Tell 'Abr 3 notre sujet d’étude est un site néolithique du dixième millénaire av. J.C (Mureybétien, horizon PPNA) situé sur la rive gauche de l’Euphrate en Djézireh syrienne. Il a révélé une documentation riche sur l'architecture et l'expression symbolique, ce qui nous a permis d’imaginer un lien entre les deux aspects Ces informations et leurs interprétations ont été replacées dans le contexte plus général du PPNA au Levant nord. Ils ont été à la base de notre réflexion de la société PPNA ; vie quotidienne et vie symbolique en ont été le fil conducteur. Le site de Tell ‘Abr 3 a fourni six bâtiments pouvant répondre à la notion de bâtiment communautaire en raison de leurs dimensions, de leurs hautes qualités architecturales, de leur richesse ornementale, enfin des outils et des objets décorés retrouvés à l’intérieur. Les objets qui se trouvent dans ces bâtiments ne s’y trouvaient pas par hasard et leur rôle est déterminant pour le fonctionnement de ces espaces. En outre, les objets retrouvés sous forme de dépôts intentionnels ou abandonnés suggèrent fortement la pratique de rituels liée à la vie communautaire et symbolique à Tell 'Abr 3. Trois types de bâtiments communautaires ont été définis à partir de leurs morphologies et de leurs aménagements. Le premier, début de PPNA, est non subdivisé, à plateforme (M1a, M1b, M10b) ; le deuxième, fin Mureybétien, est subdivisé en cellules à plateforme (M3 et M10b) ; et le troisième, transition PPNA/PPNB ancien, est non subdivisé, avec des dalles ornées (B2). Les derniers Deux types seulement étaient déjà connus sur d'autres sites en Syrie du Nord tandis que le – type 1 – n’est en effet attesté que sur notre site.La présence des types des bâtiments communautaires identiques selon notre définition (morphologique et temporelle) sur un vaste zone géographique entre Mureybet au sud jusqu’à Göbekli au nord, en passant par Jerf el-Ahmar et Dja’de el-Mughara, cette répartition renforce ce que l’on savait sur l’unicité de la culture PPNA dans cette zone de la Syrie du Nord et de la Turquie du Sud.Une diversité des thèmes symboliques liée aux types de bâtiments communautaires à Tell 'Abr 3 a été révélée. Les plus fréquemment sont les représentations animalières du monde sauvages. Les thèmes récurrents sont le taureau, la panthère, le rapace, et le serpent. Les représentations humaines prennent une place importante assez explicite. Les représentations masculines sont dominantes dans les bâtiments de types 1 et 3, tandis que les représentations féminines sont dominantes dans les bâtiments de type 2. Si nous combinons l’aspect fonctionnel et l’aspect symbolique, nous constatons entre ces sites, une parenté des thèmes symboliques liée aux bâtiments de chaque type. Mais il faut noter, en même temps, une variabilité qui doit tenir aux singularités du rituel dans chaque communauté. L’ensemble de ces phénomènes s’accompagne d’une transformation du mode de vie social, aussi bien sur le plan quotidien que symbolique. Cela peut être le résultat d’une diffusion du phénomène à travers les périodes et les sociétés du PPNA. / Tell 'Abr 3 our subject of study is a Neolithic site of the tenth millennium B.C (Mureybetien, horizon PPNA) which is located on the left bank of the Euphrates in Syrian Jezirah. This site reveals a rich documentation in architecture and symbolic expression. This information and their interpretations were placed back in the more general context of the PPNA in the Northern Levant. They have been the basis of our reflection of PPNA society; the guiding principle was symbolic and daily life.The site of Tell ' Abr 3 has provided six buildings characterize the concept of communal building due to their sizes, their high architectural qualities, their richness in ornamental, and finally the decorated objects and tools founded inside. The objects that are located in these buildings were not by chance and their role is crucial for the functioning of these spaces. Furthermore, the objects found in the form of intentional deposits or abandoned strongly suggest the practice of rituals related to communal and symbolic life to Tell ' Abr 3.Three types of communal buildings have been defined from their morphologies and arrangements. The first, beginning of PPNA, is not subdivided with platform (M1a, M1b, M10b); the second, finale Mureybetien, is divided into cells with platform (M3 and M10b); and the third one, transition PPNA/PPNB, is not subdivided, with ornate slabs (B2). The last two types were already known on other sites in northern Syria while - type 1 - is indeed attested only on our site.The presence of types of identical communal buildings according to our definition (morphological and temporal) over a large geographical area from Mureybet in the South to Göbekli to the North, passing through Jerf el-Ahmar and Dja'de el-Mughara, This distribution reinforces what was known about the uniqueness of the PPNA culture in this area of southern Turkey and Northern Syria. A variety of symbolic themes related to the types of communal buildings were revealed