This research is part of the Research Line Training, Knowledge and Professional Development Program for Postgraduate Education, Federal University of Santa Maria / RS. The study focuses on understanding how shared reflective practice contributes to the learning of teaching in basic education in an inclusive setting. The main theoretical reflections that contribute to this research in the context of inclusion are: Mantoan (2008), Freitas (2008), Fonseca (2003), Freire (2005, 2009), Martins (2010), Rodrigues (2008), Dutra (2008) and Bayer (2006). Speaking about the concept of activity we come from studies considering Vygotski (1994, 1995, 2009), Leontiev (1984, 1978, 1998) Davidov and Markova (1987), Rossetto (2013). Regarding the training of teachers we take into consideration of Bolzan (2002, 2007, 2009, 2010), Ferry (2004), Marcello Garcia (1999) Michels (2009), Nóvoa (1992, 1997) and Imbernon (2005, 2006, 2010). To discuss about the reflection and action, we highlight Zeichner (1993) and Shön (1997). The research takes part from a training event geared for inclusive processes in which teachers of a public school in Ijuí / RS proposed to discuss inclusion. The methodology used is the qualitative approach of narrative sociocultural nature, which has semi-structured interview as an instrument of data collection. In order to illustrate the research context, we also used daily meetings which were written by the researcher. From the recurrence narratives of the collaborators and the diaries it was possible to emphasize one category that we called Learning Teaching. This category is guided by the desire of learning, seeking new learning and learning from another person. Thus, this category is formed by categorical dimensions: Conceptions of Inclusion, Collaborative work and Spaces / places of training, these dimensions, which are interwoven together and consolidate the process of learning to teaching in a context of inclusion. / Esta pesquisa está inserida na Linha de Pesquisa Formação, Saberes e Desenvolvimento Profissional do Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria/RS. O estudo tem como foco compreender como a prática reflexiva compartilhada, contribui para a aprendizagem da docência na educação básica num contexto inclusivo. Os principais teóricos que contribuem com as reflexões desta pesquisa no âmbito da inclusão são: Mantoan (2008), Freitas (2008), Fonseca (2003), Freire (2005, 2009), Martins (2010), Rodrigues (2008), Dutra (2008) e Bayer (2006). Ao falar sobre o conceito de atividade partimos dos estudos de Vygotski (1994, 1995, 2009), Leontiev (1984, 1978, 1998) Davidov e Markova (1987), Rosseto (2013). No que tange a formação de professores utilizamos Bolzan (2002, 2007, 2009, 2010), Ferry (2004), García (1999)Michels (2009), Nóvoa (1992, 1997) e Imbernón (2005, 2006, 2010,). Para discutir acerca da reflexão e da ação, destaco Zeichner (1993), Marcello Garcia (1999) e Shön (1997). A investigação parte de um evento formativo voltado para os processos inclusivos, no qual professores de uma escola pública municipal de Ijuí/RS se propuseram a discutir inclusão. Como metodologia utilizamos a abordagem qualitativa narrativa de cunho sociocultural, que tem as entrevistas semi-estrutudas como instrumento de coleta de dados. A fim de ilustrar o contexto da pesquisa, também utilizamos os diários das reuniões, escritos pela pesquisadora. A partir das recorrências narrativas das colaboradoras e dos relatos nos diários foi possível evidenciar uma categoria que denominamos Aprendizagem Docente. Esta categoria é pautada no desejo de aprender, de buscar novas aprendizagens e aprender a partir do outro. Dessa forma, esta é constituída por dimensões categoriais: Concepções de Inclusão, Trabalho colaborativo e Espaços/lugares de formação, dimensões estas, que juntas se entrelaçam e consolidam o processo de aprender a docência em um contexto de inclusão.