This work approaches the influence of the rice taxes behavior in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay in the commercial flows of the production and the consumption of the grain in the region after Mercosul has been created. The main objectives are to evaluate the importance and the current systematics in the international trade of the cereal, as well as find exporting alternatives for the rice produced in Mercosul to third markets. At a first moment, this study analyzes since Mercosul s creation, moment when each one of the country-members already invigorated democratic regimes. After that, this study debates regionalism and multilateralism, to demonstrate that Mercosul s ideals, in last analysis, walk for the globalization. In the sequence, it approaches the panorama of international rice market, including the problematic of the rice subsidies in developed countries. The work advances to analyze the cereal price, which recently had incremented its value, as much in Brazil, as in the whole world, caused by an approach between offers and consumption of the grain, causing reduction of the supplies. After, it studies the possible consequences of the lack of harmonization of the rice taxes in the Brazilian domestic market, in view of the fiscal war , as in the country-members of the Mercosul, pointing as the oscillations taxes modify the members commercial flows and their competitiveness. Finally, this work concludes that the harmonization tax consists in one of the gaps that still lack to be filled to deep the integration relations, what it becomes the Mercosul a still embryonic integration process that needs constant development to reach objectives signed in the Treaty of Asuncion. / Este trabalho aborda a influência do comportamento da tributação do arroz na Argentina, Brasil e Uruguai nos fluxos comerciais da produção e do consumo do grão da região após a instituição do Mercosul. Os objetivos principais são avaliar a importância e a sistemática atual que se configura no comércio internacional do cereal, bem como apurar alternativas de escoamento do arroz do Mercosul a terceiros mercados conjuntamente. Para tanto, em um primeiro momento, este estudo analisa e contextualiza o período de formação do Mercosul, momento em que já vigoravam regimes democráticos de governo em cada um dos paísesmembros. Em seguida, estabelece-se um breve debate entre regionalismo e multilateralismo, demonstrando que os ideais mercosulinos, em última análise, caminham em favor da globalização. Na seqüência, aborda-se o panorama arrozeiro internacional, incluindo a problemática dos subsídios fornecidos pelos países desenvolvidos ao seu arroz. Adiante, trata-se do preço do cereal, o qual recentemente teve incremento em seu valor, tanto no Brasil, como no resto do mundo, em razão da aproximação entre oferta e consumo do grão, acarretando diminuição dos estoques. Após, procura-se apontar os possíveis reflexos da falta de harmonização da cadeia tributária do arroz tanto no mercado interno brasileiro, tendo em vista a guerra fiscal , como nos países-membros do Mercosul, apontando como as oscilações tributárias alteram os fluxos comerciais orizícolas dos países pertencentes ao bloco regional e, consequentemente, a competitividade desses. Por fim, conclui-se que a harmonização tributária constitui-se em uma das lacunas que ainda faltam ser preenchidas para o aprofundamento das relações integracionistas, o que torna o Mercosul um processo ainda embrionário de integração que necessita de desenvolvimento constante para atender os objetivos firmados pelo Tratado de Assunção.

Alors que de multiples compressions ont eu des effets négatifs sur le système public, illustrant la « rigueur budgétaire » des dernières années au Québec, nombreuses sont les pratiques permettant à plusieurs citoyens pourtant très bien nantis d’échapper légalement au fisc. Parmi celles-ci se trouve une stratégie fiscale relativement récente et de plus en plus utilisée: l’incorporation des professionnels. Ce mémoire, qui s’inscrit dans une perspective d’éthique sociale et économique, vise à remettre en question cette pratique fiscale d’un point de vue moral. Pour ce faire, nous soulignons d’abord les inégalités fiscales évidentes découlant d’un traitement différencié accordé aux professionnels. Comprenons, pour le dire simplement, que les avantages fiscaux liés au statut légal de l’incorporation sont pratiquement inaccessibles à plusieurs entrepreneurs prenant un réel risque financier dont la rémunération est de loin inférieure à une majorité de professionnels pouvant s’incorporer. Or, de telles inégalités posent des problèmes d’équité substantiels, lesquels sont abordés en deuxième partie de ce mémoire. En effet, en permettant l’abaissement du taux effectif d’imposition chez des professionnels bien situés dans l’échelle socio-économique, l’incorporation contrevient notamment à des principes de capacité de payer et à son interprétation possible du sacrifice égal. Enfin, dans la troisième partie de notre projet axée sur une perspective de justice distributive plus largement construite, nous remettons en question la position gouvernementale s’appuyant sur le principe de différence rawlsien et son argument des incitatifs économiques. Nous soulignons, d’une part, qu’une justification de l’incorporation basée sur ces incitatifs laisse place à de larges inégalités et est révélatrice d’une société dans laquelle s’opère une brèche dans la condition élémentaire de communauté. D’autre part, nous soutenons qu’une telle position va à l’encontre d’un ethos égalitariste que devraient promouvoir les citoyens et le gouvernement en respect au principe de différence et que, selon ce point de vue, permettre l’incorporation revient à cautionner une forte injustice. / While many budget cuts have dented public coffers, illustrating the "budgetary rigor" of recent years in Quebec, some fiscal practices allow very well-off citizens to legally reduce their tax burdens. Among them is a relatively recent and increasingly used tax strategy: the incorporation of professionals. This thesis aims to question this tax practice from a moral point of view. First, we empirically highlight socio-economic inequalities resulting from differential treatment granted to professionals. We assume that the tax advantages associated with the legal status of incorporation are practically inaccessible to many entrepreneurs who take real financial risks and whose remuneration is far less than most professionals who can incorporate. Such inequalities carry substantial equity problems, which will be discussed in the second section of this thesis. Indeed, with the lower effective tax rate of professionals well situated on the socio-economic scale, incorporation contravenes the principle of capacity to pay and its possible interpretation of equal sacrifice. Finally, in the third part of our project focusing on a broader perspective of distributive justice, we question the government's position based on the Rawlsian difference principle and its argument of economic incentives. On one hand, we emphasize that justifying incorporation by appeal to economic incentives leaves place to large inequalities and reveal a society in breach of elementary community condition. On the other, we argue that this viewpoint infringes an egalitarian ethos that should be promoted by the citizens and the government in accordance with the principle of difference and that, according to this view, allowing incorporation amounts to endorse a strong injustice.