in Tell ' Abr 3. Most frequently, the representations of wild animals. Recurring themes are the bull, the panther, the eagle and snake. Human representations take a strong and important place. The male representations are dominant in buildings of types 1 and 3, while women's representations are dominant in buildings of type 2.When we matched between the functional and symbolic aspects of these three types of buildings, we establish a liaison in symbolic themes that gather between all these sites. But we have to mention that although each community had its own singularity in ritual. All these phenomena lead to a transformation in social lifestyle, in its both sides quotidian and symbolic. This transformation might be the result of the phenomena diffusion during the periods between societies in PPNA.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-05T12:25:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Willian Moraes Roberto.pdf: 1606271 bytes, checksum: a01bee3acb85b2ddd7430c95d210639d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-05T12:25:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Willian Moraes Roberto.pdf: 1606271 bytes, checksum: a01bee3acb85b2ddd7430c95d210639d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Turkey, located at a strategic point between Europe and the Middle East, has historically been a relevant actor on the international scene. Since 2003, with the AKP (Justice and Development Party) coming to power, the country has stood out even more. On the one hand, its political model gained prominence due to the fact that an Islamic-rooted party began to cohabit secular bureaucratic institutions, accepting democratic rules and achieving high rates of economic growth. On the other hand, the new government began a rapprochement with the Middle East through the doctrine of "Zero Problems with Neighbors" - a region that for years was little explored by the traditional Turkish elites. However, with the start of the Arab uprisings and the outbreak of the conflict in Syria in 2011, Turkey again underwent an inflection in its foreign policy. The Turkish government adopted an assertive stance, assuming a position of great influence among both the Syrian conflict and the new Islamic political movements in the region. Given this context, this dissertation has as its research question the following: why Turkey changed its foreign policy in 2011, how has it been oriented since then and what aims has it sought. We will try to argue that this inflection in 2011 occurred due to two external shocks: the Arab revolts and a new US stance towards the Middle East; nonetheless, such new stance was only possible due to AKP’s domestic reforms. In addition, we will point out that in 2011 the Turkish government adopted a more assertive foreign policy, which aimed to place the country as a new regional leader through an emphasis on its political model. Finally, we will demonstrate that, over time, due to the radicalization of the Syrian war, Turkey again changed its foreign policy in 2015, also due to new external shocks, namely the achievement of Kurdish autonomy in Syria and the rise of the Islamic State. Since then, in a scenario of greater external constraints, the Turkish government would start to pay more attention to security issues, prioritizing problems arising from Syria, especially those related to the Kurdish issue / A Turquia, localizada em um ponto estratégico entre a Europa e o Oriente Médio, historicamente um sido um ator relevante no cenário internacional. Desde 2003, com o advento ao poder do AKP (Partido da Justiça e Desenvolvimento), o país se destacou ainda mais. Por um lado, ganhou destaque seu modelo político devido ao fato de um partido de raízes islâmicas passar a coabitar instituições burocráticas seculares, aceitando as regras democráticas e conquistando altas taxas de crescimento econômico. Por outro, o novo governo iniciou uma reaproximação com o Oriente Médio através da doutrina de “Zero Problemas com Vizinhos” – região essa que há anos era pouco explorada pelas elites turcas tradicionais. Entretanto, com o início das revoltas árabes e a eclosão do conflito na Síria a partir de 2011, a Turquia novamente passou por uma inflexão em sua política externa. O governo turco passou a adotar uma postura assertiva, assumindo uma posição de grande influência tanto no conflito sírio quanto junto aos novos movimentos políticos islâmicos na região. Diante desse contexto, essa dissertação tem como pergunta de investigação por que a Turquia alterou sua política externa a partir de 2011, como foi orientada desde então e que fins buscou. Procuraremos argumentar que essa inflexão em 2011 ocorreu devido a dois choques externos: as revoltas árabes e uma nova postura dos EUA para o Oriente Médio, mas que a nova postura só foi possível devido às reformas domésticas realizadas pelo AKP. Além disso, apontaremos que, em 2011, o governo turco passou a ter uma política externa mais assertiva, objetivando colocar o país como uma espécie de liderança regional usando-se de seu modelo político. Por fim, demonstraremos que, com o passar do tempo e a radicalização da guerra na Síria, em 2015 novamente a Turquia modificou sua política externa, também devido a novos choques externos, quais sejam a autonomia curda na Síria e o surgimento do Estado Islâmico. Desde então, em um cenário de maior constrangimento e limitações externas, o governo turco passaria a enfatizar questões securitárias, priorizando problemas advindos da Síria, sobretudo aqueles ligados à questão curda

