The presented work is focused on the birth and evolution of radical thought in Syria and Egypt during the first half of 20th centrury and especially on it's interaction with art and literature. First of all it's focus is on the relation of Arab renaissance and radical left ideas and continuity of this thought in region under the study in the first half of 20th centrury. This work is as well focused on the common grounds of radical trends in Arab renaissance with Egyptian surrealist movement of the 30's and 40's. To this movement is dedicated final part of this work.

L’arbitrage dans les pays arabes connaît aujourd’hui une nouvelle dynamique se traduisant pas la promulgation de nouvelles lois d’arbitrage et l’implantation de nouveaux centres d’arbitrage. Cette dynamique est d’autant plus particulière qu’elle se caractérise par la mise en place de zones franches juridiques conduisant à la division du pouvoir judiciaire et à la coexistence de deux systèmes juridiques, on-shore et off-shore. Cette nouvelle dynamique est-elle pour autant le reflet d’une approche désormais favorable à l’arbitrage ? Quelle est la place faite à l’arbitrage dans les pays arabes? La réponse à ces problématiques majeures ne peut s’effectuer qu’à travers l’étude du recours en annulation des sentences arbitrales. En effet, l’approche de l’arbitrage dans les pays arabes ne peut être évaluée qu’à la lumière de la position des tribunaux étatiques lors du contrôle judiciaire de la sentence arbitrale. Il s’agira d’examiner la nature du recours en annulation, sa coexistence avec les voies de recours ordinaires, son exercice et les différents motifs d’annulation. Il s’agira également d’analyser les règlements d’arbitrage qui prennent position sur les voies de recours et in fine sur le sort de la sentence arbitrale à travers l’étude de la demande de reconnaissance et d’exécution des sentences arbitrales, aussi bien dans les zones on-shore que dans les zones off-shore. Cette étude permettra ainsi de déterminer la perception de l’arbitrage dans les pays arabes et les réformes qui doivent être entreprises en vue de sa promotion comme mode normal de résolution des litiges du commerce international. / Today, within Arab states, a new dynamic in arbitration is taking shape. This is reflected in the proliferation of new arbitration legislation and the establishment of emergent arbitration centres across the region. What makes this new dynamic even more remarkable is the contemporaneous establishment of legal free-zones where judicial power is divided and co-exists between two systems best described as on-shore and off-shore. This thesis seeks to explore the possible implications of this new dynamic with a view to determining whether or not it can be considered a reflection of a developing, more favourable approach to arbitration in Arab countries. In order to address this issue effectively, this thesis will examine the present and immediate approaches to arbitration of judiciaries in 10 Arab states. This will be achieved through the study and analysis of the action for setting aside arbitral awards in these Arab states. This thesis will look at the nature, exercise and application of the action for setting aside arbitral awards. In addition, it will explore the grounds for this action and how, as a recourse, the action for setting aside exists alongside and interacts with other avenues of recourse. In order to assess the current approaches of judiciaries, within Arab countries, this thesis will also analyze current arbitration legislation and institutional regulations. This is in addition to the emerging trends and common practice, that is, in the context of the recognition and execution of arbitral awards, in both on-shore and off-shore legal systems.

Les premiers indices archéologiques de Khirbet el-Libneh ont été signalés en 1997 dans la zone industrielle de Tartous (sur la côte syrienne). Depuis, neuf campagnes de fouilles réalisées sous la direction de la D.G.A.M., entre 1998 et 2009, ont permis la découverte partielle d'un ensemble protobyzantin. Les vestiges dispersés sur un terrain de 11400 m² se composent essentiellement d'une grande salle basilicale ornée d'une mosaïque géométrique, d'un complexe agricole (des pressoirs à huile, de petits fours à pain et un moulin) et une citerne. Parmi les objets mis au jour les plus intéressants, un sceau porte l'empreint d'une image religieuse. De prochaines campagnes de fouilles seront nécessaires pour compléter le contenu de cet ensemble. En attendant, les données disponibles représentent les sources d'informations pour cette recherche doctorale. / The first archaeological evidences for the complex of Khirbet el-Libneh were exposed in 1997 in the industrial zone of Tartous (on the Syrian coast). Indeed, nine excavations carried out under the direction of the DGAM between 1998 and 2009, led to the partial discovery of an early Byzantine settlement. The remains, scattered over an area of 11400 m², consist mainly of a large basilica decorated with geometric mosaics, an agricultural complex (oil press, bread ovens and a mil) and a cistern. One of the most iteresting discoveries is a seal that have a mark of a religious icon.Further surveys will be needed before we can portray a full picture of the complex and its contents. In the, meantime, the available data serve as the souce material of this PhD thesis.

