Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-04-11T14:29:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 brunoazevedogomesfreitas.pdf: 1969413 bytes, checksum: 6fd5814d995913cb63a7257c7fc112a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-11T14:58:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 brunoazevedogomesfreitas.pdf: 1969413 bytes, checksum: 6fd5814d995913cb63a7257c7fc112a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-11T14:58:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 brunoazevedogomesfreitas.pdf: 1969413 bytes, checksum: 6fd5814d995913cb63a7257c7fc112a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-02 / PROQUALI (UFJF) / A sociedade brasileira demanda crescentemente serviços públicos de qualidade e a aplicação de práticas consagradas na gestão privada é um dos pressupostos presentes no vigente modelo gerencial da chamada Nova Administração Pública, modelo esse que se propõe a auxiliar os gestores no atendimento dessa demanda com pertinência e efetividade. As Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior - IFES - necessitam profissionalizar a gestão de suas atividades para atingir excelência na prestação de serviço público. Serviço este prestado por seus servidores públicos, dentre eles os técnicos-administrativos. A presente pesquisa partiu da seguinte indagação: Qual é a composição da dinâmica satis-motivacional dos administradores que fazem sua carreira na Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora? O objetivo foi diagnosticar os componentes dessa dinâmica satis-motivacional que impactam o trabalho dos servidores públicos técnicos-administrativos - TAE – fazendo sua carreira no cargo de administrador numa IFES. A resposta alcançada pode subsidiar a construção de políticas motivacionais pertinentes de gestão de pessoas e a implementação de uma gestão estratégica de pessoas no âmbito da UFJF. Esta pesquisa coletou dados qualitativos mediante entrevistas realizadas com dez dos 42 administradores que compõem o quadro efetivo da UFJF. Tais entrevistas foram gravadas em áudio, transcritas e interpretadas por análise indutiva e fenomenográfica. Dentre as descobertas: (1ª) as motivações para trabalhar variam de acordo com a concepção que cada indivíduo subjetivamente elabora vivenciando o trabalho que realiza; (2ª) os fatores motivacionais que impactam positivamente no trabalho dos TAEs administradores na UFJF relacionam-se com: (i) o conteúdo do que realizam no cargo; (ii) o reconhecimento que recebem; (iii) a sensação de realização; (iv) a importância que eles mesmos atribuem ao cargo; (3ª) tais fatores motivacionais se manifestaram de acordo com duas concepções de trabalho explicitadas pelos sujeitos de pesquisa: (a) trabalho como impacto social relevante do resultado organizacional; (b) trabalho como conquista de objetivos pessoais dentro da organização. (4ª) Também se identificaram fatores motivacionais que impactam negativamente no trabalho e na motivação dos administradores bem como os que lhes trazem satisfação e insatisfação no seu trabalho. Compõem a dinâmica satis-motivacional do administrador na UFJF: o seu perfil, as atividades que realiza e o horizonte de carreira por ele almejado na IFES. Com base no diagnóstico satis-motivacional foi elaborada uma proposta de programa satismotivacional pertinente aos servidores TAE da carreira de administrador na UFJF e ao contexto organizacional. Este diagnóstico revelou indícios de estar se vivendo uma crise das motivações ligada à superqualificação do quadro de funcionários TAE que tendem a perder sua motivação pela realização de tarefas percebidas como de baixa complexidade. Os resultados são relevantes por lançar um olhar brasileiro e interpretativista do indivíduo e da dinâmica motivacional no setor público, que propicia aos gestores considerar a ótica dos próprios TAE para desbloquear o potencial motivacional de cada trabalhador e propiciar a eles realizarem sua própria remotivação dos que se encontram em processo de perda da motivação. / Brazilian society increasingly demands quality public services assuming the application of established practices in private management would support the managerial model called New Public Management, a model that aims to assist managers to meet this demand. The Federal Higher Education Institutions - FHEI - need to professionalize the management to achieve excellence in public service. This research started asking: What is the composition of the satis-motivational dynamics of the administrators‘ who work at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora – UFJF? The research goal was to diagnose the components of the satis-motivational dynamics that impacts the work of the technical-administrative civil servants - TA - who make their professional career in