This thesis is, in its theoretical part, focused on the concepts describing questions of normative theories of the press, public sphere and current journalist's position within the media organizations. Research part examines the factors influencing editors and their normative ideals about journalist profession. Through qualitative research we found the conclusions which represent personal, organizational and external factors influencing their work.

[pt] Sorria você está sendo filmado foi desenvolvido em uma perspectiva interdisciplinar, valendo-se de fundamentos jurídicos, sociológicos e filosóficos com o intuito de demonstrar, em uma análise global e também local (através do estudo sobre a implantação do Projeto Olho Vivo BH), que em decorrência da crescente violência que assola a sociedade contemporânea, transformando-a em uma sociedade de risco, o monitoramento através de câmeras em espaços públicos e privados vem sendo largamente utilizado como instrumento para a garantia da segurança. A implantação, no entanto, de uma política de videovigilância tanto pelas autoridades públicas como também pelos particulares, lançando seus olhares sobre os indivíduos, não leva em conta os riscos inerentes a tal sistema como, por exemplo, a consolidação de uma sociedade de controle permanente sobre o comportamento dos cidadãos, privando-os do exercício da privacidade, da liberdade e da espontaneidade na interação democrática nesses espaços. A atual era do medo é, ainda, responsável pela alteração do modo de viver das pessoas nos centros urbanos, pois os indivíduos passam a viver em espaços vigiados e segregados ou passam a transitar nas ruas e praças públicas permanentemente monitoradas por câmeras. Assim sendo, a cidade de muros, enquadrada no que poderia ser conceituado como o panoptismo moderno ou até mesmo no atento olhar de uma gama de Big Brothers sobre os indivíduos, sob o fundamento da busca pela segurança, reproduz a desigualdade, o isolamento e a fragmentação, corroendo a cidadania e o exercício do direito fundamental à privacidade. / [en] Smile you are being watched was developed under an interdisciplinary perspective, making use of philosofical, sociological and judicial grounds, in order to demonstrate, through a global and also a local analysis (taking into account the study about the implantation of Projeto Olho Vivo BH), that, as a consequence of the ever rising violence, which permeates our present-day society, the video-camera surveillance , in either public or private spaces, has been widely used as a necessary tool to ensure safety. However, the use of a video-monitoring policy either by the public authorities, or the private, casting their looks over the individuals, do not take into account the common risks of such a system as, for example, the consolidation of a society in permanent control of its citizens behavior, depriving them the use of privacy, freedom and spontaneity in the democratic interaction of these spaces. The present age of fear is still responsible for the alteration in the way people s living in urban centers, since the individuals start living in monitored and segregated areas or they start walking on streets and squares which are permanently watched by video-cameras. This time, the city walls, pictured through the concept of the modern panoptism, or even under the keen eyes of a score of Big Brothers, in order to justify a search for safety, reproduces the inequality, the isolation and the fragmentation, corroding the idea of citizenship and the free exercise of the fundamental right to privacy.

In this paper, Jürgen Habermas' account on 'The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere' will be set into relation with the emergence of INGOs as actors in the public sphere. The emergence of NGOs, and later INGOs, can be closely linked to the transformation of the public sphere as described by Habermas. An account from the early beginnings of non-governmental associations to the institutionalized status of INGOs following the establishment of the UN aims to describe the roots and roles of such organizations as actors within the public sphere more precisely. The concept of 'good governance' will be related to the commitments of the INGO Accountability Charter of which Amnesty International (AI) is a signatory. The case of AI will then be used as an example to apply the insights gained from the theoretical perspectives explored before. The question of whether AI is successful in its application of good governance relies on the definition of 'successful'. In this paper, the definition is given by Habermas' definition of the actorness in the transformed public sphere and the fulfilment of the commitments to the INGO Accountability Charter. Identifying AI as an actor in the public sphere provides the ground on which the development and controversies surrounding this INGO will be analyzed. Understanding the role AI aspires to play is an important factor. In this context, the controversies AI has faced in the public eye become a starting point into the inquiry of what role good governance plays in AI's communicative efforts. These, in turn, are a key to the organization's attempts to counterbalance negative perceptions and to maintain its position as a successful communicative actor. The end will be formed by conclusions given on the analysis of AI's employment of good governance in transformed, transnational civil society. Points for future research will be indicated if applicable.