L’objet de cette thèse est d’analyser l’évolution du système de vulgarisation agricole en contexte méditerranéen, en termes d’organisation, de dimensions du conseil et de méthodes d’intervention à partir d’une analyse régionale des systèmes syrien et tunisien. Cette évolution répond à des changements profonds du modèle de production agricole, basé historiquement sur les principes de la Révolution verte, qui s’oriente vers des modèles agro-écologiques. Nous nous situons dans le mouvement dit de la « transition agroécologique », qui propose un cadre de développement associant les dimensions socioéconomiques et environnementales. Elle permet d'envisager une meilleure intégration de l'agriculture et de ses enjeux dans le projet de développement territorial. Concevoir et mettre en œuvre cette approche nécessite de changer profondément la gestion des systèmes de production. Pour assurer ces changements, les agriculteurs ont besoin de nouveaux dispositifs d’accompagnement. L’analyse de l’évolution des systèmes de vulgarisation est conduite à partir d’un cadre théorique et méthodologique construit en référence aux théories du développement, notamment évolutionniste, pour tenir compte des forces générales qui déterminent les actions locales, et historiciste, pour donner place aux trajectoires de développement et aux combinaisons territoriales singulières. Ce cadre suppose que le développement ne dépend pas de producteurs prêts à adopter des innovations exogènes mais plutôt à participer à son élaboration. Cette participation répond à deux besoins : i) l’adaptation de l’innovation à la particularité des situations comme la transition agroécologique le préconise, ii) la décentralisation de la gestion des biens socio-environnementaux, vers des formes de communs. Face à ces enjeux de transformation des systèmes agricoles, on peut s’attendre à ce que l’organisation de la vulgarisation agricole s’est adaptée par le passage d’un système piloté principalement par un dispositif public, basé sur une seule dimension de conseil technique et sur des méthodes diffusionnistes de vulgarisation de masse, à un système composite proposant plusieurs dimensions de conseil et de méthodes d’intervention individuelles ou communes basées sur la co-construction du conseil. L’analyse est conduite en prenant appui sur un travail empirique adapté à la situation des deux pays d’étude, circonscrit sur la région d’Al Ghâb en Syrie et de Nabeul en Tunisie. Les résultats sont assez proches dans les deux pays où l’évolution du secteur agricole se réalise par petites touches qui tiennent plus de la substitution de pratiques plus économes et plus respectueuses du milieu que les précédentes, mais elle n’a pas été accompagnée par une évolution marquante du système de vulgarisation agricole. Le dispositif étatique occupe toujours une position de monopole en Al Ghâb, et dominante à Nabeul. L’évolution organisationnelle de ce système se borne, dans les deux régions, à la déconcentration des services, avec une timide privatisation sur le terrain de Nabeul. Dans les deux régions d’études, le dispositif étatique utilise classiquement des méthodes collectives de conseil basées sur le modèle « Training and Visit » et se limite à une dimension technique basée principalement sur les recettes de la Révolution verte ; leur contribution à l’évolution des pratiques agricoles vers l’agroécologie n’est pas notable. / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the evolution of the agricultural extension system in a Mediterranean context, in terms of organization, types of advice and methods of intervention drawn from a regional analysis of Syrian and Tunisian systems. This evolution responds to profound changes in the agricultural production model, historically based on the principles of the Green Revolution, which is evolving towards agro-ecological models. We situate this work in the movement known as the "agro-ecological transition", which proposes a framework of development associating socio-economic and environmental dimensions. This movement allows us to envision a better integration of agriculture and its stakes in the territorial development project. To design and implement the agro-ecological approach requires a profound change in the management of production systems. To ensure these changes, farmers need new support schemes. The analysis of the evolution of the extension systems is conducted from a theoretical and methodological framework constructed with reference to development theories, notably especially