The fresh idea of including men in feminist campaigning might be a reaction to a postfeminist context with much uncertainty towards the feminist movement and arises a never-ending complex and contested issue within the feminist theory. This research aims at understanding the rise of feminist communication on social media, particularly on Instagram, with a special focus on men’s representation and involvement. Therefore, this paper will study men’s engagement in feminist digital campaigning on Instagram; and their representation and participation in this type of activism without ostracizing women. In recent years, social media have gained an increasing number of users, transforming these platforms into daily communication tools. Notably, Instagram has achieved considerable success with a growing use in e-commerce campaigns and social activism. In this context, this report will reduce its scope to Instagram feminist accounts in Spain and will consider the potential of social media for change by conducting surveys to feminist organisations and social media users and analysing the contents published by feminist influencers. All in all, this study responds to existing debates on how (or if) men should be included in the feminist movement. The clear conclusion to this DP is that there is not a simple answer to this matter.

Det demokratiska projektet har pågått i tusentals år. En av dess uttolkare och teoretiker är Jürgen Habermas som med sina teorier om deliberativ demokrati och Public Sphere formulerat teorier om mer jämlikhet och rättvisa grundat i den mänskliga kommunikationen. I detta arbete prövar vi Habermas teorier i modern kontext och utreder om informationsteknologin besitter kvaliteter för att möjliggöra denna kommunikation. Utifrån kritisk teori, datavetenskap och en demokratisk modell utreder vi även hur tanken om det gemensamma förhåller sig till en digital kontext och analyserar hur privat eller statlig äganderätt begränsar information som skulle kunnat komma alla tillgodo. Arbetet visar att informationsteknologierna blockchain och sociala medier besitter några av de demokratiska kvaliteter Habermas formulerat, men också att informationsteknologin brister på vissa andra bärande punkter. / The development of democracy is an old ongoing project. One of its main interpreters and theorists is Jürgen Habermas, who with his theories about deliberative democracy and Public Sphere formulated theories of more equality and justice based on human communication. In this work, we test Habermas' theories in a modern context and investigate whether information technology has qualities to enable this communication. Based on critical theory, computer science and a deliberative democratic model, we also investigate how the idea of the common works in a digital context. We also reflect and analyse how private or state ownership restricts information that could benefit everyone. The work shows that information technologies like blockchain and social media possess some of the democratic qualities Habermas formulated, but also that information technology lacks some other key points.

Le présent travail porte sur l'hypothèse de la constitution d'un espace public avec le développement des débats télévisés au Cameroun. Il s’appuie sur un corpus de 227 émissions de Canal presse et Droit de réponse de 2012 à 2017 et sur des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès des acteurs-invités et de présentateurs des débats télévisés. Les résultats obtenus révèlent que la constitution d’un espace public de débats télévisés camerounais est marquée par des logiques de « concurrence-coopérative » entre acteurs sociaux hétéroclites, et où la polémique émerge comme registre de prise de parole dominant qui gouverne les stratégies de mise en visibilité. Les résultats rendent également compte des dynamiques d'occupation de l’espace public des débats télévisés. Sur ce point, ce travail montre que les débats télévisés se formalisent autour d’un contrat de communication qui favorise l’accès majoritaire/prioritaire de certaines catégories d’acteurs, à l’instar des journalistes, des opérateurs politiques, des universitaires, des hommes de droit (avocats), des entrepreneurs de l’humanitaire et de la société civile. Enfin, les résultats de ce travail indiquent que les débats télévisés s’apparentent à des espaces de production de soi durant lesquels les stratégies de légitimation du discours, la recherche de légitimité et la captation du public s’enchâssent. L'originalité de ce travail réside dans le dépassement de la thèse habermassienne sur l'espace public. Ceci dans la mesure où l'espace public camerounais apparaît comme un enjeu pour la communication de