Orientador: Antonio Francisco Magnoni / Resumo: Historicamente tem-se observado a inserção das tecnologias nos processos de transformação econômica, social, cultural e política. Também estão evidentes os padrões geracionais no uso das tecnologias, bem como padrões de classe, de acesso a serviços públicos e privados, e seu potencial para mobilizar opiniões e configurar ou reformatar movimentos de protesto e reivindicações sociais. A internet e as redes sociais digitais são importantes para a inclusão participativa de parcelas da sociedade que permaneciam excluídas da convivência política. As juventudes são um exemplo concreto de aumento da participação online. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar os usos e apropriações das tecnologias digitais para a participação político-cidadã pelas juventudes brasileiras. Foram definidos os seguintes objetivos específicos: a) verificar quais elementos e contextos caracterizam o processo de apropriação de novas tecnologias em experiências de mobilização político-social no Brasil; b) mapear e divulgar iniciativas de participação político-cidadã realizadas a partir dos usos e apropriações de tecnologias digitais; c) contribuir para a discussão sobre participação, capital social, ação e mobilização coletiva e tecnologias digitais, com foco nos processos de apropriação e de uso das tecnologias digitais para a participação política pelos jovens brasileiros. Considerando os objetos de pesquisa como dinâmicos e mutáveis diante de atualizações não apenas tecnológicas, mas també... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Historically, the insertion of technologies in the processes of economic, social, cultural and political transformation has been observed. Generational patterns in the use of technologies are also evident, as well as class standards, access to public and private services, and their potential to mobilize opinions and configure or reformat protest movements and social demands. The internet and social media are important for the participatory inclusion of parts of society that remained excluded from political coexistence. Youths are a concrete example of increasing online participation. Thus, this research aims to analyze the uses and appropriations of digital technologies for political-citizen participation by Brazilian youth. The following specific objectives were defined: a) to verify which elements and contexts characterize the process of appropriation of new technologies in experiences of political and social mobilization in Brazil; b) map and disseminate initiatives for political-citizen participation carried out based on the uses and appropriations of digital technologies; c) contribute to the discussion on participation, social capital, collective action and mobilization and digital technologies, focusing on the processes of appropriation and use of digital technologies for political participation by young Brazilians. Considering the research objects as dynamic and changeable in the face of not only technological updates, but also of a behavioral and subjective nature, i... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Históricamente se ha observado la inserción de tecnologías en los procesos de transformación económica, social, cultural y política. Los patrones generacionales en el uso de tecnologías también son evidentes, así como los estándares de clase, el acceso a servicios públicos y privados, y su potencial para movilizar opiniones y configurar o reformatear movimientos de protesta y demandas sociales. Internet y las redes sociales digitales son importantes para la inclusión participativa de partes de la sociedad que quedaron excluidas de la convivencia política. Los jóvenes son un ejemplo concreto de aumentar la participación en línea. En este sentido, esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los usos y apropiaciones de tecnologías digitales para la participación ciudadana política de la juventud brasileña. Se definieron los siguientes objetivos específicos: a) verificar qué elementos y contextos caracterizan el proceso de apropiación de nuevas tecnologías en experiencias de movilización política y social en Brasil; b) mapear y difundir iniciativas de participación político-ciudadana realizadas en función de los usos y apropiaciones de las tecnologías digitales; c) contribuir a la discusión sobre participación, capital social, acción colectiva y movilización y tecnologías digitales, enfocándose en los procesos de apropiación y uso de tecnologías digitales para la participación política de los jóvenes brasileños. Considerando los objetos de investigación como dinámicos y cambi / Doutor

This diploma thesis deals with the impact of the recent immigration crisis in Europe on Europeanization of national public spheres and its implications for the democratic deficit of the European Union (EU). The main aim of this work was to determine, whether there is a tendency towards Europeanization of public spheres in two selected EU member states (Austria and Germany), and if it is the case, closely examine the forms and specific characteristics of this process. Besides the Europeanization of public sphere, a Europeanization of collective national identity was studied, as it is considered to be an essential part of Europeanized national public spheres. In order to provide answers for these questions, a qualitative content analysis was used for this research, analyzing opinion articles from two selected quality newspapers from each studied country. Newspapers with different political affiliation were chosen in order to get the most representative sample for the analysis. This research covered the debate on migration crisis within period of one year (May 2015 to April 2016). A general trend of Europeanization was recorded in both national public spheres within this debate.

