Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality in the United States and the World, therefore, early effective prevention, diagnosis, and therapy is needed. Estrogens play a major role in the initiation and progression of breast cancer. Elevated lifetime exposure to estrogens is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer. Estrogens through influencing mitochondria contribute to estrogen induced breast carcinogenesis; however, the exact mitochondrial mechanisms underlying the estrogen carcinogenic effect in breast tissue are not clearly understood. For this dissertation, the mitotoxic and cytotoxic effects of triphenylphosphonium cation (TPP) and Origanum majorana organic extract (OME) as well as PEGylated bioconjugate of OME with TPP (P-OME-TPP) against human breast epithelial and cancer cell lines was investigated. Initially, TPP, a lipophilic cation, was used to check whether an imbalance in mitochondrial bioenergetics, in part, may be responsible for estrogen induced growth of breast cancer. The results showed that exposure of estrogen-dependent MCF-7 cells to 17 β-estradiol (E2) induced the metabolic activity, proliferation, mitochondrial bioenergetics, DNA damage, and formation of cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxidant species (ROS). These E2-induced endpoints were inhibited by co-treatment with TPP, indicating mitochondrial mechanisms, in part, may contribute to the development of breast cancer. Furthermore, O. majorana, widely used in the Middle East as a culinary aromatic medicinal herb, has been shown to possess an extensive range of biological activity including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor growth effects. Interestingly, the anticancer potential of O. majorana against breast cancer remains largely unexplored; therefore, the anticancer effect of O. majorana on breast cell lines was investigated. The results showed that E2-induced metabolic activity and growth were inhibited by OME in MCF-7 cells. The results also demonstrated that synthesized P-OME-TPP conjugate, compared to OME, was far more effective in exerting its cytotoxic effect through the inhibition of growth and mitochondrial metabolic activity in both highly metastatic, triple negative MDA-MB-231 and estrogen-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Altogether, these findings offer a new perspective on the utility of mitochondria-targeted lipophilic TPP cation and the potential of O. majorana extract to be developed as a new therapy against breast tumors.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第19457号 / 法博第191号 / 新制||法||154(附属図書館) / 32493 / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 鈴木 基史, 教授 中西 寛, 教授 曽我 謙悟 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM

世界貿易組織成立之後，各國經濟發展隨著交通工具與網際網路的進步，「全球化」與「區域化」成為推動全球經濟發展的動力，區域合作對國際關係的重整產生深遠的影響，同時民族國家更希望透過區域性的整合來增加經濟效率與政治接受度。已成為全球第二大經濟體的中國大陸，其領導人習近平於2013年分別提出了「絲綢之路經濟帶」與「二十一世紀海上絲綢之路」的戰略構想，做為其以經濟優勢為基礎，對周邊國家實施區域整合的策略，並成為區域性霸權的雙面刃。 基於地緣政治的因素，為了有效的施行中國大陸以發展成海洋強國為主軸的「二十一世紀海上絲綢之路」戰略構想，東南亞國協成為中國大陸企業走出去的首選目標。強調以東南亞國協為中心的「區域全面經濟夥伴協定」為中國大陸所積極推動的區域經濟整合，普遍被認為是中國大陸為了主導全球經濟，制衡美國所支持的「跨太平洋夥伴關係協定」之戰略手段，東協亦成為中美權力較量的重點區域。除了與區域外強權的經貿競逐，東南亞國協十國於政治、經濟、文化、宗教、地理與自然資源因素都存在很大的差異，中國大陸推行經貿整合的過程雖創造了合作的機遇，卻也存在諸多風險。 2010年中國大陸與東協自貿區成立以來，雙邊的服務貿易與貨物貿易協議成效均不斷擴大，中國大陸藉由「二十一世紀海上絲綢之路」和中國大陸與東協自貿區「升級版」作為中國大陸與東協當前經濟合作的支撐，並以投資為合作主軸，互聯互通為核心，輔以亞洲基礎建設投資銀行及絲路基金等銀彈策略，同時為中國大陸經濟高速成長產能過剩問題尋求出路，本文透過中國大陸海權戰略、區域經濟整合與東協經貿外交進程，分析其機遇、挑戰及影響。 / After the World Trade Organization(WTO) was formed, the progress of both the transportation and network have been pushing the development of countries’ economy. “Globalization” and “Regionalization” become the power for promoting global economy development. Regional cooperation has deep influence on the reformation of international relations. Meanwhile, nation-states would like to increase economic efficiency and political acceptance through regional integration. In 2013, China, being the world’s second largest economy, its leader, Xi Jinping, raised up strategic concept of “Silk Road Economy Belt” and “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” for its foundation of economic advantages.China is using it as a tactic to perform regional integration of the neighboring countries and to become a regional superpower. Based on the geo-political reason, in order to effectively enforce the strategic concept of “Twenty-first Century Maritime Silk Road” and to develop China as a maritime power, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has become the top choice for Chinese corporations to walk out. The “Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)” centered on the ASEAN nations, which China is actively pushing for, is widely believed to be a strategic move to lead the global economy and to balance “Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement” supported by the United States. The ASEAN has become the competing focal point for both China and the U.S. Besides the economic competition with the outside regional superpowers, all the 10 members of the ASEAN countries exist significant differences in politics, economy, culture, religion, geography, and natural resources. Therefore, despite China is creating the opportunity of economic and trading cooperation, there are still many risks. Since the establishment of China and ASEAN Free Trade Area(CAFTA) in 2010, the result of service trade and goods trade agreement has expanded. China uses both “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” and the upgraded version of “China-ASEAN Free Trade Area” to support its economic cooperation with the ASEAN, meanwhile, using investment as the principle for cooperation, and mutual communication as the core, and money bullet from Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and Silk road fund as the assisting strategy in order to seek way out for China’s overcapacity. This paper is for readers to understand China’s opportunity, threat, and effect through analyzing its maritime strategy, and regional economic integration with ASEAN economy diplomacy and trade progress.

隨著全球電子商務的蓬勃發展，為在資訊流通與資料保護之間取得平衡，跨境資訊流動議題在國際經貿整合中往往也成為各國談判的焦點之一。其中，TPP中各國更進一步地處理「當地設立伺服器」議題，並提案將以「必要性測試」作為各國施行該措施之前提，本文遂就該測試在相關措施下之運作進行探討，並針對我國未來制度上與國際接軌之方向提出建議。 本文透過文獻分析法，歸納出必要性測試的評估過程中有「替代性措施對政策目標之貢獻程度」、「政策目標或價值之重要性」、「對國際貿易之限制性」幾個重要因素，另外在針對澳洲措施的分析中，有司法管轄權、技術、國際間合作狀況與行政成本，需納入考量之因素。然而，我國法制中尚未有更具體的管制措施，而經貿協議中僅止於承認彼此之資訊流通管制規範。未來或可參考澳洲之做法，同時由前歸納之因素評估該作法之必要性。 / The issue of trans-border data flow has been treated as one of those significant trade liberalization topics while global electronic commerce continues to surge and countries are striving to build common ground on the balance between data flow as well as data protection. Among these efforts of trade integration, “necessity test” was proposed when the members within TPP go further to negotiate whether the regulation of “localization data center” should be banned or not. In this article, we will conduct analysis toward how will the test work with potentially disputing measures and provide suggestions for Taiwan’s legislation to be geared to international treaties and standards. Through documentary analysis, factors evaluated against possible alternative measures when exercising necessity tests are summed up as contribution made by the compliance measure to the enforcement of the law or regulation at issue, the importance of the common interests or values protected by that law or regulation, and the accompanying impact of the law or regulation on imports or exports. Furthermore, as what has been shown by analyzing the Australian measure, we concluded that jurisdiction, techniques, international cooperation and administrative costs should also be taken into account. However, due to the lack of more practical measures and the topic in Taiwan’s concluded trade agreements is still in its infancy, I suggested that related authority can take the Australia’s measure as an example on basis of the above-mentioned factors.