La gestion des finances publiques est une composante essentielle du processus de développement. Elle soutient la stabilité fiscale et macro-économique, oriente l'allocation des ressources publiques aux priorités nationales du développement. La faiblesse des systèmes de gestion des finances publiques qui couvre toutes les phases du cycle budgétaire, notamment la préparation, l’exécution du budget et le contrôle interne et l’audit externes pouvant entraîner des pertes réels de ressources. Notre présente recherche analytique propose d’analyser la situation de la gestion des finances publiques en Syrie dans une perspective globale, en étudiant les axes majeurs de la réforme de la gestion des finances publiques entrepris en 2006 et ses impacts sur les orientations générales de développement du pays / Public financials Management is an essential component of better economic governance and development process. It supports the efficient and responsible use of public resources, ensures macroeconomic sustainability, budgetary stability and guides the allocation of resources to meet the national priorities. A weak management of Public financial systems can lead to the loss of resources. Public Financial management covers all phases of budget cycle, including budget preparation, execution, internal controls and external audits. The subject of this analytical research is to analyze with a global perspective the management situation of public financials in Syria by evaluating the main undertaken reform in 2006 of Public Financials Management and its impact on the general development guidelines of the country

Many civil wars are illustrative of wider international tensions and connections that transcend state borders. States often intervene to influence the trajectory and outcome of civil conflicts by providing external support to warring parties. This assistance ranges from direct military intervention to the provision of weapons, training, funds, safe havens, intelligence, logistics and other critical resources. This dissertation contains four individual essays that each seeks to advance our knowledge of state support to rebel movements. The first essays (I and II) add to our understanding of how external state support influences conflict dynamics while the latter (III and IV) begin to unpack the political decision-making process behind decisions that alter the original support commitment. Essay I evaluates whether state support to rebels increases the probability of civil war negotiations being initiated. The findings question a widespread belief among policymakers that support can foster negotiations. Essay II explores if external support influences the risk of conflict recurrence. It finds that state support to rebels can increase the risk of conflict recurrence in the short-term while there is no equivalent effect of support provided to governments. Essay III is the first global analysis of support termination and it thereby opens up an entirely new research field. The results suggest that the causes related to the initiation of support and its termination are largely distinct while the transition from the Cold War and the absence of ethnic kinship ties offer some insights into when states are more likely to terminate support. Essay IV unpacks the political decision-making process of the United States’ support to the armed opposition in Nicaragua in the 1980s and in Syria in the 2010s. The results indicate that adverse feedback functions as a trigger for increasing previous commitments as long as policy failure can be attributed to external actors, while reduced support is often a result of attributing failure to the state sponsor’s own actions. Taken together, the essays make significant contributions to advance our understanding of biased third-party interventions, conflict recurrence, civil war negotiations, foreign policy decision-making and state sponsorship of terrorism.