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A prática da inclusão de pessoas com necessidades educacionais especiais em rede regular de ensino tem assumido uma importante posição nos debates educacionais nacionais e internacionais, embora as experiências no Brasil sejam ainda isoladas e pouco difundidas. A falta de formação sobre as especificidades do processo de ensino e aprendizagem das pessoas com necessidades especiais por parte dos professores tem sido apontado, frequentemente, como um dos principais obstáculos para a efetivação da inclusão escolar. Partindo desse pressuposto, a modalidade de ensino itinerante parece representar uma proposta educativa viável para a inclusão de pessoas com necessidades especiais em rede regular de ensino, principalmente em grandes centros urbanos, quando não há disponibilidade de professores especialistas em todas as necessidades especiais para todas as escolas. Esta dissertação discute o trabalho do professor itinerante em escolas que têm alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais incluídos em rede regular de ensino. Participaram da pesquisa duas professoras itinerantes que atuam em três escolas municipais localizadas na zona oeste do Rio de Janeiro. Para realizar a investigação optou-se pela pesquisa qualitativa com abordagem etnográfica, utilizando como instrumentos de coleta de dados a observação participante, a análise de documentos, a microanálise e as entrevistas aberta e semi-estruturada. Os resultados evidenciaram que o trabalho realizado pelas professoras itinerantes desempenha diversas funções no ambiente escolar, indo além do suporte aos professores regulares e do auxílio aos alunos especiais incluídos. Na prática, atuam como agentes de mediação, sensibilização e mobilização pró-inclusão nas escolas que trabalham. / The proposition of including special needs students in the regular school system, has reached an important position in the national and international educational debates, although the Brazilian inclusion experiences have been isolated and not very well publicized. The lack of appropriate understanding from the part of regular teachers about the teaching-learning process of people with special needs, has been considered, frequently, as one of the main obstacles for the implementation of inclusive education. From this perspective, the modality of itinerant teaching, seems to represent a valid educational alternative for the inclusion of special needs students in the regular school system, especially in the great urban centers, where there is no availability of teachers specialized in all the different areas of handicap in all the schools. This study discusses the work of the itinerant teacher in schools that have special needs students included in regular classroom. Two itinerant teachers who work in three public schools located in the West Zone of the City of Rio de Janeiro were participants in this research. The research methodology chosen was qualitative with an ethnographic approach. For data collecting tools were used participant observation, documental analysis, microanalysis, and open and semi-open interviews. The results have shown that the work done by the itinerant teachers involves many functions in the school setting, going beyond the support to the regular teachers and help to the special needs students included. In reality they act as agents of mediation, sensibility and mobilization pro-inclusion in the schools where they work.

abstract: Teacher learning is a complex and important idea, given the proposed centralized role these individuals have in eradicating the inequitable school outcomes for students of color. It is necessary that researchers document the complex trajectory of learning that occurs as teachers engage in critical reflection on their practice. In the current study, white, female teachers examined the ways their own beliefs, assumptions, and values impacted classroom interactions with students of color, as well as the ways power, privilege, and whiteness manifested in the classroom. Utilizing Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) as a framework for understanding teacher learning as product and process, as well as whiteness and feminist theories as interrogative tools, the complex and iterative learning trajectories of two elementary school teachers are described in detail. The participating teachers engaged in critical reflection in the context of collaborative interviews, in which they reflected upon excerpts from classroom videos using the lenses of whiteness, power, and privilege in order to consider their own and others' teaching related to deeply held beliefs, assumptions, and values. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Educational Leadership and Policy Studies 2014