This thesis consists of four self-contained papers on job turnover, productivity and state- local finance. Paper [I] deals with the determinants of the rate of job turnover defined as the change in distribution of employment between and within industries in Swedish manufacturing. The rate of inter-industry job turnover is driven by the dispersion of profit changes among industries. Shifts in international competitiveness among industries seem to play a central role in the explanation of this pattern. The rate of intra-industry job turnover has been higher in industries with many small plants, low profit margins and high import penetration. Paper [II] analyzes the impact of openness on total factor productivity (TFP) growth. Using Swedish industry level data the results show that economically integrated industries tend to be more engaged in research and development (R&D) and have more entry and exit activity than other industries. The domestic R&D intensity does not contribute to the TFP growth rate. Instead, the results imply that openness to international markets, which helps facilitate technology spillovers, has a significant impact on the growth rate. There is also some evidence suggesting that producers exiting the market are less productive, implying that such exits will increase the average productivity of the industry concerned. The purpose of Paper [III] is to design and implement a test of whether the external effect from tax base sharing among local and regional governments is internalized via the intergovernmental transfer system. The test is based on the observation that if the external effect is internalized, an increase in the income tax rate at one level of government will induce the other level to reduce its income tax rate by the corresponding amount, leaving the effective tax rate unchanged. By using panel data for the Swedish local and regional public sectors, we estimate the reaction function for the local income tax rate. The results imply that an increase in the regional income tax rate induces the municipalities in the region to decrease their income tax rates. In addition, we are able to reject the null hypothesis that the external effect from tax base sharing is internalized. Paper [IV] concerns risk-sharing, in terms of how the central government smooths personal income among municipalities via the tax and transfer systems. Using Swedish panel data, the results show that the national tax and transfer systems mitigate an adverse shock to income of one krona so that disposable income falls by 67 öre, on average. However, there are large differences across regions, where the effect on disposable income varies between 32 and 78 öre in the krona. / digitalisering@umu

aspects contribute to an increase of taxpayer's administrative costs state's enforcement costs and create a room for d

[pt] O problema de como alocar ativos de forma eficiente tem sido uma das questões fundamentais em Finanças. Uma das mudanças recentes no mercado brasileiro tem sido o crescimento dos fundos de Contribuição Definida, seguindo a tendência observada em outros mercados. Entretanto, ao focalizar decisões de investimento sob o ponto de vista do investidor individual, surge a necessidade de incluir a tributação no processo de alocação de carteiras. Neste contexto, este trabalho analisa a decisão de alocação e localização preferencial para as classes de ativos, em veículos de investimento com tributação convencional, ou com diferimento de imposto, mediante a legislação local. O investidor possui dois tipos de riqueza, seu capital financeiro acumulado, e o capital humano, representado pela capacidade de gerar rendimentos futuros. A solução é obtida por alocação multiperiódica de recursos, seguindo o critério de maximização da utilidade esperada da riqueza final. Face à eficiência tributária dos fundos mútuos de ações domésticos, estes podem ser priorizados na localização externa aos planos com tributação diferida, coerente com resultados recentes para o mercado americano. Contudo, se existem diferenças nas rentabilidades das classes de ativos, nos distintos veículos de investimentos, aquela localização prioritária pode mudar, pelo menos para aplicações com objetivos a serem atingidos em prazos reduzidos. / [en] The question of how to allocate assets efficiently has been one of the central issues in Finance. As perceived in other markets, one of the recent trends in the Brazilian market has been the growth of Defined Contribution Funds. However, when focusing on investment decisions for individual investors, taxes must be taken into account. In this context, the asset allocation and location is solved for brazilian assets, when the investor has to save in both investment vehicles with conventional, and deferred taxation, according to the local rules. The investor has two kinds of wealth, the accumulated financial wealth, and the human capital, representing the cash-flows that can be produced in the future. The solution is obtained through multi-period asset allocation, for an investor maximizing the expected utility of terminal wealth. Due to the tax efficiency of domestic equity mutual funds, stocks should have preferential location outside the deferred account, in accordance with recent results for the american market. However, if there are performance differences among the asset classes, within distinct investment vehicles, that preferred location may change, at least for short term investment objectives.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to point out the specifics of state-funded organizations, especially in the areas of budgets, accounting and financial statements and in taxes. The work ends with practical examples of these topics from the Pod Palmovkou Theater and my suggestions for improvement.