l'État qui s'en sert pour y diffuser des informations gouvernementales, pour y dépêcher les médiateurs, pour normaliser les échanges dans une perspective de démocratisation et d'échange populaire. / The present work deals with the hypothesis of the constitution of a public sphere with the development of televised debates in Cameroon. It is based on a corpus of 227 issues of Canal Presse and Droit de réponse from 2012 to 2017 and on semi-structured interviews with invited actors and presenters of televised debates. The results obtained reveal that the constitution of a public sphere of Cameroonian televised debates is marked by "competitive-cooperative" logics between heterogeneous social actors, and where the controversy emerges as register of dominant speech which governs the strategies of visibilisation. The results also reflect the dynamics of the occupation of the public sphere of televised debates. On this point, this work shows that the televised debates are formalized around a communication contract which favors the majority/priority access of certain categories of actors, like the journalists, the political operators, the academics, the men of law (lawyers), humanitarian entrepreneurs and civil society. Finally, the results of this work indicate that televised debates are like self-production spaces during which the strategies of legitimation of discourse, the search for legitimacy and the capture of the public are embedded. The originality of this work lies in the surpassing of the Habermasian thesis on the public sphere. This insofar as the Cameroonian public sphere appears as an issue for the communication of the State that uses it to disseminate government information, to send mediators, to normalize the exchanges in a perspective of democratization and popular exchange.

Den här studien har undersökt hur psykisk ohälsa representeras på TikTok. Syftet med undersökningen var att genom netnografi observera hur användarna visar upp och diskuterar ämnet för att få en större förståelse för hur sociala medier kan användas för att sprida kunskap och medvetenhet kring psykisk ohälsa. För att genomföra analysen användes en tematisk analys och materialet analyserades utifrån både tidigare forskning samt de teoretiska perspektiven representation, offentlighetsteori och deltagarkultur. Resultatet visar att innehållet kan delas in i två huvudteman, nämligen ”egna erfarenheter” och ”professionell information”. Delteman som identifierats är ”kunskap, information och medvetenhet”, ”utmana stigmatiseringen”, ”information om behandling” samt ”ge stöd och hopp”. Vidare visade analysen att innehållet ofta visar sådant som traditionellt varit privat och inte hörts eller setts av andra, men som nu lyfts i offentliga sammanhang. Trots att sociala medier möjliggör för allt fler att delta i diskussioner visade även resultatet att det inte är alla som faktiskt deltar lika aktivt men att det ändå förekommer en hel del interaktion. Med utgångspunkt i undersökningens analys och resultat samt tidigare forskning diskuteras även vilken möjlig inverkan innehållet kan ha på stigmatiseringen kopplad till psykisk ohälsa. Diskussionen visade att innehållet, beroende på hur det pratas om, både kan bidra till en ökad eller minskad stigmatisering. / This study has examined mental health representations on TikTok by using a netnographic approach. The aim of the study has been to obtain a deeper understanding of how social media can be used to spread information and advocate for mental health issues. The method used to analyze the results was a thematic analysis. To analyze the results both previous research within the field and theoretical perspectives about representation, the public sphere and participatory culture were applied. The result show that the content can be separated into two main themes, “lived experience” and “professional information”. The subthemes identified were “knowledge, information and awareness”, “challenge stigma”, “information about treatment” and “support and hope”. The analysis showed that the content often revealed things that traditionally have been private and haven’t been seen or heard by others. Despite that social media has lowered the threshold for participation in public discussions the results showed that not everyone is actively participating. However, there was still a lot of interaction between the users that were active. Based on the analysis and result, there is also a discussion about the possible effects the content can have on the stigmatization around mental health. The discussion showed that the content has the possibility to both contribute to the stigma but also challenge it, depending on how it is talked about.