本文研析2011年至2016年期間，中國在人道干預立場上對利比亞和敘利亞的差異比較，試圖分析中國在「國家保護責任」（Responsibility to Protect）上的態度轉變。中國於安理會1970號和1973號針對利比亞內戰所涉及的人道干預決議案，不但同意將利比亞情勢送交國際刑事法院，更間接默許西方軍事干預利比亞，此與一向不干預他國內政、尊重他國主權為外交原則的中國相違背。然而，發生於同時期、同受到阿拉伯之春影響、同為推翻獨裁政權的敘利亞內戰，中國卻多次否決對其進一步軍事干預，形成人道干預立場上的矛盾。 而本文試圖利用「國家利益」和「形象建構」兩大分析途徑，探究中國隨著負責任大國的形象建立，和在國際事務上話語權漸增的情況下，於人道干預立場的考量是否有所改變或偏向。本文認為中國在利比亞案例上突破以往不干預他國內政的立場，並不代表中國對「國家保護責任」態度的轉變。其次，中國當前在人道干預立場上，仍以國家利益為主，形象建構為輔，特別是中共政權維穩、國家安全為首要。此外，中國也正試圖擺脫俄羅斯和西方國家的單方影響，建立一套獨立自主的人道干預外交原則。

This Master Thesis aims to present the current existential threats to Israeli security. Israel is a Jewish country in the middle of the Muslim region and her demise is wished by many involved parties. The Author describes sophisticated security systems of Israel, their efficiency and its unofficial nuclear program. From the state actors, it is Iran that has become the number one perceived threat in Israel thanks to its officials' rhetoric, its support towards terrorist organizations and its nuclear program. Israel is often involved in asymmetrical conflicts against non-state actors like Hamas and Hezbollah. The new extremist group Islamic State can also potentially pose a threat. Has Israel got reasons to worry about her existence? Has the Arab Spring brought about positives, negatives, or new possibilities? The Author aims to answer these questions.

With few exceptions, not enough attention has been paid to the phenomenon of ethnic minority rule over hostile majorities in the studies of ethnic conflict. This thesis attempts to account for the ability of ethnic minorities to rule over hostile majorities for continuous periods of time, and to devise a theory for the study of this phenomenon by comparing three cases: the Alawis in Syria, the Tutsis in Burundi and the Sunni Muslim minority in Iraq. The major argument of the thesis is that the phenomenon in question does not occur randomly. There are certain conditions that motivate an ethnic minority to seek political power, and to be able to attain it and maintain continuous rule despite the hostility of the majority. Naturally, each case has its particular characteristics, yet common patterns underlying minority rule over hostile majorities can be found, and an analytical framework can bJe devised. The examination of the three cases leads to the conclusion that minority rule has to be explained by examining how the identities of the minority and majority were formed, how they have been shaped throughout the history of interaction between the two groups, and how they have influenced the relationship between the groups. There is also a need to study how political entrepreneurs manipulate traditional markers and modern issues for instrumental gains. On this basis, it is possible to understand the political salience of the identities, the level of hostility and the reasons why the minorities seek political power. Attaining it or retaining it, and maintaining it for a continuous period of time is dependent on an authoritarian government structure, which includes, indispensably, considerable army involvement in politics. Persistent minority rule is also dependent on its ability to legitimize itself, primarily by creating a unified identity. Success in forming such a unified identity implies a decrease in the saliency of elements of identity that' distinguish between the groups, and ultimately a decrease in the level hostility. This allows the minority rule to persist. If, however, this "unified identity" does not have the desired outcome of mollifying the majority, the ruling minority can, and will, use its military monopoly of coercive power to subdue internal opposition. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Le bassin hydrologique du Barada et de l’Awaj est le plus important et le plus intensément exploité de Syrie. Le sous bassin amont de la rivière Awaj occupe la partie sud-ouest de ce bassin. Dans cette région aride, l’eau souterraine représente la principale réserve et ressource de production d’eau. Dans l’optique de caractériser le fonctionnement du système hydrogéologique multicouche local et de calculer un bilan hydrologique pour l’aquifère superficiel, une méthodologie multi techniques couplant hydrochimie, isotopie et hydrodynamisme a été déployée. L’analyse détaillée des données hydrochimiques recueillies a mis en évidence la grande variabilité du fond géochimique local, directement fonction de la stratigraphie. Cette complexité stratigraphique induit une vision hydrogéologique complexe de nombreux corps aquifères. L’évolution de la chimie des eaux révèle la prépondérance du phénomène de dissolution/précipitation des roches carbonatées comme principal