The critical ingredient for revenue collection for any government is the attainment of a sufficient level of tax compliance on the part of taxpayers. Ideally any government would want one hundred percent compliance which would mean optimal tax collection. Tax compliance is influenced by the behaviours of taxpayers which are shaped by their attitudes, and such attitudes are influenced by various factors. Understanding taxpayers’ behaviours in terms of factors that influence their attitudes towards tax compliance is therefore important in encouraging higher levels of compliance and minimisation of non-compliance. It is important for any government and revenue collecting authority to understand the reasons why taxpayers choose not to comply with tax laws as such understanding will have an impact on both the equity and efficiency of the economy. AFRIKAANS : Die bereiking van ‘n voldoende vlak van belastingnakoming aan die kant van die belastingpligtiges is van wesentlike belang vir enige regering by die invordering van belasting. In die ideale geval soek enige regering een honderd present voldoening wat optimale belastinginvordering sou beteken. Belastingnakoming word beïnvloed deur die gedrag van belastingpligtiges wat bepaal word deur hulle houding, en daardie houding word weer beïnvloed deur verskeie faktore. Dit is belangrik om belastingpligtiges se gedrag teenoor belastingnakoming te verstaan om sodoende hoër vlakke van nakoming aan te moedig en om nie-nakoming te minimiseer. Dit is belangrik vir alle regerings en inkomsteinvorderingsowerhede om die redes te verstaan waarom belastingpligtiges verkies om nie belastingwetgewing na te kom nie aangesien dit 'n impak het op beide die billikheid en doeltreffendheid van die ekonomie. Copyright 2011, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Nghaamwa, OMI 2011, The factors influencing attitudes of Namibian taxpayers towards taxation, MCom dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03082012-130634 / > F12/4/159/gm / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Taxation / unrestricted

In the field of international trade there is an intriguing tension between the ideological allure of free trade and the political reality of protectionism. Typically, the former is favored by scholars while the latter has been more historically prevalent. Protectionism in the form of tariffs and other obstacles trade was generally a preferred trade policy around the globe in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Sweden was no exception and has been seen as highly protectionist and mercantilist during this period. This thesis has sought to shed new light on Swedish trade policy between 1780 and 1830. It has done so by quantifying and homogenizing tariffs and import bans in order to be able to analyze the structure of tariffs. The thesis stands on a theoretical ground which takes into account the different plausible reasons for setting tariffs. It has placed some emphasis on the possible tension between the desire to shelter one’s own industry from foreign competition and the need to use tariffs for fiscal purposes, as an important source of government revenue. It is therefore argued that tariffs need to be separated theoretically and empirically. A simple model is presented which aims to discern three types of tariffs. The model takes into account the tariff rate itself, and also the structure of trade and the presence of domestic substitution. The thesis has found that Swedish tariffs were generally high over the period and that protectionism was prevalent in a large number of economic sectors. There is tentative evidence that protectionist tariffs also distorted trade in certain types of goods, even if they didn’t have an impact on total import levels. Tariffs were also set so as to separate between raw materials and more processed goods, what is called mercantilist differentiation. Substantial empirical support is given to the claim that certain tariffs on inelastic consumption goods were of great fiscal importance, and increasingly so as the period progressed. The fiscal pressure maintained or even increased the import tariffs, which made it possible to decrease tariffs on exports.

This thesis deals with the liquidation of business corporations in the Czech Republic. The whole course of the liquidation from voluntary decision itself to deletion from the Commercial Register is considered from the financial, tax and legal perspective. There are descripted the duties and rights of the liquidator and the possibility of transition from liquidation in insolvency proceedings. The findings are in the practical part demonstrated on concrete examples selected from the Commercial Register.

The most discussed topics in economics is the relationship between economic growth and taxes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of different types of taxes on economic growth of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries after World War II. The thesis is based on extended neoclassi-cal growth theory from 1992 by Mankiw - Romer - Weil. Regression Analysis of Panel Da-ta is used as technique for verification of the correlation of economic growth and taxation. The impact of taxation is integrated to the model through its effect on accumulation of physical capital, development of human capital and technology. The source of panel data used in the analyses is statistical databases of OECD, World Bank, Maddison historical data and Penn World Table. For better comparison of the results more different methods of measuring tax burden were used. It was share of tax income on GDP, share of income from different types of taxes on total tax revenue, labor tax and compound tax quota. Results than differ by measurement of tax incidence. It is too complex to set clear recommendation for growth, nevertheless it is obvious, that the goal of economic and political authorities is to shift the tax burden from direct to indirect taxes.