evolutionist, which take into account the general forces that determine local actions, and historicist, which give pace to development trajectories and singular territorial combinations. This framework assumes that the development does not depend on producers willing to adopt exogenous innovations but rather to participate in its elaboration. This participation meets two needs: i) the adaptation of innovation to the particularity of situations as the agroecological transition advocates ii) the decentralization of the management of socio-environmental goods, towards common forms. To deal with these challenges of transforming agricultural systems, we can be expected that the organization of agricultural extension has adapted by the passage of a system driven primarily by a public device, based on a single type of technical advice and on diffusionist methods of mass of extension, to a composite system offering several types of advice and individual or joint intervention methods based on the co-construction of the advice. Our analysis is based on an empirical work adapted to the situation of the two countries under study, circumscribed to the regions of Al Ghâb in Syria and Nabeul in Tunisia. The results are quite similar in both countries where the evolution of the agricultural sector occurs through small changes that rely more on the substitution of practices more economical and more respectful of the environment than previous practices, but these changes have not been accompanied by a significant evolution of the agricultural extension system. The state apparatus still occupies a monopoly position in Al Ghâb, and dominant in Nabeul. The organizational evolution of this system is limited, in both regions, to the deconcentration of services, with a timid privatization on the site of Nabeul. In both regions of study, the state apparatus uses classically collective counseling methods of advice based on the "Training and Visit" model, and is limited to a technical dimension based mainly on the proceeds of the Green Revolution, their contribution to the evolution of agricultural practices towards agroecology is not notable.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-15T13:31:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosana Carvalho S Ghignath.pdf: 1325892 bytes, checksum: 999e87698bcdbc3db8145689158550ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-20 / This dissertation has as objective to study, in comparative perspective , the works of E?a de Queir?s the "trip" Reports - Egypt, Palestine and High Syria -, everybody published posthumously, and the novel The Relic, published in the author's life. It fits to illuminate that the Portuguese novelist undertook a trip to the East, specifically to Egypt and Palestine, in the middle of 1869, motivated by the inauguration of the Channel of Suez. The annotations done by E?a concerning the places that he knew, in odds papers, they were published firstly by its son Jos? Maria d? E?a de Queiroz, fifty seven years then, entitling them as Egypto. Trip notes (1926). In 1966, the novelist's daughter, Maria E?a de Queiroz de Castro, picked up more notes of this material, composing the book Free Leaves, of which they make part the reports on Palestine and on Syria. In these works they are the author's personal impressions in relation to the that he saw in those distant places paragens. The Relic is already work ficcional published in 1887. In this novel, the narrator-character's trip, Teodorico Raposo, is shown by the Medium East. When doing an comparative analysis among these written, it is noticed that the novelist took advantage of its oriental course to redraft fiction, journalistic and epistle texts. Starting from the reading of the " Reports of Trip " and d?A relic, this dissertation seeks to investigate mapear the eatern imaginary in the works queirosianas, aiming the novelist's insert in the context of the easstern European century XVIII, as well as the influences that the writer received from the main works of French artists that also traveled to the East, to example of Flaubert, Renan and Gautier. He makes himself a literary analysis still comparing the texts of the "Reports of trip" writings for E?a young with the novel The relic, written in the writer's full maturity. They guide this study the theories of the parody, of the intratextualidade and of the irony as structures of the satirical and revision speech, that, it is believed, according to this novel of E?a de Queir?s. / Esta disserta??o tem como objetivo estudar, em perspectiva comparatista, as obras de E?a de Queir?s os Relatos de viagem O Egito, A Palestina e Alta S?ria , todos publicados postumamente, e o romance A rel?quia, publicado em vida do autor. Cabe esclarecer que o romancista portugu?s empreendeu uma viagem ao Oriente, especificamente ao Egito e ? Palestina, em meados de 1869, motivado pela inaugura??o do Canal de Suez. As anota??es feitas por E?a acerca dos lugares que conheceu, em pap?is avulsos, foram publicadas primeiramente pelo seu filho Jos? Maria