the position of administrator in the FHEI. The answer achieved may subsidize the construction of pertinent policies of people management and the implementation of strategic people management within the UFJF. Qualitative data was collected through interviews with ten out of the 42 administrators who work at UFJF. Such interviews were recorded in audio, transcribed and interpreted by inductive and phenomenographic analysis procedures. The main findings: (1st) motivation to work vary according to the conception of work developed by each individual through subjectively experiencing the performed work; (2d) the motivational factors that positively impact the work of TAs administrators in UFJF are related to: (i) the content of the job they perform; (ii) the recognition they receive; (iii) their sense of accomplishment; (iv) the importance they confer to their work; (3d) such motivational factors manifested according to two working concepts revealed by the interviewees: (a) work as having relevant social impact of organizational results; (B) work as an achievement of personal goals within the organization. It were also identified motivational factors that negatively impact the TA administrators‘ motivation as well as the ones that bring them satisfaction and dissatisfaction in their work. The administrators‘ in UFJF satis-motivational dynamic is compounded by: their profile, the activities they carried out and the career horizon they perceive at UFJF. Based on this satismotivational diagnosis it was drawn up a proposal for a satis-motivational program relevant to the administrators‘ career as technician public servants in UFJF and pertinent to the organizational context. This diagnosis revealed evidence of an existing crisis of motivations linked to the examined workforce over qualification that tends to result in a loss of their motivation when carrying out perceived low-complexity tasks. The results are relevant to launch a Brazilian interpretive perspective on individual and motivational dynamics in the public sector, that provides managers with information to release TA‘s own motivational potential and the re-motivation of those who are in a loss of motivation process. The results are relevant to launch a Brazilian interpretative perspective at the intrinsic individual motivational dynamics in the public sector, which provides managers the possibility to release the motivational potential of each worker and to propitiate their own re-motivation of those who are in loss of motivation process.

This thesis serves to highlight the significance of food and diet in the servant problem narrative of eighteenth and nineteenth-century Britain and the role of food in master-servant relationships as a source of conflict. The study also shows how attitudes towards servant labor, wages, and perquisites resulted in food-related theft. Employers customarily provided regular meals, food, drink, or board wages and tea money to their domestic servants in addition to an annual salary, yet food and meals often resulted in contention as evidenced by contemporary criticism and increased calls for legislative wage regulation. Differing expectations of wage components, including food and other perquisites, resulted in ongoing conflict between masters and servants. Existing historical scholarship on the relationship between British domestic servants and their masters or mistresses in context of the servant problem often tends to place focus on themes of gender and sexuality. Considering the role of food as a fundamental necessity in the lives of servants provides a new approach to understanding the servant problem and reveals sources of mistrust and resentment in the master-servant relationship.

Summaries in English and Afrikkans / The aim of this thesis is to investigate the labour law position of South African farm workers. For three and a half centuries farm workers constituted the most neglected group in the South African labour force. Consequently, an understanding of their present position can only be obtained by investigating their labour history. As in other parts of the world, farm workers in South Africa held a subordinate position to agricultural employers. Discrimination against black persons added to the inferior socio-economic and political position of South African farm workers. White farmers occupied a strong political position during most of the time under investigation, which enabled them to institute and apply discriminatory legislation and informal methods to overcome labour shortages. The freedom of movement of black people and their access to land were restricted to create a cheap immobile labour force. During the 20th century farmers prevented the inclusion of farm workers in labour legislation by exercising their political influence. Pressure