described in different discourses and periods? Were the participants in the reporting calming or warning the listeners in relations to different aspects of the swine flu? What consequences for the community were reported in the broadcasting? To find the answers to our questions, we analysed 13 features about the swine flu broadcasted in Ekot’s main news broadcast Ekot 16.45. We used critical discourse analysis inspired by Norman Fairclough. We identified four types of discourses in our text, a journalistic discourse, a medical discourse, a nationalistic discourse and an authority discourse. The main discourse was the medical one. We also discovered power relations in each discourse but also between them. We noticed that the media transmitted the information from the authorities like a megaphone, rather than handling it in their traditionally critical way. In addition most people interviewed were representatives from the authorities and not ordinary people, manifesting the above mentioned authoritative perspective/discourse and leading to an absence of descriptions on effects at an everyday level. We also observed that the risk was talked about in various ways depending on if the feature belonged to the warning or acute phase of the pandemic. In the way the features were presented, it was clear that the presentations of the swine flu also had effects on the community, the healthcare and the whole nation as if preparing for an outbreak.

Title:      Kriskommunikation på 140 tecken; En kvantitativ innehållsanalys om media och myndigheters traditionella roller vid pandemikrisen A(H1N1) via SVT Rapport och Krisinformation.se:s twitterflöden. Author:                         Arne Wetterholm &amp; Petter Westlund Tutor:                         Mats Eriksson Course:                         Medie- &amp; Kommunikationsvetenskap C, inriktning PR Semester:                         Autumn 2009 Purpose:      The purpose of this study is to analyse how twitter-feeds has been reporting the A(H1N1) pandemics. Do authorities and media keep their classical approach towards new crisis in a new media channel like Twitter.   Method &amp; material:      The analysis is conducted through a quantitative research method where two Twitter feeds will be used as the main source of the material. The 50 latest messages of the feeds in both Twitter microblogs Krisinformation.se and SVT PlayRapport will be represented in the material.   Theories:      The theoretical background consists of Jan van Dijk and Manuel Castells theories of the network society. The theories of classical approach on authorities and media are also a part of the theoretical background along with theories about the modern web.   Main results:      The main results of this study points towards a continuous approach of both authorities and media in the Twitter feeds. That means that new opportunities of crisis information don’t mean new approaches for authorities and media when reporting a crisis.   Keywords:     crisis information, crisis communication,  Twitter, SVT, Rapport, Krisinformation.se, kriskommunikation, A(H1N1), nya influensan, svininfluensan, swine inluenza, microblog, mikroblogg, kvantitativ, quantitative, innehållsanalys, context analysis.

<p>The aim of this thesis has been to examine how the risk for the swine flu was represented in the Swedish Radio news broadcast Ekot 16.45 during different phases of the pandemic in 2009. We wanted to study how the risk was described in different discourses and periods? Were the participants in the reporting calming or warning the listeners in relations to different aspects of the swine flu? What consequences for the community were reported in the broadcasting?</p><p>To find the answers to our questions, we analysed 13 features about the swine flu broadcasted in Ekot’s main news broadcast Ekot 16.45. We used critical discourse analysis inspired by Norman Fairclough.</p><p>We identified four types of discourses in our text, a journalistic discourse, a medical discourse, a nationalistic discourse and an authority discourse. The main discourse was the medical one. We also discovered power relations in each discourse but also between them.</p><p>We noticed that the media transmitted the information from the authorities like a megaphone, rather than handling it in their traditionally critical way. In addition most people interviewed were representatives from the authorities and not ordinary people, manifesting the above mentioned authoritative perspective/discourse and leading to an absence of descriptions on effects at an everyday level. We also observed that the risk was talked about in various ways depending on if the feature belonged to the warning or acute phase of the pandemic. In the way the features were presented, it was clear that the presentations of the swine flu also had effects on the community, the healthcare and the whole nation as if preparing for an outbreak.</p>