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Public service definieras som ”i allmänhetens tjänst” och innebär att de ska finnas där för alla. Däremot har det visat sig att delar av allmänheten har tappat ett intresse och ifrågasatt dess koncept. Millennieskiftet var en vändning för digitala tjänster vilket ökade chanserna för allmänheten att medverka i skapandet av programproduktioner. Uppsatsens syfte är att öka förståelse om, när, hur och i vilken utsträckning SVT inkluderar medverkare genom medietekniska medel. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av tre kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer och en rekonstruktionsintervju. De kvalitativa intervjuerna gav en överblick över produktionen vilket i sin tur gav grund för en att få en inblick i produktionen med hjälp av rekonstruktionsintervjun. Studien resulterade till en överblick av flera programproduktioner, ett konkret fall av programmet Jobbigt och vilka aktuella möjligheter och utmaningar SVT har inför en medverkan med allmänheten. Slutsatsen påvisade att SVT i nuläget möjliggör främst deltagaraktiviteter via deltagarformen ackumulering och använder till en viss del av medverkarnas bidrag i programproduktionen. Detta sker mest i fasen före produktionen och minst i fasen under produktionen. Det visade sig också att SVT är i pågående utveckling av produktioner som utforskar medietekniska medel samt att SVT använder både externa och interna plattformar för inkludering av medverkare. SVT:s främsta utmaningen är att dem står med ena benet i traditionellt skapande och det andra benet i modern deltagarkultur. På så vis saknar hela organisationen en gemensam idé om hur de vill eller inte vill inkludera medverkare. Utifrån från deltagarkulturen är SVT:s utmaning att finnas där för alla och leverera tekniska förutsättningar och deltagarformer. Om SVT sänker kvalitén på det tekniska kravet och fokuserar på engagemanget finns det en affärsmöjlighet för SVT. / Public service is defined as "the public’s interest" and means that it should be there for everyone. However, it has become apparent that parts of the public have lost interest and question the concept of it. The millennium was a turning point for digital services which increased the chances for the public to participate in the creation of productions. The aim of the paper is to increase understanding of it, how, when, and to what extent SVT includes participants through media technology means. The study was conducted using three qualitative semi-structured interviews and one reconstructive interview. The qualitative interviews provided an overview of the production, which in turn provided a basis for gaining an insight into the production using the reconstruction interview. The study resulted in an overview of several productions, a concrete case of the Jobbigt and what current opportunities and challenges SVT faces in engaging with the public. The conclusion demonstrated that SVT currently enables participatory activities mainly through the participatory form of accumulation and uses to some extent the contributions of the participants in the production. This is done mostly in the pre- production phase and least in the last production phase. It was also found that SVT is in the process of developing productions that explore media technology means and that SVT uses both external and internal platforms for inclusion of participants. SVT's main challenge is that they have one leg in traditional creation and the other leg in modern participatory culture. Thus, the whole organization lacks a common idea of how they want or do not want to include participants. From the perspective of participatory culture, SVT's main challenge is to be there for everyone and deliver technical conditions and participatory forms. If SVT lowers the quality of the technical requirement and focuses on engagement, there is a business opportunity for SVT.

Public service media has a big role in the traditional media in Sweden. Historically, they constructed a shared cultural reference and applied news and facts to people to make it possible for them to be educated citizens. However, public service and other traditional media have a difficulty reaching young people today. At the same time young people are the group that consumes the most amount of media. Therefore, it is relevant to study what they consume and what they discard - and why. Especially why they don’t consume the content provided by Swedish public service media. Because if they don’t consume it now, will they in the future?       This qualitative study aims to examine how young people in Sweden use public service media and whether they value it as a public service. To do this, we conducted four focus groups with a total of twelve 18-year-olds. The result shows that even though few of them choose to consume content from the public service media, most of them have a positive association of it and value it as a public service. Many said that they trust that they follow their assignment to serve the public and that they produce objective and accurate news. However, the knowledge about the way public service media is organized and financed was shallow at best. It appears that the main reason they don’t consume the content is that they don’t come across it where they consume media. The interviewees that did consume public service media content did so on a different platform such as Spotify or YouTube. So the difficulty in reaching the young audience might not be because of the content, but that they don’t even know of its existence.