mécanisme de contrôle de l’hydrochimie, devant l’hydrolyse des silicates, la dissolution du gypse et l’échange ionique. En conséquence il n’a pas été possible de déduire de l’hydrochimie des eaux les preuves d’une recharge par drainance ascendante depuis l’aquifère du jurassique vers les aquifères superficiels, bien que la similarité des faciès hydrochimiques tend à consolider l’hypothèse d’une origine unique des eaux, sans toutefois permettre une identification des chemins d’écoulement. Les données isotopiques indiquent quant à elles, une infiltration importante et rapide des eaux météoritiques, avant qu’une importante phase d’évaporation n’ait lieu. Ainsi, l’important flux d’infiltration qui se produit essentiellement dans la partie montagneuse de la zone, représente la principale source de recharge du système aquifère multicouche régional. De ce fait la zone d’étude peut se subdiviser en deux sous régions : la première (A) se caractérise par une dissolution active et des flux de circulation d’eau souterraine fortement orientés verticalement vers la profondeur, alors que la seconde (B) est caractérisée par des écoulements peu profonds associés à des interactions hydrochimiques avec les roches encaissantes. Les résultats de la modélisation hydrodynamique du système mettent en évidence la connexion hydraulique entre l’aquifère profond du Jurassique et les aquifères surincombants par le biais d’une drainance ascendante. Le bilan hydrologique de l’aquifère se surface a ainsi pu être appréhendé : les principaux flux de recharge proviennent de l’infiltration des eaux météoritiques mais également de l’écoulement latéral du Jurassique dans la partie montagneuse. La drainance ascendante depuis le Jurassique dans la partie aval est également non négligeable. Du point de vue des sorties, le flux d’écoulement le plus important se situe en direction de l’est vers le centre du bassin. Ce constat permet de concevoir que La sous bassin amont de le rivière Awaj est la principale zone de recharge occidentale du bassin de Barada et Awaj. / Barada and Awaj basin is the most important and extensively used water basin in Syria. The upper part of Awaj River occupies the southwestern part of this basin. In this arid region, groundwater is considered to be as a main source of water supply. In order to assess the main features which characterize the hydrogeological system in this area and calculate the water budget of the first aquifer horizon, a multi approach methodology using hydrochemistry, environmental stable isotopes and groundwater modeling were used as integrated tools. The detailed description of hydrogeochemical conditions has underlined the very complex variability of the stratigraphic sequences and hence the numerous hydrogeological units within the study area. Hydrogeochemical evolution reveals the domination of dissolution/precipitation of carbonate rocks as a main mechanism controlling groundwater chemical composition and to less extend, the silicate hydrolysis, dissolution of gypsum and reverse ion exchange. Consequently, hydrochemical patterns did not give enough evidences for the expecting of huge feeding flow from the Jurassic aquifers towards the Neogene/Quaternary aquifer. The similarity in water type tends to express the existence of a unique hydrochemical system where the individualised groundwater flow paths are difficult to delineate. The isotope compositions imply an important rapid infiltration of atmospheric precipitation before significant evaporation takes place. Hence the infiltrated precipitation provides the main source of groundwater recharge all over the study area and mainly throughout the mountainous parts. The study area can be dividing into two main sub-regions. The sub-region (A) which characterizes by active dissolution phenomena and deep vertical groundwater flow. And sub-region (B) which characterizes by a shallow horizontal flow component associated with active interaction between groundwater and hosting rocks. The result of groundwater model indicates a hydraulic connection between the deep aquifers and the overlying first aquifer through the upward leakage of groundwater. The components of the water budget of the first aquifer had determined. The lateral discharge from the Jurassic aquifer as well as the meteoric recharge is the most important recharging component of this budget. The upward leakage of groundwater from deeper aquifers also plays an important role. However, the lateral discharge from the eastern boundary is the largest discharge component which indicates that the study area can be considered as a main recharge region of the western side of the Barada and Awaj Basin.

