Global ETD Search

71	How Germans use their time Scheffel, Juliane 01 September 2011 (has links) Diese Dissertation besteht aus vier Aufsätzen, die zur empirischen Literatur der Allokation der Arbeitszeit beitragen. Der erste Artikel untersucht die Wechselbeziehung zwischen Arbeit und Sozialleben von Paaren und untersucht die Synchronisation der Arbeitszeiten. Ein neuer Analyseansatz wird vorgeschlagen, der es ermöglicht, den durchschnittlichen Einfluss der Arbeitsbedingungen der deutschen Bevölkerung auf die Allokation der Freizeit zu bestimmen. Der zweite Aufsatz untersucht, ob Arbeit zu unüblichen Bedingungen gemäß der Theorie kompensierender Lohndifferentiale durch höhere Löhne entlohnt wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass solche Arbeiter 9--10 Prozent höhere Stundenlöhne erhalten. Diese Zuschläge haben einen u-förmigen Verlauf über die Einkommensverteilung für Schichtarbeiter. Die Ausrichtung der Analyse auf monetäre Kompensation solcher Arbeitsbedingungen, vernachlässigt mögliche adverse Auswirkungen auf das Sozialleben und die Gesundheit. Der dritte Artikel untersucht daher nicht-pekuniäre Aspekte. Freizeit wird in solchen Jobs zu einem höheren Anteil allein verbracht, was sich negativ auf das Wohlbefinden auswirken kann, da der Grenznutzen der Freizeit sinkt. Die drastischen Auswirkungen dieser Arbeit zieht ein erhöhtes Risiko auf den mentalen und physischen Gesundheitszustand mit sich, der sich aus einer signifikant niedrigeren Schlafallokation ergibt. Besonders betroffen sind ältere Arbeitnehmer, die eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit haben, diesen Arbeitsbedingungen schon über einen längeren Zeitraum ausgesetzt zu sein. Abschließend untersucht der vierte Aufsatz den kausalen Zugewinn auf die elterliche Zeit mit Kindern, den Arbeitnehmer durch mehr zeitliche Arbeitsflexibilität erreichen. Gleitzeitregelungen erlauben es Müttern somit, etwa 30 Prozent mehr ihrer verfügbaren Zeit mit ihren Kindern zu verbringen. Zeitliche Flexibilität kann somit die adversen Effekte der Beschäftigung von Müttern auf die kognitive Entwicklung ihrer Kinder abmildert. / This thesis consists of four essays that contribute to the empirical literature of the allocation of market work. The first essay studies the interrelation between working schedules and social life of couples by investigating the synchronization of schedules. A novel approach is proposed that allows for a determination of the average impact of working conditions of the German population on the allocation of leisure. From these findings, couple-specific conclusions concerning the active synchronization of schedules can be drawn. The second essay is devoted to empirically testing the assumption of compensating wage differentials predicting that work at non-standard hours shall be compensated by higher wage rates. The results suggest 9--10 percent higher hourly wage rates. Wage premia are U-shaped across the earnings distribution for shift workers. Since the focus on monetary compensation of such working condition neglects potential adverse consequences on the worker''s social life and individual health, the third essay explores such non-pecuniary aspects. Such jobs entail significantly higher levels of solitary leisure which is likely to adversely affect the worker''s well-being by reducing the marginal utility of leisure. The more severe consequence of work at undesirable hours is the augmented risk to physical and mental health which arises from the significantly lower allocation of time to sleep. In particular older workers who are potentially exposed to such working conditions over a longer time horizon bear the highest risks. Finally, the fourth essay studies the causal gain from temporal work flexibility on parental time with children. Flexitime arrangements allow mothers to spend 30 percent more of their disposable time on childcare. The results are generalizable to Germany as a whole. The paper provides empirical support for the importance of temporal work flexibility on mitigating adverse effects of maternal employment on the child''s cognitive development. Arbeitsmarktökonomik Zeitverwendung Arbeitsbedingungen Arbeitszeit Flexibilität Sozialleben Kinderbetreuung Schichtarbeit time use Labor economics working conditions allocation of work flexibility social life childcare shift work 330 Wirtschaft 17 Wirtschaft QV 350 MS 2050 MS 4050 MS 6530 ddc:330
72	Strolling to the beat of another drum : living the 'Slow Life' Zeestraten, J. January 2008 (has links) As the pace of life in contemporary Western society accelerates, an increasing number of people are engaging in an alternative lifestyle: ‘Slow Living’. Although popular in the media, Slow Living, which addresses issues of quality of life, is a relatively new area of academic enquiry. Given a lack of empirical research, especially on the realities of the Slow Life in a New Zealand context, this ethnographic study aims to augment the knowledge on this lifestyle by focusing on how families experience Slow Living. The key research question is: How do families live their interpretations of a Slow Life? To answer this question, this study examined the everyday lives of five Slow Living families in Canterbury, New Zealand. Adult family members were given a time-use diary to complete over two days. These diaries were then used as a foundation for in-depth interviews and participant observation. Slow Living families hold to a number of personal values, such as personal agency, conscious living and leading meaningful lives. These comprise their ideal way of living. The families are also faced with a number of challenges and have to employ strategies to balance their ideal and what is possible. The different ways families adapt produces a variety of Slow Living lifestyles. Slow Living lifestyles quality of life time-use families ethnography personal agency conscious living meaningful living New Zealand Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs pace of life Canterbury values challenges strategies practices