by industrial trade unions and encouragement by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) resulted in the adoption of the Agricultural Labour Act which made labour legislation applicable to farm workers, but precluded them from striking and made allowance for longer working hours than for industrial workers. The new political dispensation facilitated the inclusion of farm workers in general labour legislation without any discriminatory exceptions and land reform legislation now protects farm workers against arbitrary evictions. A bill of rights furthermore guarantees the rights of farm workers which were previously violated. It would superficially seem that farm workers' problems are something of the past. Farm workers, however, remain handicapped in exercising their new rights by historical factors and circumstances peculiar to the agricultural sector. Legal comparison with Ontario and California confirms that legislation alone is insufficient to empower farm workers. It is recommended that the government amend existing legislation to accommodate the special needs of farm workers and that relevant ILO conventions, especially Convention 141 of 1975, be ratified to aid the development of unions for farm workers. This will contribute to the empowerment of and social justice for farm workers. / Die doel van hierdie tesis is om die arbeidsregtelike posisie van Suid-Afrikaanse plaaswerkers te ondersoek. Plaaswerkers was vir drie en 'n half eeue die mees afgeskeepte groep in die Suid-Afrikaanse werksmag. Om die huidige posisie van plaaswerkers te begryp is dus slegs moontlik deur 'n bestudering van die regsgeskiedenis van plaaswerkers. Soos in ander werelddele beklee plaaswerkers in Suid-Afrika 'n minderwaardige posisie teenoor landbouwerkgewers. Diskriminasie teenoor swartpersonehet bygedra tot die sosio-ekonomiese en polities minderwaardige posisie van Suid-Afrikaanse plaaswerkers. Blanke boere het gedurende die grootste deel van die tydperk onder bespreking 'n sterk politiese posisie beklee wat hulle in staat gestel het om diskriminerende wetgewing en informele metodes aan te wend om arbeidstekorte te bowe te kom. Swart persone se bewegingsvryheid en toegang tot grond is beperk om 'n goedkoop immobiele werksmag te vorm. Gedurende die 20ste eeu het boere se sterk politiese posisie hulle in staat gestel om te verhoed dat plaaswerkers by arbeidswetgewing ingesluit word. Druk deur industriele vakbonde en aanmoediging deur die Intemasionale Arbeidsorganisasie (IAO) het gelei tot die Wet op Landbou-arbeid waardeur arbeidswetgewing op plaaswerkers van toepassing gemaak is, maar wat plaaswerkers verbied het om te staak en wat voorsiening gemaak het vir langer werkure as vir industriele werkers. 'n Nuwe politieke bedeling het gelei tot die insluiting van plaaswerkers in algemene arbeidswetgewing sonder enige diskriminerende uitsonderings en grondhervormingswetgewing beskerm plaaswerkers nou teen arbitrere uitsettings. 'n Handves van menseregte waarborg verder die regte van plaaswerkers wat voorheen misken is. Oenskynlik is die probleme van plaaswerkers nou iets van die verlede. Plaaswerkers word egter steeds in die uitoefening van hulle nuwe regte gestrem deur historiese faktore en die eiesoortige omstandighede van die landbousektor. Regsvergelyking met Kalifomie en Ontario het aangetoon <lat wetgewing alleen nie voldoende is om plaaswerkers te bemagtig nie. Daar word aanbeveel dat die regering bestaande wetgewing wysig om voorsiening te maak vir die spesiale behoeftes van plaaswerkers en dat relevante IA0 konvensies, veral Konvensie 141 van 197 5 geratifiseer word om die ontwikkeling van vakbonde vir plaaswerkers te bevorder. Dit sal bydra tot die bemagtiging van en tot sosiale geregtigheid vir plaaswerkers / Law / LL.D.

Until recently, the legal position of domestic workers in South Africa could be described as a relic of the nineteenth century, when the contract of employment and the common law defined the employer-employee relationship. The legal rules which regulate the relationship between the domestic worker and her employer are examined. International labour standards and the legal position of domestic workers in other countries are considered. Cognisance is taken of the social phenomenon which finds domestic workers at the convergence of three lines along which inequality is generated, namely gender, race and class. Furthermore, the unique economic forces at play in this sector are examined. The law will be stretched to its limits when attempting to resolve what is, essentially, a socio-economic problem. However, the working lives of a million people are at stake. The legislature has a constitutional, political and moral responsibility to attend to reform in this sector as a matter of urgency. / Private Law / LL.M.