[pt] Este trabalho de dissertação tem como objeto de pesquisa a construção de meios de reapropriação e gestão coletiva do espaço público através dos projetos de hortas urbanas comunitárias da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Nesse sentido, os objetivos centrais deste estudo são identificar as tensões inerentes ao movimento de reapropriação do espaço público carioca por meio das hortas urbanas. Bem como, analisar os desafios e possibilidades da gestão coletiva deste espaço a partir das táticas, técnicas e planos de ação elaboradas pelos arranjos comunitários que participam das hortas. Referimo-nos às singulares maneiras de fazer e pensar a cidade que se desenrolam nestas inciativas e que, de modo criativo e multitudinário, semeiam o comum como um importante horizonte político na luta por uma produção do espaço mais justa, cooperativa e fraterna. Os propósitos desta investigação, por sua vez, nos remetem a uma problemática que está em curso no momento presente da vida cotidiana da metrópole e que se constrói com base nas relações desiguais de dominação e apropriação espacial que se estabelecem entre os diferentes grupos sociais. Diante da racionalidade estratégica e mercadológica do ordenamento territorial hegemônico, o processo de segregação social pautado na propriedade privada do solo se consolidou como uma tendência geral no território carioca. E o espaço público, inserido nesta lógica privatista de controle territorial, está em progressiva metamorfose, incorporando elementos que limitam suas condições de acessibilidade e alteridade. Entretanto, enquanto muitas das transformações contemporâneas da cidade se realizam em sintonia com a ordem dominante, outras nos apontam indícios de rupturas significativas do status quo. São mudanças protagonizadas por uma multidão de citadinos que questionam os imperativos do Estado neoliberal ao reivindicar o direito de usar, ocupar e governar a urbe de modo autônomo. Sob esta perspectiva, nos últimos anos multiplicaram-se os ensaios de gestão coletiva do espaço público carioca através das hortas urbanas comunitárias. Tais iniciativas revelam muitas aberturas existentes para o exercício da vida em comum, vida que se cultiva junto com o Outro. De um jeito peculiar, estes projetos comunitários de hortas urbanas resistem em solo carioca e nos sinalizam múltiplos canteiros de alternativas e possibilidades para a emancipação da sociedade. / [en] This dissertation work has as object of research the construction of means of reappropriation and collective management of public space through the projects of community urban gardening in the city of Rio de Janeiro. In this sense, the central objectives of this study are to identify the tensions in the movement of reappropriation of public space through urban gardens. As well as, to analyze the challenges and possibilities of the collective management of this space from the tactics, techniques and plans of action elaborated by the community arrangements that participate in the gardens. We refer to the singular forms of making and thinking the city that exist in these initiatives and that, in a creative and multitudinous way, sow the common as an important political horizon in the struggle for a more democratic, cooperative and fraternal production of space. The purposes of this investigation, in turn, lead us to a problem that is ongoing in the present moment of the metropolis everyday life and that is built based on the unequal relations of spatial domination and appropriation that are established between different social groups. In times of space metropolization, the reorientation of State policies based on the economic determinations of the real estate-financial market culminated in the elaboration of new government guidelines in Rio de Janeiro, now expressed under an order that homogenizes, fragments and hierarchizes the uses and representations of the city. In view of the strategic and market rationality of these hegemonic actors, the process of social segregation based on private land ownership has consolidated itself as a general trend in the territory. And the public space, inserted in this privatist logic of territorial control, is in a progressive metamorphosis: incorporating elements that limit its conditions of accessibility and alterity. However, while many of the city s contemporary transformations take place in tune with the dominant order, others point to signs of significant disruptions to the status quo. From this perspective, in recent years, the collective management initiatives of the public space in Rio de Janeiro have multiplied through community urban farming. In a peculiar way, such initiatives reveal many existing openings for the exercise of life in common, a life that is cultivated together with the Other.