73	El ocio y el trabajo a tiempo parcial. La aproximación de esta relación desde la oferta laboral / Lazer e trabalho a tempo parcial. Desde o ponto de vista da oferta de trabalho / The leisure and work part time. The approximation of this relationship from the labor supply Saavedra Martinez, Manuel Enrique 10 April 2018 (has links) The economic boom that we have been receiving is based on extraordinary macroeconomic figures, all economicactors are involved, the most influential being the level of involvement of the human factor that boosts productivity and increases returns profits to companies. The labor market is really dynamic and form part of this expansionary cycle gear, homogeneously transforming the economy and labor; however, the view of human capital in its environment the use of time, be it economically: leisure, is just one aspect emphasized in labor trials because modeling studies focus on the value of the numbers of companies, market measurements, compared asymmetries between firms, census, etc., but very little importance on the labor supply of families and the reasons that drive people to workon the dynamics of the different modalities used in employment pays off.This time, wich of the part time work, we could find the factors that influence families to join the labor market in part-time days. Thus, the purpose of the study lies in the eye of leisure and its relation to the initiative of working part- time as a single share of the person providing their workforce in the labor market. To have the theoretical basis of this dynamic resort to the theory of labor supply, which imposes the perspective of the study of the family and its members, analyzing the role that the individual and needs to face the labor market, if so, determining how to work part time. The significant element is the labor supply behavior, which is preceded by the decisions of the person, which reveals the actions of the economic function of the choice of the individual consumer and therefore its participation in thelabor market. / Es bachiller en Economía por la Universidad NacionalFederico Villarreal, y diplomado en Gestión de Recursos Humanos por la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP). De igual modo, es magíster en Rela- ciones Laborales por la PUCP. Se ha desempeñado como jefe de práctica en el Departamento Académico de Ciencias Administrativas de la PUCP. En la actualidad, trabaja en la Dirección de Recursos Humanosde la PUCP. / O boom econômico alcançado está baseado em números macroeconômicos extraordinários; todos os agentes econó-micos estão envolvidos, o mais influente é o nível de envolvimento do fator humano, o que aumenta a produtividade e aumenta os lucros das empresas. O mercado de trabalho é muito dinâmico e faz parte deste ciclo econômico expansivo que transforma homogeneamente a economia e a força de trabalho. No entanto, o capital humano e o uso do tempo de lazer é um aspecto pouco enfatizado no campo trabalhista. Isso ocorre porque a modelagem de estudos incide sobre o valor dos números nas empresas, mensuração do mercado, comparações entre as empresas, censos, etc.; entretanto, não é rentável a importância das famílias na oferta de trabalho nem as razões que levam as pessoas a trabalhar com a dinâmica utilizada em diferentes tipos de trabalhos.Desta vez, através do modo de part-time, nós poderíamos encontrar os fatores que influenciam as famílias para integra- se ao mercado de trabalho a tempo parcial. O objetivo do estudo encontra-se no lazer e sua relação com a iniciativa de trabalhar a tempo parcial como uma participação individual da pessoa no mercado de trabalho. Para ter a base teórica desta dinâmica, usamos a teoria da oferta de trabalho, o que impõe a perspectiva do estudo da família e seus membros. A partir daí, deve-se analisar o papel do indivíduo e as necessidades que o levam a enfrentar o mercado de trabalho, neste caso, o trabalho a tempo parcial. Note-se que o elemento significativo na oferta de trabalho é a conduta que é precedida pelas decisões do indivíduo. Isso revela o papel econômico sobre as escolhas do consumidor e, portanto, suaparticipação no mercado de trabalho. Part Time Work Leisure Families Time Use Behavioral Economics Unpaid Work Trabajo A Tiempo Parcial Ocio Familias Uso Del Tiempo Economía Del Comportamiento Trabajo No Remunerado Trabalho A Tempo Parcial Lazer Família Uso Do Tempo A Economia Comportamental Trabalho Não Remunerado
74	日本における既婚女性のパートタイム労働 : 変わる働き方、変わらない女性の役割 / ニホンニオケルキコンジョセイノパートタイムロウドウ : カワルハタラキカタカワラナイジョセイノヤクワリ / 日本における既婚女性のパートタイム労働 : 変わる働き方変わらない女性の役割田中裕美子, Yumiko Tanaka 21 March 2019 (has links) 博士(政策科学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Policy and Management / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University 生活時間性別役割分業賃金ワーク・ライフ・バランスジェンダー平等政策 time-use gender roles wage work-life balance gender equality policy