Text in Afrikaans / Hoe kan die kerk, spesifiek ook die NG Kerk in Namibie, gestruktureer word om werklik relevant te wees in 'n samelewing waarin soveel veranderinge plaasvind? Eers word gekyk na die Praktiese Teologie as navorsing random die kommunikatiewe handelinge in diens van die evangelie; 'n definisie wat werk met 'n bepaalde verhouding tussen kerk en wereld. Daarna word die groot sosiale, staatkundige en godsdienstige veranderinge in die samelewing bespreek waarin die kerk hom bevind. As antwoord op die vraag: "watter kommunikatiewe handelinge in diens van die evangelie kan van die kerk 'n wesenlike faktor vir die evangelie in die wereld laat wees?", bespreek hoof stuk 3 dan die moontlikhede wat die model van die kerk as dienskneg inhou vir die kerk se invloed en rol in die samelewing. Die laaste hoofstuk wys veral op die belangrike rol van lidmate en kleingroepe in die strukturering van die kerk om so 'n dienskneg-kerk te wees. / How can the church, particularly the Dutch Reformed Church in Namibia, be structured to be truly relevant in a society where so many changes occur? Chapter 1 concerns Practical Theology researching communicative acts in the service of the gospel; defining a specific relationship between the church and the outside world. This is followed in Chapter 2 by a discussion of the churches' role regarding the enormous social, political and religious changes in society. In reply to the question: "which actions of communication in service of the gospel can assist the church to be a substantial factor to promote the gospel in the world?", chapter 3 looks at the possibilities that the model of the church as servant has for the influence of the church in the society. The last chapter refers particularly to the important role of laity and small groups in the structuring of the church to serve the community. / Practical Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology)

近年來政府致力於整合第一、第二及第三部門的力量，透過分工、互補，促使民間的私部門與非營利組織共同承擔公共事務的責任。惟政府就可以從此消失不見，由私部門及第三部門所取代嗎？由於政府存在的最大目的除了追求效率、效能與經濟之外，更重要者就是發揮公平與正義，此以立法機關仍於管制性政策、經濟政策、社會政策、文化政策等面向上，大量授權行政機關行使「行政裁量權」以實踐個案正義，最為具體及明顯。本論文所關心者為在過去官尊民卑的時代中，基層行政人員行使行政裁量權，僅須實踐「依法行政」的角色，完成與人民之間的「權利-義務」關係，而在司法不予介入的範圍，行政機關擁有決定自由的領域。解嚴之後，人民自我意識抬頭，勇於追求自我的權益，人民與基層行政人員間的「權力-服從」關係已不如警察國家一般，取而代之的是人民在行政裁量的灰色地帶，不斷透過各種方式以影響基層行政人員，而形成基層行政人員行政裁量的困境。基於此，本論文致力於以基層行政人員行政裁量行為之轉換型領導觀點為研究焦點，針對基層行政人員行政裁量時，面臨裁量系絡中多元、衝突的價值觀困境進行探索性的研究。本論文的研究目的有五： 第一、 整合有關行政裁量之相關文獻，試圖對形成當前基層行政人員行政裁量困境之原因有所瞭解。 