d? E?a de Queiroz, cinq?enta e sete anos depois, intitulando-os como Egypto. Notas de viagem (1926). Em 1966, a filha do romancista, Maria E?a de Queiroz de Castro, recolheu mais notas deste material, compondo o livro Folhas Soltas, do qual fazem parte os relatos sobre a Palestina e sobre a S?ria. Nestas obras est?o as impress?es pessoais do autor em rela??o ao que ele viu naquelas paragens distantes. J? A rel?quia ? obra ficcional publicada em 1887. Neste romance, mostra-se a viagem do narrador-personagem, Teodorico Raposo, pelo M?dio Oriente. Ao fazer uma an?lise comparatista entre estes escritos, percebe-se que o romancista se aproveitou do seu percurso oriental para reescrever textos ficcionais, jornal?sticos e epistolares. A partir da leitura dos Relatos de viagem e d?A rel?quia, esta disserta??o procura mapear o imagin?rio oriental nas obras queirosianas, apontando a inser??o do romancista no contexto do orientalismo europeu oitocentista, bem como as influ?ncias que o escritor recebeu das principais obras de artistas franceses que tamb?m viajaram ao Oriente, a exemplo de Flaubert, Renan e Gautier. Faz-se uma an?lise liter?ria comparando os textos dos Relatos de viagem escritos por E?a ainda jovem com o romance A rel?quia, escrito em plena maturidade do escritor. Orientam este estudo as teorias da par?dia, da intratextualidade e da ironia como estruturadoras do discurso sat?rico e revisionista, que conforma este romance de E?a de Queir?s.

Dans les pays importateurs d’énergie de la région Est-Méditerranée, comme la Syrie et le Liban, le secteur du bâtiment est le plus gros consommateur d’énergie. Une extension urbaine dynamique et une croissance démographique importante sont les caractéristiques des villes côtières de cette région, avec une absence totale d’application de règlements thermiques ou énergétiques pour les constructions. L’objectif de ce travail est de mettre en place une certification énergétique pour les bâtiments résidentiels neufs dans la région côtière de l’Est-Méditerranée. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons réalisé une série d’enquêtes sur le terrain pour mettre en évidence les problématiques énergétiques des bâtiments résidentiels dans la ville de Tartous, et établir une base de données servant de référentiel sur les modes de construction, les systèmes énergétiques accessibles et les usages des occupants. Le choix de la RT2012 est le résultat d’une analyse critique et comparative des six labels les plus répandus dans le monde, en vue d’une extension à la région Est-Méditerranée. L’originalité de notre travail est d’aborder la réalité du terrain en adoptant un outil de STD et en nous appuyant sur les spécificités de fonctionnement et d’usage du bâtiment et ses équipements de chauffage, de climatisation, d’eau chaude sanitaire et d’électroménager. Les limites d’amélioration de la performance énergétique, due à l’utilisation des solutions techniques accessibles sur le site, avec un valorisation globale des points de vue énergétique, économique et de confort, nous permettront de déterminer les nouvelles valeurs des indices réglementaires caractérisant notre nouveau label énergétique RT2012-EM. Ce label énergétique, destiné aux différents acteurs du bâtiment pour la conception de bâtiments résidentiels neufs, vise à promouvoir une politique d’utilisation rationnelle de l’énergie, grâce à des bâtiments à basse consommation énergétique. / In the countries which importing energy in the region of the East-Mediterranean, such as Syria and Lebanon, the building sector is the largest consumer of energy . A dynamic urban expansion and population growth are important characteristics of the coastal towns of this region, with a total lack of application of heat or energy regulations for buildings. The objective of this work is to develop an energy certification for new residential buildings in the coastal region of East Mediterranean. To achieve this goal, we conducted a series of field surveys to highlight energy issues of residential buildings in the city of Tartous, and establish a database for the repository construction methods, energy systems access and usage of the occupants. The choice of the RT2012 is the result of a critical and comparative analysis of the six most popular labels in the world, for an extension to the East Mediterranean region. The originality of our work is to address the reality of the field by adopting a tool of a dynamic thermal simulation and relying on the specific operation and use of the building and equipment of heating, cooling, hot water and appliances. The limits of improving energy performance, due to the use of available technical solutions on site, with a total valuation of viewpoints energy, economic and comfort, will let us determine the new values of the regulatory indices of our new RT2012-EM energy label. The energy label for the different actors of the building to the design of new residential buildings, designed to promote a policy of rational use of energy, through buildings with low energy consumption.