In this research, which falls in line search "training, knowledge and professional development" of the Post-Graduate Education of this University, we seek to discuss the issue of learning how to teach from the reality of teachers of multigrade rural schools. Thus, our objective was to understand the concepts and elements that make a teacher learning teacher multigrade rural classes in the early years of elementary teaching Putinga / RS, and the repercussions of these professional development of these subjects. The starting point of the methodological quality approach of sociocultural character, because we believe that with this approach, it is possible to take into account all the components of the research situation, interactions and meanings constructed. We evidenced thus the subject as social and historical construction, based on the Vygotskian conceptions of learning. In this sense, as an instrument to collect data for research, we used narrative interviews, oriented for guides-topic, because we believe that this way you can capture the meanings of teaching spaces in multigrade classes in rural areas. Thus, six teachers were collaborative research working in multigrade classes in the municipal Putinga, RS. From the analysis of the narratives of the teachers, it was possible to identify three categories that show the details of teacher learning in multigrade classes: the pedagogical organization, training processes and the knowledge teachers. The survey found also that all categories pointed out are linked to teacher's work as being this field of activity and source of production of teaching the teachers of multigrade classes collaborative areas. From the analysis of the narratives of the teachers could understand that the learning of teaching in these education is through the movement of breeding, when the teachers show only repeat practice, without thinking about them, but also by movements of creation, when recognized through reflection about their theoretical and methodological conceptions, the teachers seek to build a difference in you and your staff do. Therefore, the professional development of teachers is marked by the oscillation movement between breeding and reproduction, indicating that the teaching learning happens in the relationship between daily activities and relationships that the teachers are seeking to establish with their peers. / Esta pesquisa insere-se na Linha de pesquisa Formação, saberes e desenvolvimento profissional , do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação desta Universidade. Neste estudo discutimos a temática da aprendizagem da docência, a partir da realidade de professores de escolas rurais multisseriadas. Assim, tivemos como objetivo compreender as concepções e os elementos que marcam a aprendizagem docente de professores de classes rurais multisseriadas dos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental de Putinga/RS, e a repercussão destas no desenvolvimento profissional destes sujeitos. Para tanto, partimos da abordagem metodológica qualitativa de caráter sociocultural, pois acreditamos que com esta abordagem, é possível levarmos em conta todos os componentes da situação investigada, as interações e significações construídas. Evidenciamos assim, o sujeito como construção histórica e social, tendo por base as concepções vygotskianas de aprendizagem. Nessa direção, como instrumento para a coleta de dados, nesta pesquisa, utilizamos entrevistas narrativas, orientadas por tópicos-guias, pois acreditamos que desta maneira é possível captar os sentidos e significados da docência nos espaços de classes multisseriadas rurais. Foram colaboradoras da pesquisa seis professoras que atuam em classes multisseriadas na rede municipal de Putinga/RS. A partir da análise das narrativas das professoras, foi possível evidenciarmos três categorias que apontam os elementos relativos à aprendizagem docente em classes multisseriadas: a organização pedagógica; os processos formativos e as aprendizagens docentes. Neste estudo, identificamos também que todas as categorias exploradas encontram-se vinculadas ao trabalho docente que se constitui como campo de atuação e fonte de produções da docência das professoras colaboradoras das classes multisseriadas rurais. Assim foi possível compreendermos que a aprendizagem da docência nesta realidade de ensino se dá através de movimentos de reprodução, quando as professoras evidenciam apenas repetir práticas, sem refletir sobre elas, mas também por movimentos de criação, reconhecidos quando, através da reflexão sobre suas concepções teóricas e metodológicas, as professoras buscam construir uma diferença em si e em seu fazer docente. Desta forma, o desenvolvimento profissional das professoras está marcado pela oscilação entre movimentos de criação e de reprodução, indicando que o aprender a docência acontece na relação entre o fazer cotidiano e nas relações que as professoras buscam estabelecer com seus pares.