The developed countries, heavily impacted by the economic and financial crisis of 2008, signaled the recovery with negotiations on two major international trade agreements, The Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TPP and TTIP, respectively). The establishment of trade agreements may minimize the effects of protectionist policies of countries/blocks, eliminating or reducing existing barriers, thus stimulating the increase in trade among member countries of such agreements. The TPP and TTIP imply the reduction of tariffs and non-tariff barriers between member countries, the United States case. Thus, competition with Brazil will tend to increase in many products, case of the chicken meat, in which the United States occupies the first position in world production, while Brazil positions itself as the largest exporter of the commodity. From this new trade matrix, the present study aims to examine the possible impacts of the Transpacific and Transatlantic agreements on the Brazilian chicken meat market. The methodology derives from a Spatial Equilibrium Model as a Mixed Complementarity Problem (MCP), based on five alternative scenarios, which aimed to highlight possible changes in the market of chicken meat from the implementation of new trade agreements. The first scenario simulates the formation of the TPP with the reduction of tariff barriers, while the second scenario presupposes the elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers. Regarding the TTIP, scenarios 3 and 4, it is assumed the reduction of tariff barriers as well as the elimination of tariff barriers and technical constraints; in the fifth scenario was considered the simultaneous occurrence of the two agreements, through the elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers. The results indicate that, in general, with the implementation of both agreements the Brazilian chicken meat market may invariably bring losses, particularly in relation to production, consequently, affecting producers' prices and surpluses. The most damaging scenarios for Brazil are the formation of the TPP in its broadest form, based on the elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers, as well as the simultaneous formation of the agreements, in which the country show a net loss in welfare. From this, we emphasize the importance of negotiating trade agreements to ensure the industry conditions of expansion and access to new markets, As well as greater rigor in matters related to animal health, inspection and certification, aspects of a technical nature that have great potential to distort trade flows internationally. / Os países desenvolvidos, fortemente impactados pela crise econômica e financeira de 2008, sinalizaram a recuperação a partir de negociações de dois grandes acordos no comércio internacional, a Parceria Transpacífico e a Parceria Transatlântica de Comércio e Investimento (TPP e TTIP, respectivamente). A constituição de acordos comerciais possivelmente minimizam os efeitos das políticas protecionistas dos países/blocos, eliminando ou reduzindo as barreiras existentes, estimulando assim o aumento do comércio entre os países-membros de tais acordos. O TPP e o TTIP implicarão na redução de tarifas e barreiras não tarifárias entre os países-membros, caso dos Estados Unidos. Assim, a concorrência com o Brasil tenderá a aumentar, em muitos produtos, caso da carne de frango, no qual o país norte-americano ocupa a primeira posição na produção mundial, enquanto que o Brasil posiciona-se como maior exportador da commodity. A partir desta nova matriz de comércio, o presente estudo tem por objetivo examinar os possíveis impactos da implementação dos acordos Transpacífico e Transatlântico sobre o mercado de carne de frango brasileiro. A metodologia deriva de um Modelo de Equilíbrio Espacial na forma de um Problema de Complementaridade Mista (PCM), baseando em cinco cenários alternativos, cujo objetivo foi evidenciar possíveis mudanças no mercado da carne de frango decorrentes da implementação de novos acordos comerciais. O primeiro cenário simula a formação do TPP a partir da redução das barreiras tarifárias, já o segundo cenário pressupõe a eliminação das barreiras tarifarias e não tarifárias. Em relação ao TTIP, cenários 3 e 4, pressupõe-se a redução das barreiras tarifarias como também a eliminação das barreiras tarifárias e restrições técnicas; num quinto cenário considerou-se a ocorrência simultânea dos dois acordos, por meio da eliminação das barreiras tarifárias e não tarifárias. Os resultados indicam que, de maneira geral, com a efetivação de ambos os acordos o setor de carne de frango brasileiro, pode invariavelmente trazer prejuízos, principalmente no que se refere à produção e, em consequência, afetando os preços e os excedentes dos produtores. Os cenários mais prejudiciais ao Brasil consistem na formação do TPP em sua forma mais ampla, baseando-se na eliminação das barreiras tarifárias e não tarifarias, como também na formação simultânea dos acordos, nos quais o país apresenta perda líquida de bem estar. A partir disso, ressalta-se a importância da negociação de acordos comerciais para garantir ao setor condições de expansão e acesso a novos mercados, assim como maior rigor nas questões relacionadas à saúde animal, fiscalização e certificação, aspectos de natureza técnica que tem grande potencial de distorção dos fluxos de comércio internacionalmente.