Ce mémoire de maitrise en travail social porte sur les expériences de femmes réfugiées en provenance de Syrie détenant la responsabilité principale du soutien financier et des soins au quotidien de leur famille au Québec/Canada et au Liban. Le questionnement au cœur de cette recherche est issu du constat que les femmes qui assument cette responsabilité en contexte d’exil sont le plus souvent ciblées comme étant d’emblée vulnérables par les instances de gouvernance de la migration forcée, sans que l’on sache toutefois très bien comment elles vivent réellement ces réalités (Freedman, 2017). Bien qu’elle s’avère une des pierres angulaires du système de protection des personnes réfugiées, la vulnérabilité des femmes réfugiées fait rarement l’objet d’une définition en dehors du sens commun l’associant au risque d’être blessée. L’approche féministe transnationale (Mohanty, 2003; Zeweri, 2017; McLaren, 2017) a été mobilisée dans le cadre d’une démarche qualitative de type exploratoire se basant sur 12 entrevues de type récits de vie effectuées avec des femmes réfugiées détenant la responsabilité principale du soutien financier et des soins au quotidien de leur famille (5 au Québec et 7 au Liban). Elle visait d’une part à documenter leurs expériences et d’autre part à reconsidérer la notion de vulnérabilité au-delà du sens commun, en analysant leurs récits à travers le prisme du concept de vulnérabilité ambivalente (Oliviero, 2016). Les résultats de la recherche ont clairement démontré que les femmes rencontrées doivent faire face à de nombreuses formes de violences et de marginalisations, mais qu’elles sont également exposées à des opportunités transformatrices et à des expériences qui s’inscrivent dans la continuité de leurs trajectoires de vie (Oliviero, 2016; Grace, 2018; Zeweri, 2017). L’impact de la migration sur les dynamiques familiales est ressorti comme élément central de leurs préoccupations et fait l’objet d’un article scientifique présentant les résultats de recherche (à soumettre). Les femmes ont mentionné se sentir responsables d’agir pour soutenir et protéger les membres de leur famille et elles-mêmes, induisant ainsi qu’elles doivent, mais aussi qu’elles peuvent faire quelque chose pour faire face aux conditions de la migration forcée. En cela, leurs témoignages s’éloignaient des conceptions victimisantes et de celles qui réduisent leurs expériences à la précarité socioéconomique induites par la notion de vulnérabilité de sens commun. La reconnaissance de la polysémie de leurs expériences gagnerait à être mise au cœur des représentations académiques, médiatiques et politiques des femmes réfugiées, mais aussi du développement de pratiques de protection et d’accompagnement solidaires qui placent au centre le respect de leur humanité et de leur dignité pleines et entières. / This Master’s thesis in Social Work focuses on the experiences of refugee women coming from Syria, who are holding the main financial and caring responsibility of supporting their family in Quebec/Canada and in Lebanon. Women who hold this responsibility in exile are often seen as being de facto vulnerable by organizations that are in charge of the global management of forced migration, although what women experience concretely in these situations remains unclear (Freedman, 2017). Despite being a corner stone of the refugee protection system, vulnerability doesn’t appear to be defined beyond common sense conceptions - to be susceptible to harm. A transnational feminist approach (Mohanty, 2003; Zeweri, 2017; McLaren, 2017) is at the core of the analysis of the “life story” interviews that were conducted with 12 women holding the main responsibility of supporting their family (5 in Quebec, 7 in Lebanon). More specifically, their testimonies were analyzed through the conceptual lens of ambivalent vulnerability (Oliviero, 2016) in order to document their experiences, as well as to reconsider the notion of vulnerability beyond its common sense assumptions. The women who participated in this research were undoubtedly facing various forms of violence and marginalization, but they also turned out to be exposed to a series of transformative opportunities and experiences inscribed in the continuity of their life trajectories (Oliviero, 2016; Grace, 2018; Zeweri, 2017). The impact of forced migration on family dynamics was at the core of their testimonies and was chosen as the main theme used to illustrate the wide spectrum of their experiences through a scientific article (to be submitted). They said they felt responsible to take action to support and to protect their family members and themselves, implying that they don’t only have to do so, but that they also feel like they can also do something to face the conditions of their life in exile. Their testimonies diverged from representations of their vulnerability, focusing mainly on victimization and socio-economic precarity. This research shows that the acknowledgment of the polysemic character of their realities should be put at the core of academic, humanitarian and political representations of refugee women’s experiences. It could thus inform the development of protection and support practices anchored in solidarity, as well as full respect of refugee women’s humanity and dignity.