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka lärares kollektiva lärande. Genom fenomenografiska grundidéer kring lärandeapsekter och kvalitativa skillnader i lärandet analyseras lärares interaktiva samtal. Uppsatsens frågeställningar är: Vilka lärandeaspekter synliggörs i respondenternas interaktiva samtal? Vilka kvalitativa variatiaoner att närma sigl ärandet synliggörs i samtalen. Vilka möjliga relationella förhållanden synliggörs i det kollektiva lärandet mellan lärandeaspekter, kvalitativa variationer och teorin om meningsskapande? I uppsatsens används en fenomenografisk ansats där lärandeapsekter och kvalitativa skillnader i lärande fördjupas med hjälp av teorier om meningsskapande. Resultatanalysen visar och beskriver lärandeaspekterna ’vad’ och ’hur’. Sammanställningen visar att lärandeaspekterna i det interaktiva samtalet kan betraktas utifrån perspektivet inom och bortom innehållet. Respondenternas fyra kvalitativt varierande sätt att erfara lärandet prövas mot hållpunkter sprunga ur teorin om meningsskapande. Sammanställningen visar då att begrepp från teorin som ongoing, retrospective sense och plausiblity skulle kunna tänkas sammanfalla med den fenomenografiska analysen och synliggörandet av den. Begreppen förenklar och skapar medvetenhet om det fenomen som studeras och underlättar på så sätt praktisk och teoretisk tillämpning. Teoretiska hållpunkter inom meningsskapande som the change poet, sharebility constraints och engagemangshållning och förmågan att tolka stärker och argumenterar för det faktum att de kvalitativa variationerna som studien synliggör stämmer överens med metodansats och resultatanalys. Genom att studera den kollektiva sammanställningen gällande lärandeaspekter och kvalitativa variationer kontra den indivuella förändringsagenten, the change poet, konstateras att förändringspoeten stimulerar förändring mellan kvalitativa skilda sätt att erfara. Detta innebär, utifrån fenomenografins utgångspunkt, ett lärande. Slutsatsen kan därför dras att förändringspoeten också kan benämnas ’lärandepoet’ eftersom de innehar samma förändringsmotiverande förmågor, egenskaper och komponenter. Lärandets poesi uppstår när multipla lärandepoeter med varierande förändringsmotiverandeförmågor, egenskaper och komponenter, som med varierande dominanta ställningstaganden tillsammans skapar ett samtalsflöde i rörelse, ett flöde som innefattar samtliga delar i den meningsskapande processen men också innefattas av varierande kvalitativa sätt att närma sig lärandet.

This study examines the relation between the prerequisites of principals in compulsory schools and to what extent they hence engage in instructional leadership. Three main questions are therefore posed which seek to describe how frequently the principals say that they engage in instructional leadership, how the principals say that their prerequisites are and to what extent these prerequisites affect their ability to be instructional leaders. A hypothesis is formulated that principals with favourable prerequisites are more likely to engage in an instructional leadership. To define instructional leadership Viviane Robinsons leadership dimensions ”planning, coordinating and evaluating teaching and the curriculum” and ”promoting participating in teacher learning and developement” are used as the foundation for the operationalisation of questions in the survey. The study finds that most of all the national principal education program affects the principals ability to be instructional leaders. Also the school managerand the municipal political board are important factors for the principals engagement in instructional leadership. Furthermore this study implicates that prerequisites, such as the number of employees or the time the principals say they have to be instructional leaders, have no, or almost no, effect on how frequently the principals engage in instructional leadership.