This thesis examines how Shinzo Abe’s historical perspectives on “comfort women” and the Nanjing Massacre are influenced by global demands. Abe’s official account on these issues have been affected by pressures to reconcile with South Korea and to face China’s rise for strategic reasons. This originates from sources including think tanks such as the Center for Strategic and International Studies and media. Joseph Nye’s concept of soft power will provide the theoretical background to analyze Abe’s views on both issues. The existence and method through which these pressures are applied will be detailed and explored. This research will hope to contribute to the understanding of historical memory in the Asia-Pacific and how it remains an issue that undergoes changes in the current political climate. / Graduate

[EN] In this Doctoral Thesis the reactivity of a group of emerging pollutants (EP) present in the output waters of urban treatment plants and the implementation of a photo-Fenton process in slightly acidic pH conditions using bio-organic solubles (SBO) as auxiliary chemicals have been studied. First, a mechanistic study was performed to investigate the role played by various reactive species in the oxidation of a mixture of emerging pollutants generated photochemically through advanced oxidation processes. These oxidizing species are the hydroxyl radical (OH), singlet oxygen (1O2) and the excited states of photocatalysts able to act through electron transfer processes. Results show that the EP degradation from the photo-Fenton process is too complex to be explained exclusively by the direct reaction of radical OH¿. More likely, OH radical reacts with further species present in the medium, so that long-lived radicals are generated and contribute to the degradation of EP or participate in chain processes. Rose bengal, known 1O2 generator, showed very low reactivity with EP under photochemical conditions. This fact together with the low values obtained for the rate constants in the reaction of 1O2 with EP, indicate that degradation of EP with singlet oxygen at these concentrations is very inefficient. Electron transfer processes studied using triphenylpyrylium (TPP+) and triphenylthiopyrylium (TPTP+) showed that degradation of EP were produced through the excited singlet and triplet states of the photocatalysts, slightly higher results were obtained by using the TPTP+. SBO, isolated from the wet fraction of municipal waste, are formed by a mixture of macromolecules with a wide range of sizes that goes from 67 to 463 kgmol-1. Furthermore, chemical composition of SBO resembles that of natural organic matter that has been employed in solar photochemical processes for wastewater treatment. Characterization of SBO has shown that these substances are biocompatible, stable after 24 hours of irradiation and able to improve the efficiency of photo-Fenton under slightly acidic pH. The results obtained in the optimization of the operational variables of the photo-Fenton process in the presence of SBO suggest that the mechanism of this process has changed, so that the optimum pH value of 2,8 has shifted to values close to 4. Therefore, the hydroxyl radical is not the main specie but others species could play a role; however they have not been unequivocally identified due to the complexity process. Moreover, SBO are able to generate reactive species; however their efficiency depends on the balance between the generation of reactive species and the inner filter effect produced by the deep color of SBO and also by the competition for the generated reactive species between SBO and the pollutants / [ES] En la presente Tesis Doctoral se estudió la reactividad de un conjunto de contaminantes emergentes (CE) presentes en aguas naturales de salida de depuradoras urbanas y la posibilidad de implementar un proceso foto-Fenton en condiciones de pH ligeramente ácidas empleando sustancias solubles bio-orgánicas (SBO) como auxiliares químicos. En primer lugar se realizó un estudio mecanístico para indagar sobre el papel desarrollado por diversas especies reactivas, generadas fotoquímicamente mediante procesos de oxidación avanzada, en la oxidación de una mezcla de contaminantes emergentes. Entre estas especies oxidantes se encuentra el radical hidroxilo (OH.), el oxígeno singlete (1O2), y los estados excitados de los fotocatalizadores capaces de actuar en procesos de transferencia electrónica. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el proceso de degradación de los CE mediante foto-Fenton es demasiado complejo para poder ser explicado únicamente mediante la reacción directa del radical OH. Posiblemente, tras ser generado, el radical OH reacciona con las especies presentes en el medio de forma que se generan radicales de vida larga que contribuyen a la degradación de los CE o bien inicia procesos en cadena. El rosa de bengala, conocido generador de 1O2, mostró muy baja reactividad con los CE en condiciones fotoquímicas. Este hecho unido a los bajos valores obtenidos para las constantes de reacción del 1O2 con los CE, nos indica que la degradación mediante reacción con oxígeno singlete a estas concentraciones es muy ineficiente. Los estudios de los procesos de transferencia electrónica empleando trifenilpirilio (TPP+) y trifeniltiopirilio (TPTP+) muestran que la degradación de los CE se produce desde los estados excitados