75	Sex timmars arbetsdag : En flerfallsstudie om hur chefer använder styrning för att uppnå högre effektivitet / Six hour work day : A multi-case study of howmanagers use control to achievehigher efficiency Andersson, Stina, Pettersson, Malin January 2017 (has links) Bakgrund: Sex timmars arbetsdag har under senare år skapat stor debatt och fler och fler arbetsgivare väljer att testa arbetstidsförkortningen. Till skillnad från tidigare studier i ämnet, som till stor del syftat till att behandla effekter gällande hälsa och välbefinnande, väljer den aktuella studien att fokusera på införandet av sex timmars arbetsdag. En arbetstidsförkortning ställer krav på ökad effektivitet för att en organisation ska kunna behålla sin lönsamhet, varför åtgärder gällande styrning är relevant vid införandet. Tidigare forskning visar att det har blivit allt vanligare att medarbetare ägnar tid åt icke arbetsrelaterade aktiviteter under arbetstid, vilket är relevant att undersöka i samband med en arbetstidsförkortning. Föreliggande studie undersöker hur två privata företag och två offentliga verksamheter arbetar med styrning för att skapa förutsättningar för en lyckad arbetstidsförkortning. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att ge ökad förståelse för hur organisationer arbetar med styrning för att uppnå ökad effektivitet vid införande av sex timmars arbetsdag. Vidare kommer studien att undersöka om det inom organisationerna funnits något tomt arbete som i samband med införandet kunnat minskas. Metod: För att uppfylla studiens syfte har en kvalitativ metod antagits. Undersökningen är en jämförande studie där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med chefer och medarbetare på fyra organisationer. Slutsatser: Föreliggande studie visar att cheferna inte upplever någon förändring gällande sitt sätt att styra vid införandet av sex timmars arbetsdag och stort ansvar för förändringar i arbetssätt har förlagts på medarbetarna. Vidare konstaterar studien att ett införande av sex timmars arbetsdag betraktas som en belöning och leder till ökad motivation hos medarbetarna. Slutligen har studien kunnat identifiera tomt arbete inom de undersökta organisationerna som till viss del har kunnat minskas i samband med införandet av sex timmars arbetsdag. / Background: The Six-hour work day has created major debates in recent years, and an increasing number of employers choose to try reduced working hours. Unlike previous studies of the subject, which generally addresses health and welfare effects, the current study chooses to focus on the introduction of a six-hour work day. A work hour reduction requires increased efficiency for an organization to maintain its profitability. Therefore, management control is necessary at the time of implementation of the six-hour work day. Previous research shows that it has become increasingly common for employees to spend time on non-work-related activities during working hours. For that reason, itis relevant to investigate these activities in correlation with a reduction in working hours. The present study examines how two private companies and two public entities work with management control systems to create the conditions for a successful work hour reduction. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to provide a greater understanding of how organizations work with management control systems to achieve increased efficiency when introducing a six-hour work day. Furthermore, the study will investigate whether there was any empty labor within the organizations that could be reduced in connection with introducing the six-hour work day. Method: A qualitative method has been adopted, in order to fulfill the purpose of the study. The survey is a comparative study in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers and employees of four organizations. Conclusions: The present study shows that the managers do not experience any changes regarding their way of controlling the employees in connection with introducing the six-hour work day. Instead, the employees have taken big responsibility for making changes in working methods to increase their efficiency. Furthermore, the study finds that a six-hour work day is considered a reward and leads to increased motivation among employees. Finally, the study has been able to identify empty labor within the investigated organizations which, in part, could have been reduced in connection with introducing the six-hour work day. six-hour work day workhour reduction management control systems result control action control personal control empty labor effective time use empowerment sex timmars arbetsdag arbetstidsförkortning styrning resultatstyrning handlingsstyrning personell styrning tomt arbete effektiv tidsanvändning empowerment Business Administration Företagsekonomi