Le 8 mars 1963, un coup d’État en Syrie permet à une secte minoritaire marginalisée au sein du parti Baas, à idéologie radicale et révolutionnaire, de s’emparer des rênes de l’État avec l’appui des militaires et de conserver le pouvoir depuis. Ainsi la Syrie, premier pays arabe à connaître le système pluraliste parlementaire dès 1919, sera soumise à un régime militaire et autoritaire pendant presque un demi siècle. Ce mémoire vise à expliquer comment cette faction, groupusculaire à l’origine, a su profiter des circonstances et des fenêtres d’opportunité politique ouvertes par les comportements de l’élite traditionnelle syrienne, au pouvoir depuis le Mandat français, s’étant trouvée affaiblie, isolée et illégitime aux yeux de la population. Cette fragmentation exprimée par des agitations internes, avait provoqué des décisions contradictoires, des conflits d’intérêts ainsi que des divisions de nature identitaire, générationnelle, sociale, économique, militaire et politique. La Syrie a de ce fait, depuis son indépendance en 1941, été victime du jeu de son élite, un jeu dont ce mémoire est consacré à étudier la dynamique. Cette étude, qui définit le concept de l’élite théoriquement, s’appuie sur l’état des liens entre élites, l’envergure et les modes de leur circulation, pour confirmer qu’une élite fragmentée s’affaibli, perd sa légitimité et mène la société à l’instabilité. Ceci soutien l’hypothèse centrale de l’étude que la fragmentation de l’élite syrienne traditionnelle a ouvert des fenêtres d’opportunité politique devant le parti Baas, minoritaire et radical, qui a su les saisir pour conquérir le pouvoir. / On March 8, 1963, a coup in Syria allows a marginalized minority sect, of radical and revolutionary ideologies within the Baath Party, to conquer the reins of State with military support; and to stay in power ever since. Thus, Syria -the first Arab country to experience the pluralist parliamentary system since 1919, will be subject to a military and authoritarian regime for almost half a century. This thesis aims to explain how this minority faction took advantage of the circumstances and the windows of political opportunity that have opened because of the weakness of the traditional elite in power since the French mandate, due to its fragmentation that led to its isolation and illegitimacy in the eyes of people. This fragmentation manifested by internal unrests, has resulted in contradicting decisions, conflicts of interests and division of nature in identity, generational, social, economical, military and political aspects –all at once. Hence, since its independence in 1941, Syria was a victim of its elites’ game -a game this thesis is devoted to study its dynamics. The study that defines the concept of elite theory, while focusing on the state of relation between the elites and the extent and patterns of their circulation, in order to confirm that a weakened fragmented elite, loses its legitimacy and leads the society to instability. This supports the main hypothesis of the study that the fragmentation of traditional Syrian elite has opened windows of opportunities that the Baath Party, a radical minority, was able to seize power through.