singlete y triplete de los fotocatalizadores, obteniéndose unos resultados ligeramente superiores mediante el empleo del TPTP+. Los SBO son materiales extraídos de la fracción húmeda de los residuos urbanos. Estas sustancias están constituidas por una mezcla de macromoléculas con un amplio rango de tamaños que oscila de 67 a 463 kgmol-1. Además su composición química presenta similitudes estructurales con algunas sustancias que se encuentran en la materia orgánica natural y que han sido empleadas en procesos fotoquímicos solares para el tratamiento de aguas residuales. La caracterización de los SBO ha demostrado que estas sustancias son biocompatibles, estables tras 24 horas de irradiación y capaces de mejorar la eficiencia del foto-Fenton en condiciones de pH ligeramente ácidas. Los resultados obtenidos en la optimización de las variables operacionales en el proceso foto-Fenton en presencia de SBO sugieren que se ha producido una modificación en el mecanismo del proceso foto-Fenton de forma que se ha desplazado el valor óptimo de pH desde 2,8 a valores cercanos a 4. Por tanto el radical hidroxilo puede no ser la especie principal y entrar en juego otras especies que no han podido ser identificadas con certeza debido a la complejidad del proceso. Los SBO son capaces de generar especies reactivas, sin embargo se ha de llegar a un equilibrio entre la generación de especies reactivas y el efecto filtro producido por su acusada coloración, así como por la competencia de los propios SBO por las especies reactivas generadas. / [CAT] En la present Tesi Doctoral es va estudiar la reactivitat d'un conjunt de contaminants emergents (CE) presents en aigües d'eixida de depuradores urbanes i la possibilitat d'implementar un procés foto-Fenton en condicions de pH lleugerament àcides emprant substàncies solubles bio-orgàniques (SBO) com auxiliars químics. En primer lloc es va realitzar un estudi mecanístic per indagar sobre el paper desenvolupat per diverses espècies reactives, generades fotoquímicament mitjançant processos d'oxidació avançada, en l'oxidació d'una mescla de contaminants emergents. Entre aquestes espècies oxidants es troba el radical hidroxil (OH), l'oxigen singlet (1O2), i els estats excitats dels fotocatalitzadors capaços de actuar per processos de transferència electrònica. Els resultats obtinguts mostren que el procés de degradació dels CE mitjançant foto-Fenton és massa complex per poder ser explicat únicament per la reacció directa del radical OH. Possiblement després de ser generat, el radical OH reacciona amb les espècies presents en el medi de manera que es generen radicals de vida llarga que contribueixen a la degradació dels CE o bé inicia processos en cadena. El rosa de bengala, conegut generador de 1O2, va mostrar molt baixa reactivitat amb els CE en condicions fotoquímiques. Aquest fet unit als baixos valors obtinguts per a les constants de reacció del 1O2 amb els CE, ens indica que la degradació mitjançant reacció amb oxigen singlet a aquestes concentracions és molt ineficient. Els estudis dels processos de transferència electrònica utilitzant trifenilpirili (TPP+) i trifeniltiopirili (TPTP+) mostren que la degradació dels CE es produeix per mitjà dels estats excitats singlet i triplet dels fotocatalitzadors, obtenint uns resultats lleugerament superiors mitjançant l'ús del TPTP+. Els SBO són materials obtinguts de la fracció humida dels residus urbans. Aquestes substàncies estan constituïdes per una barreja de macromolècules amb un ampli rang de pesos moleculars que van de 67 a 463 kgmol-1. A més la seva composició química presenta similituds estructurals amb algunes substàncies que es troben en la matèria orgànica natural i que han sigut utilitzades en processos fotoquímics solars per al tractament d'aigües residuals. La caracterització dels SBO ha demostrat que aquestes substàncies són biocompatibles, estables després de 24 hores d'irradiació i son capaços de millorar l'eficiència del foto-Fenton en condicions lleugerament àcides. Els resultats obtinguts en l'optimització de les variables operacionals en el procés foto-Fenton en presència de SBO semblen suggerir que s'ha produït una modificació en el mecanisme de manera que s'ha desplaçat el valor òptim de pH des 2,8 a valors propers a 4. Pertant el radical hidroxil deixa de ser l'espècie principal i entren en joc altres espècies que no han pogut ser identificades amb certesa a causa de la complexitat del procés. Els SBO són capaços de generar espècies reactives, però s'ha d'arribar a un equilibri entre la generació d'espècies reactives i l'efecte filtre produït per la seua acusada coloració, així com per la competència dels propis SBO per les espècies reactives generades. / Gomis Vicens, J. (2015). Efecto de distintas especies reactivas generadas fotoquímicamente sobre la eliminación de contaminantes presentes en aguas naturales [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/51667 / TESIS

The diploma thesis is focused on the theoretical knowledge of lithium accumulators. More attention is given to electrolytes and especially to flame retardants, where the types and individual examples of flame retardants are described more detailed. The practical part is focused on the individual laboratory measurement of selected samples of electrolytes with different flame retardants. The measurement results are analyzed in other parts.