The word Anthropocene has been used in academia in many cases in the last decade. Geologists and stratigraphers believe that man's influence intervents so much with nature that they propose to call by the term a whole new geological era. This would have far-reaching consequences for (social) science in terms of interdisciplinarity. Due to the topicality of the theme, the diploma thesis aims to monitor the intersection of the term Anthropocene using the conceptual theory of Reinhart Koselleck, and thus find out whether and how the word spreads to public sphere. The first theoretical part presents the sources, maps the reflection of the term in the literature of social sciences and puts the work into a theoretical and methodological framework from the perspective of the history of concepts. It introduces Koselleck's theory of transition phases and explanes its application to the research field using modified criteria. The methodological character of the work is a comparative case study, heuristically grasped by content (textual) analysis of a media text. The second practical part observes texts from two selected databases (Czech and British) and presents the results in order to find out the meanings the contexts around the term Anthropocene. The last part compares both geographical areas and...

The aim of this thesis is to investigate how digital activism is conducted on Twitter, particularly in relation to the dialogues and demands for Europe’s green economic recovery plan from COVID-19. It seeks to analyse the communication made using #GreenRecovery on Twitter by various actors over the period of May to June 2020, guided by the theory of public sphere and social movement and literature on digital activism, hashtag activism, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Corporate Political Activity (CPA) using a qualitative and quantitative content analysis.By analysing the frequency patterns of tweets and by uncovering the different types of communication, this paper sheds light on the users involved as well as the issue frames and mobilisation strategies that were visible in the #GreenRecovery discourse . Results of this study demonstrate that #GreenRecovery is used by varying actors on Twitter such as individuals, social movements, businesses and others. Furthermore, the hashtag has been used to raise awareness, communicate particular information, mobilize action and also employ assertion as dominant digital spectator activity. Tweets with #GreenRecovery was primarily framed towards the need for a redesign of the economy, indicating demands for changes in policies by targeting accounts of political actors from the EU Commission. It is further implied that during the discourse, #GreenRecovery acted as a structural signifier as a response to the leaked proposal of the Recovery Plan demonstrating that it has the potential to create hashtag communities.

Palach Press: Press and Literary Agency. The Exile Agency Study and the Comparation of the Presentation of the Affairs with the Official Mass Media in the Czechoslovakia. Abstract This thesis is a study about literary and press agency Palach Press. The agency was established by Jan Kavan and operated in London in 1970s and 1980s. Its main purpose was to provide information on Czechoslovakia to western journalists and Czech journalist in exile. There was a communication of the alternative public sphere because of a non-functional public sphere, where should be free exchange of opinions. There was a distribution channel of altered camping cars, attached to the Palach Press agency, used to smuggle literature and other materials to Czechoslovakia. Second part of the thesis is practical and focuses on the actual production of Palach Press agency and compares it with information provided by official media in Czechoslovakia, especially with the news published by Czechoslovak press agency. Content analysis is based on the criteria of objectivity.

Mass media has always played the key role in democratic process. They are not only the indicator of its right functioning, but also the iniciator. From historical point of view is obvious, that technological progress and changes in the way of informing people were related to the political area. But with the increasing role of media, they changed their position from pure mediators of informations to the main actors of social and political life. The ‚old' media, such as newspapers, radio and television, are therefore partly responsible for commercialization of the public sphere and also for its depolitization. With contribution of the globalization effect on today's world, which causes besides other things the weakening of the nation state, there are only a little of the key democratic aspects left. Some find the solution in the ‚new' media represented by the Internet and social media, which are more interactive so they could get the citizens back to the game. And right in the increase of civic engagement see the theorists the potencial for creating a new democratic order based on high-level participation. KEY WORDS Mass media, Democracy, Public Sphere, Civic Engagement, Internet, Social media, Participative Democracy, Deliberative Democracy

Many researches have proven that in the Czech Republic on a long there is little tolerance towards the Roma minority. The current situation is the cause of both historical and socio-economic. There are many designs that offer solutions to improve the mutual relations between the majority and the Roma minority. Part of the Roma population is working hard on steps towards better mutual understanding. The aim of this thesis is to highlight the civic involvement of young Roma dedicated to activities for the benefit of society. Their effort is rewarded with both positive results and negative reactions accompanied by threats, therefore is the aim of work to find out what motivates or influences them in their endeavors. Design of this thesis is a qualitative research with method of grounded theory.