76	<b>GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TIME-USE PATTERNS UNDER WORK FROM HOME: AN ACTIVITY-BASED INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL MODEL</b> Hongyue Wu (19183129) 20 July 2024 (has links) <p dir="ltr">Work from home (WFH) moves work into home life, reshaping the residential, workplace, and commuting activities, which further impacts greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Although existing work has explored individual time-use patterns under WFH, there is a lack of complete consideration of diverse activities, their durations and timelines, as well as the comparisons with traditional life at home and Work in Office (WIO). Also, existing studies have examined GHG emissions under WFH, while individual-level estimation using activity-specific data covering all major activities is lacking. In particular, limited studies explored individual time-use patterns and quantified activity-based emissions for the construction workforce. Therefore, this dissertation aims to (1) develop an activity-based individual-level model to estimate GHG emissions under WFH, (2) compare individual time-use patterns and activity-based GHG emissions between traditional life at home, WFH, and WIO to understand how WFH affects work, life, and the environment, especially for the construction workforce, and (3) propose activity-based decarbonization strategies to reduce GHG emissions. By employing the proposed model, high-resolution calculations of individual time-use patterns and activity-based emissions were achieved, revealing major activities’ durations and timing and highlighting major contributing activities to emissions under WFH. When shifting from traditional life at home to WFH, individuals reduced sleeping and leisure hours to incorporate work activity, resulting in an 11.34% reduction in GHG emissions. When comparing WFH to WIO, individuals reduced work and commuting time to include more cooking and leisure activities at home, mitigating GHG emissions by 29.11%. Demographic groups and climate regions showed different results mainly because of the varied work and household duties and the characteristics of regions. In addition, the construction workforce reduced GHG emissions by 13% and 46% under WFH compared to traditional life at home and WIO, respectively. Compared to the general public, the construction workforce had more reduction in work and commuting hours and associated emissions when shifting from WIO to WFH. The findings could help envision how WFH influences work, life, and the environment as well as assist both individuals and policymakers in achieving decarbonization and adopting low-carbon living during the work arrangement transition, which could contribute to sustainable development.</p> Environmentally sustainable engineering Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions Time-use patterns Work from Home (WFH) Activity-based bottom-up model Decarbonization strategies Work in Office (WIO) Construction industry
77	Le travail domestique revisité à travers les enquêtes emploi du temps et les transformations du salariat : diversité internationale des institutions du travail et étude du cas de l’Uruguay / Domestic labour revisited through time use surveys and changes in wage labour : International diversity of labour institutions and the case of Uruguay. Callorda Fossati, Ela 07 November 2014 (has links) Dans un contexte de déclin de la norme de « l’homme gagne-pain », s’appuyant sur une démarche pluridisciplinaire, cettethèse revisite le cadre d’analyse du travail domestique. Un premier chapitre adopte une perspective internationale incluant lespays en développement (PED) en vue de discerner la diversité et la singularité des institutions du travail. Vient ensuitel’étude du cas de l’Uruguay qui montre une rupture récente dans le legs, certes hybride, des institutions du travail libérales etla mise en place d’un modèle dit post-libéral, où la négociation collective occupe une place clé, y compris aux marges dusalariat, en intégrant le service domestique. La réflexion théorique renvoie sur le plan des structures à l’unité définitionnelledu mode de production domestique, souligne les limites des principaux corpus – la rationalité instrumentale de la théorienéoclassique et le fonctionnalisme de l’approche marxiste – et explore le renouveau conceptuel porté par le care dès lorsqu’il introduit la dimension interpersonnelle et les affects. Cette recherche s’empare des défis méthodologiques soulevés parles enquêtes emploi du temps (EET) dans les PED, outil privilégié pour mesurer le temps de travail domestique à partir de lacollecte de données sur les activités quotidiennes. L’exploitation de l’EET uruguayenne (MUT-ECH 2007) permetd’identifier les déterminants de la charge domestique des conjointes et teste pour les biactives l’hypothèse dite d’autonomieet ses prolongements. Leur revenu en termes absolus constitue un facteur notable diminuant le volume domestique qu’ellesaccomplissent. Le service domestique est la seule forme d’externalisation exerçant un effet substitutif. Toutefois, ces résultatssont nuancés au regard du caractère composite du travail domestique et de son inégale répartition dans le couple. / In a context of decline of the male breadwinner standard, based on a pluridisciplinary approach, this thesis revisits thedomestic labour framework analysis. The first chapter carries an international perspective including developing countries(DCs) in order to discern the diversity and singularity of labour institutions. Follows the case study of Uruguay pointing out arecent break in the legacy, certainly hybrid, with liberal labour institutions and the implementation of a model labelled aspost-liberal, where collective bargaining takes a major role, including at the margins of wage labour, i.e. integrating paiddomestic workers. Theoretical arguments refer, in terms of structures, to the definitional unit of the domestic mode ofproduction, underline the limits of main corpus – the instrumental rationality of the neoclassical theory and functionalism ofthe Marxist approach – and explore the renew involving the concept of