Le Moyen-Orient représente un « Sud » souvent occulté dans l’analyse de la politique étrangère de la Russie. Or, la politique de Moscou au Moyen-Orient constitue un indicateur souvent révélateur des dynamiques, des atouts et des limites de la puissance russe. Sur la période étudiée (2000-2013), la poursuite d’objectifs « rationnels » – maximisation de la sécurité de l’État dans un système international perçu comme anarchique – n’exclut pas une quête identitaire éclairant la manière dont la Russie se perçoit au monde, souvent en opposition à l’Occident. Notre recherche interroge ainsi le réinvestissement du Moyen-Orient par la Russie de Vladimir Poutine en se penchant sur les logiques internes et extérieures de la politique russe. D’une part, à sa prise de fonctions, Vladimir Poutine est ainsi confronté au double défi d’éviter la polarisation ethnique et religieuse de la population russe et d’améliorer l’image de la Russie dans le monde arabo-musulman après les guerres de Tchétchénie. D’autre part, le Moyen-Orient reste le lieu traditionnel de l’affirmation de la puissance russe. À travers les grands dossiers sécuritaires de la région, Moscou jauge celle-ci à l’aune de l’Occident, en particulier des États-Unis, tout en faisant le pari, depuis la crise financière internationale et la guerre de Géorgie en 2008, d’un déclin inexorable de la puissance américaine. À partir de 2011, les « printemps arabes » révèlent une politique russe conservatrice par instinct, prudente dans son exécution, faite de manœuvres et de compromis si nécessaire et privilégiant les partenariats tactiques aux alliances contraignantes. / A highly and recurrent belligerent region, the Middle East represents a “South” which is often neglected in the study of Russian foreign policy. However, Moscow’s policy in the Middle East constitutes a particularly relevant indicator of the dynamics, assets, and limits of the Russian power. In our study period (2000-2013) the pursuit of “rational” objectives – the maximization of the state’s security within an international system perceived as anarchic – does not exclude an identity quest which enlightens the way Russia sees itself in the world, often in opposition to the West. Our research thus questions the reinvestment of the Middle East by Vladimir Putin’s Russia by addressing both the domestic and external rationales of Russian policy there. Once elected president in 2000, Vladimir Putin faced the twofold challenge of preventing an ethnic and religious polarization of the Russian population, and of improving Russia’s image in the Arab-Muslim world after the two wars fought in Chechnya. On the other side, the Middle East remains the traditional area for asserting Russia’s power. Through the main security issues in the region, Moscow mainly gauges the Middle East with regard to the West, most notable the United States, while betting, since the world financial crisis and the Georgia war in 2008, an inexorable decline of the American power. Since 2011, the “Arab Spring” uprisings have revealed a conservative by instinct and a cautious in its execution Russian policy, made of maneuvers and compromises if necessary and favoring tactic partnerships to constraining alliances.

<p>This essay describes the phases of funeral rituals between the Syrian/Assyrian, and compares the homeland with Sweden. It describes the stage of rituals according to Victor Turner schema of separation, margin or limin, and aggregation. The rituals religious significance agrees with Clifford Geertz’s theory about the importance of religious beliefs for the human being</p>

<p>This paper emphasizes the nature of trade relations in the EasternMediterranean in general and from a Levantine inland perspective inparticular. The ‘maritime’ trade relation of the ancient city of Hazor, located in the interior of LB Canaan is a case study investigating the Mycenaean and Cypriot pottery on the site. The influx of these vessels peaked during LB IIA. The distribution and types of this pottery at Hazorpoint to four interested groups that wanted it. These were the royal andreligious elites; the people in Area F; the religious functionaries of theLower City; and the craftsmen of Area C. The abundance of imports inArea F, among other evidence, indicates that this area might havecontained a trading quarter from where the imports were distributed toother interested groups.A model of ‘interregional interaction networks’, which is a modified world systems approach, is used to describe the organization of trade connections between the Levant, Cyprus and the Aegean and even beyond. The contents of the Ulu Burun and Cape Gelidonya ships, wrecked on the coast of south Turkey, show that luxury items were traded from afar through Canaan via the coastal cities overseas to the Aegean.Such long-distance trade with luxury goods requires professional traders familiar with the risks and security measures along the routes and with the knowledge of value systems and languages of diverse societies. These traders established networks along main trade routes and settled in trading quarters in particular node cities. The paper suggests that Hazor, as one of the largest cities in Canaan, located along the main trade routes, possessed such a node position. In this trade the Levantine coastal cities of Sarepta, Abu Hawam,Akko and possibly Tel Nami seem to have played important roles. These main ports of southern Syria and northern Palestine were all accessible to Hazor, although some of them in different periods of LB.</p>