Lärande är centralt för både den enskilda individen och samhället. Ur ett hälsopedagogiskt perspektiv är det betydelsefullt att lärare utvecklar sitt eget lärande. Detta för att kunna stödja elever till att nå resultat och samtidigt själva, trivas i sitt yrke. Syftet med studien var att belysa hur lärare uppfattar det egna lärandet i förhållande till sin profession och om lärandet kan vara hälsofrämjande. Studiens teoretiska referensram utgår ifrån ett hälsofrämjande perspektiv med känsla av sammanhang som teori, sociokulturellt perspektiv på lärande och livslångt lärande. Studien tog sin utgångspunkt i ett hermeneutiskt synsätt med en abduktiv ansats. Empirin har samlats in med en kvalitativ design i form av strukturerade intervjuer med tio grundskollärare, årskurs 5-9. Intervjuerna har analyserats med en kvalitativ analys som skapade fyra teman och åtta kategorier. Resultatet visar att lärarna uppfattar sitt lärande som en ständigt pågående process. Lärandet sker aktivt som ett resultat av det sociala sammanhang läraren befinner sig i. Andra lärare och elever var viktigast för lärares lärande tillsammans med egna personliga intressen och visioner om yrkesrollen. Det finns många möjligheter och hinder till lärares lärande varav lärargemenskap, praktisk yrkesutveckling och reflektion är framstående möjligheter som överväger alla hinder. / Learning is central for the individual and society. From a health pedagogical perspective, it is important that teachers develop their own learning, to be able to support the students so that they can achieve results and at the same time, thrive in their profession. The purpose of the study was to illustrate how teachers perceive their own learning in relation to their profession and whether the learning can be health-promoting. The study's theoretical frame of reference is based on a health-promoting perspective with the theory Sense of coherence, the Socio-cultural perspective on learning and Lifelong learning. The study was based on a hermeneutic design with an abductive approach. The result has been collected with a qualitative design in the form of structured interviews with ten primary school teachers. The interviews were analyzed with a qualitative analysis that created four themes and eight categories. The results show that teachers perceive their learning as an ongoing process. Learning takes place actively as a result of the social context the teacher is in. Other teachers and students seemed to be most important to teachers' learning process together with their own personal interests and vision of the professional role. There are many opportunities and obstacles to teachers’ learning where teachers’ community, practical professional development and reflection are prominent.

Despite the national trend of assessments for gauging student mastery of prescribed curriculum standards which has placed assessment preparation at the forefront of classroom practices, teachers at a midwestern school promoting personalized learning for students, demonstrated inconsistency in implementation among content areas. An explanatory sequential mixed-methods study based on expectancy-value theory was used to define the challenges that arise as teachers implemented personalized learning in their content area. The research questions addressed the implementation of 5 personalized learning elements in secondary content areas, how teachers implement each element, and teachers' challenges in implementing personalized learning in their classroom. The quantitative research component utilized ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests to analyze 182 secondary teacher responses to a strategic plan survey regarding the frequency at which personalized learning elements were used in instruction. Statistically significant differences were found for 3 elements: knowing your learners, student voice and choice, and technology integration. A maximum variation sample was used to select 8 participants from diverse content areas for the qualitative data collection. Emerging themes on personalized learning implementation were extracted from classroom observation and interview data using descriptive coding, and then validated through member checking. Results indicated that teachers seek more training on personalized learning elements, content area learning, and time to plan personalized instruction. If teachers' ability to deliver personalized learning in their content areas improved, students would receive higher quality instruction resulting in increased academic achievement.

School districts in a southeastern state have faced the challenge of choosing an effective professional development model that assists teachers in improving student achievement. Some school districts have implemented professional learning communities (PLCs) as a means of addressing teachers' professional development. Guided by the social learning theories of Bandura, Vygotsky, and Wenger, the research questions focused on teachers' perceptions of the use of PLC experiences for making classroom decisions and their value for enhancing teacher learning, teacher collaboration, and student learning. Data for this case study were collected from 7 certified elementary teachers in 1 school who had participated in PLCs for 2 years. Interview data were coded and reviewed for common themes and patterns. The results of this study revealed that teachers perceived there was not enough time for teacher collaboration and teacher learning built into the activities and structure of the current PLC at the study site. The findings from this study were used to create a 3-day training session for local teachers on how to structure and function in a PLC environment. The sessions include training for grade-level chairpersons and professional development sessions for grade-level teams of teachers. The project will give the elementary teachers in this school meaningful opportunities to positively affect their own and students' learning and share learned practices and skills with other teachers in the district. Achieving social change at a larger level is possible as this professional development opportunity with a focus on teacher and student learning can serve as a model for other schools in the district.

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