care in its consideration of the interpersonaldimension and affects. This research examines the methodological challenges raised by time use surveys (TUSs) in DCs, thistool particularly adapted to measure the domestic labour time through the collection of data on daily activities. Using theUruguayan TUS (MUT-ECH 2007), we identify the determinants of domestic burden carried by wives and test for dualearner,the so-called autonomy hypothesis and its extensions. Their earnings considered in absolute terms are a key factordecreasing the domestic volume they do. The domestic service represents the only form of outsourcing exercising asubstitution effect. However, these results are modified when considering the composite nature of domestic labour and itsunequal marital distribution Modèles d'institution du travail Comparaison internationale Uruguay Emploi dans le service domestique Travail domestique Care Enquêtes d'emploi du temps Externalisation domestique Models of labour institutions International comparison Uruguay Employment in the domestic service Domestic labour Care Time use surveys Determinants of wives' domestic labour Domestic outsourcing 330
78	GIS-based Episode Reconstruction Using GPS Data for Activity Analysis and Route Choice Modeling / GIS-based Episode Reconstruction Using GPS Data Dalumpines, Ron 26 September 2014 (has links) Most transportation problems arise from individual travel decisions. In response, transportation researchers had been studying individual travel behavior – a growing trend that requires activity data at individual level. Global positioning systems (GPS) and geographical information systems (GIS) have been used to capture and process individual activity data, from determining activity locations to mapping routes to these locations. Potential applications of GPS data seem limitless but our tools and methods to make these data usable lags behind. In response to this need, this dissertation presents a GIS-based toolkit to automatically extract activity episodes from GPS data and derive information related to these episodes from additional data (e.g., road network, land use). The major emphasis of this dissertation is the development of a toolkit for extracting information associated with movements of individuals from GPS data. To be effective, the toolkit has been developed around three design principles: transferability, modularity, and scalability. Two substantive chapters focus on selected components of the toolkit (map-matching, mode detection); another for the entire toolkit. Final substantive chapter demonstrates the toolkit’s potential by comparing route choice models of work and shop trips using inputs generated by the toolkit. There are several tools and methods that capitalize on GPS data, developed within different problem domains. This dissertation contributes to that repository of tools and methods by presenting a suite of tools that can extract all possible information that can be derived from GPS data. Unlike existing tools cited in the transportation literature, the toolkit has been designed to be complete (covers preprocessing up to extracting route attributes), and can work with GPS data alone or in combination with additional data. Moreover, this dissertation contributes to our understanding of route choice decisions for work and shop trips by looking into the combined effects of route attributes and individual characteristics. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) GPS time use diary episode extraction multinomial logit travel behavior mode detection episode reconstruction GIS map-matching route choice path size logit potential path area scale estimation Python ArcGIS activity analysis trip reconstruction smartphone global positioning system geographic information system toolkit work trip shop trip potential activity location land use activity episode travel episode stop episode transferability scalability modularity scripting big data travel survey respondent burden preprocessing multipath error tracking purpose detection segmentation data filter data smoothing fuzzy logic neural network decision tree rule-based algorithm trajectory point road network network dataset gateway shortest path horizontal dilution of precision HDOP commonality factor mode transfer point Halifax Nova Scotia Space-Time Activity Research variance inflation factor shapefile comma-separated values traveling salesman problem data mining branch-and-bound algorithm pedestrian network alternative route observed route route efficiency route attributes distance time heading bearing duration acceleration latitude longitude coordinate overlay analysis intersect shopping module data logger walk likelihood ratio test classification table path generation kappa statistic degrees data collection transportation research automate framework ArcToolbox spatio-temporal navigation positioning trace path spatial data topology horizontal accuracy SPSS Stata spatial resolution temporal resolution household survey trip reporting proximity analysis DMTI Desktop Mapping Technologies Inc. road intersection route overlap left turn right turn location analysis time geography spatial statistics buffer analysis cycling bus transit public transportation GEOIDE AGILE data need raw data urban canyon endpoint data cleaning elevation satellite outliers automatic processing nearest node classifier classification method short trip multi-point

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