Submitted by Eduardo Sanchez Palma (edsanpa7@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-17T17:31:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 17012017 MPA PALMA.pdf: 6332936 bytes, checksum: 491bc558997174d0785b04d3518b6105 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fabiana da Silva Segura (fabiana.segura@fgv.br) on 2017-01-17T17:35:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 17012017 MPA PALMA.pdf: 6332936 bytes, checksum: 491bc558997174d0785b04d3518b6105 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-17T17:53:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 17012017 MPA PALMA.pdf: 6332936 bytes, checksum: 491bc558997174d0785b04d3518b6105 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-09 / A maioria dos investidores se vê esmagada por uma vasta quantidade de informações, muitas vezes de natureza abstrata. Além disso, o formato padrão utilizado para comunicar os riscos é, geralmente de difícil compreensão e de pouca ajuda na tomada da decisão de investimento, pois a mencionada padronização, raramente leva em consideração os diferentes níveis de conhecimento dos investidores sobre finanças (Sachse, Jungermann, & Belting, 2012, v. 33, p. 438, tradução nossa). Alinhada a isso, a presente pesquisa utiliza questionário baseado na Teoria do Paradigma Psicométrico, para investigar as percepções de risco entre especialistas e investidores leigos sobre seis produtos financeiros. Baseado no elevado conhecimento sobre investimentos que possuem, os Certified Financial Planners foram escolhidos como grupo de controle para comparar as percepções de risco da categoria profissional melhor remunerada no Brasil, qual seja a dos médicos da Grande São Paulo (IBRE, 2009). Testes t para diferença de médias foram feitos para avaliar as percepções entre gêneros e os cinco construtos de risco, respectivamente, relacionados à volatilidade, ao desconhecimento, a desconfiança, a adversidade e as falhas regulatórias; os testes mostraram que são distintas as percepções de risco entre CFPs e médicos, com resultados muitas vezes contrários aos indicados pela literatura, assim como a maior percepção de risco entre as mulheres somente para os construtos relacionados às falhas regulatórias e desconfiança nos consultores de investimento, instituições financeiras e órgãos reguladores. O estudo mostra, ainda, que estão negativamente correlacionadas as percepções do benefício/retorno com os construtos desconfiança e falhas regulatórias somente entre os médicos, e que há diferenças de percepção importantes para o Tesouro Direto e PGBL/VGBL entre as duas categorias profissionais. Dentre os resultados encontrados destacam-se as diferentes percepções de risco sobre os construtos falhas da regulamentação e desconfiança, sugerindo que iniciativas de educação voltadas ao investidor podem não surtir o efeito esperado em razão de serem patrocinadas exatamente por instituições vistas com suspeição pelos investidores. O estudo conclui atribuindo à comunicação o papel determinante do sucesso na relação com o investidor e a necessidade que ela seja construída a partir das percepções de risco e níveis de familiaridade com investimentos dos consumidores. / Most individual investors may be overwhelmed by this vast amount of information and by its abstract nature. Furthermore, this way of informing about risk might be hardly helpful when making a particular investment decision, because this kind of standardized information neglects different levels of experience and financial literacy of the clients (Sachse, Jungermann, & Belting, 2012, v. 33, p. 438). Aware of this, this research paper will use a questionnaire in Psychometric Paradigm Theory to investigate risk perceptions among specialists and lay investors of six financial products. Certified Financial Planners were selected as the control group to assess how risk perceptions of the best-paid category in Brazil, compounded by physicians in São Paulo Metropolis (IBRE, 2009). T Tests about average differences were taken to assess gender perceptions and the five risk constructors associated with volatility, lack of knowledge, mistrust, adversity and regulatory failures; tests showed that risk perceptions are different between CFPs and physicians, with some results contradicting literature, as well as a greater perception of risks among women only to risk constructs related to regulatory failures and mistrust in investment advisors, financial institutions and regulatory bodies. The study also shows that correlations between benefit/return and constructs distrust and regulatory failures are negative only among physicians, and that there are significant perceptual differences about Tesouro Direto and PGBL/VGBL among the two professional categories. Different risk perceptions about the lack of regulation, as well as distrust, suggest that investor education initiatives may not have the expected effect, since they are sponsored by the same institutions of which investors are suspicious. Finally, the study says consumer perceptions of risk and their level of familiarity with investments are crucial, and attributes to communication the role for determining success in the relationship with investors.