第二、 綜合相關文獻確立基層行政人員負責任之行政裁量行為之內涵，以提供基層行政人員行政裁量價值採擇之規範標準。 第三、 評析當前文獻中已存在之行政裁量行為，是否能有效地解決基層行政人員行政裁量面臨之困境。 第四、 由相關文獻中，嘗試以轉換型領導之觀點，建構型塑基層行政人員負責任之行政裁量行為之理論基礎。 第五、 透過深度訪談的方式，以瞭解以轉換型領導之觀點，型塑我國基層行政人員負責任之行政裁量行為之可行性。 本論文採取的研究方法除文獻探討法之外，主要是以質的研究當中的深度訪談法為研究方法。在研究對象方面，本論文以立意抽樣的方式，針對我國基層行政人員實施訪談，實際完成訪談者計十二人。 總結本論文的主要研究發現可分別就文獻探討、深度訪談內容分析等兩方面予以說明。文獻探討的說明可對應於本論文所希望達成的第一項至第四項的研究目的。訪談內容分析則可對應於第五項的研究目的。謹將本論文之研究發現摘述如下： 第一、 基層行政人員行政裁量的系絡環境包括：1. 基層行政人員個人因素。2. 服務機關。3. 上級機關。4. 主管。5. 同事。6. 法律或司法機關。7. 當事人或相關利害關係人。8. 媒體。9. 民意代表。10. 社會大眾或旁觀者。11. 其他變數。其各有不同的利益、期望與價值觀，這些價值觀包括：1. 個人價值。2. 專業價值。3. 法律要求。4. 組織之層級節制。5. 公務人員個人之私利。6. 民眾私利之要求。7. 公道。8. 公平。9. 效率。10. 為民服務。由於這些不同的價值觀，本質上就存在衝突性，且裁量的結果會對這些系絡環境的權益產生得、喪、變更。因此，各系絡環境莫不透過各種方式、管道或彼此的交互作用與互動，以影響基層行政人員的裁量決定。由於不同的個案有著不同的系絡環境，而相同的個案，對不同的基層行政人員也會有不同的影響方式。故使得基層行政人員行政裁量決策的制定，充滿複雜性、衝突性與政治性。 第二、 本論文綜合論述國內外有關行政裁量的規範性理論與價值採擇之相關理論認為所謂「基層行政人員負責任之行政裁量行為」係指基層行政人員的裁量行為當以「誠信」為基礎，在「合法」的前提下，透過程序的參與機制，調合及妥適地反映系絡環境中的多元價值觀，並由科學、倫理及法制等途徑所追求裁量的正確、良善與起碼水準的品質中，使裁量系絡的參與者，對基層行政人員的裁量行動或決定加以支持與滿意。 第三、 本論文綜合各家學者的相關文獻，歸納出六種行政裁量行為：1. 官僚人員模式（法規-制度型或由上而下模式）。2. 執行者與政策制定者模式（由下而上模式、整合模式；效能執行型）。3. 權力指揮者模式。4. 專家模式。5. 問題解決者模式。6. 政治行為者模式（個人-責任型）。每一種裁量行為皆有其之優點與缺點，且其對基層行政人員面臨的裁量困境的描述，皆有某種程度的相合，但也有無法涵括之處。 第四、 由於轉換型領導的目的之一在於解決、消弭與調合人們間各種價值觀歧異所引起的衝突，此與基層行政人員負責任之行政裁量行為之價值採擇的內涵相迎合。而許多實證研究也發現轉換型領導的運用，對調合社會中人與人之間衝突的價值觀有諸多助益。因此，轉換型領導觀點之行政裁量行為為有效地解決基層行政人員行政裁量面臨之困境的有用行為模式。本論文綜合論述與轉換型領導有關的相關文獻與實證研究發現，基層行政人員運作轉換型領導的方式為：其一，基層行政人員運作轉換型領導的目標為在合法的前提下，調合多元、衝突的價值觀，以滿足各系絡環境的需求，並提升其之價值觀至更高的道德層次。其二，基層行政人員在轉換型領導中，所謂「部屬」係指基層行政人員行政裁量系絡中與基層行政人員互動的所有系絡環境。基層行政人員可奠基於其之專業及具有國家賦予其行使公權力的合法的權力，而能融合魅力領導者與交易型領導者之特質，進而成為裁量系絡中的轉換型領導者。其三，基層行政人員運作轉換型領導時，會採取一些策略並利用某些場域，使其與各裁量系絡環境產生互動，進而影響其之價值觀的改變與提升。 第五、 藉由本論文對訪談內容分析後，主要的研究發現可摘述如下： （一） 專業知識、遵守法律、民眾私人之利益或需求以及組織之層級節制為基層行政人員行政裁量經常面臨之價值環境，而組織之層級節制的價值觀，唯有在主管無法親臨行政裁量現場之情況，影響程度才較低。 （二） 同事、當事人、相關利害關係人、主管、旁觀者等為影響基層行政人員行政裁量之重要系絡環境，而民意代表、官員或其他有力人士、社會大眾、環保團體、專家及媒體，則在該裁量個案攸關社會大眾的權益時，影響程度才較大。這些系絡環境皆會採取不同的策略，或者透過彼此間的交互作用與互動，以影響基層行政人員的裁量決定，這使得基層行政人員行政裁量的系絡環境充滿政治性。 （三） 基層行政人員行政裁量面臨之九種價值觀，在服務對象的價值觀與其相衝突、科技發展迅速造成基層行政人員無法處理日新月異的價值觀問題、組織對基層行政人員在人力、物力、時間及資源的支援程度不足、組織之層級節制與個人對社會大眾價值變遷之認知進度不同，以及法令來不及修訂以跟上社會生活態樣變遷的速度等情況，會形成九種衝突態樣，而造成基層行政人員行政裁量的困境。 （四） 基層行政人員在面臨行政裁量系絡中九種價值觀衝突的態樣困境時，其除皆能成功地扮演價值抉擇者、分配者角色，以符合負責任之行政裁量行為之價值採擇的標準之外，也能以轉換型領導之觀點，在裁量系絡中成功地扮演平衡輪、分析者以及教育者的角色，以型塑負責任之行政裁量行為。此外，深度訪談之結果顯示我國的基層行政人員會以下列的方式運作轉換型領導： 1. 在運作轉換型領導之行政裁量種類方面，無論基層行政人員僅擁有「過程裁量」、「結果裁量」或者同時具有「過程裁量」及「結果裁量」者，其皆在面臨行政裁量之價值觀衝突時，表現為轉換型領導者。 2. 在運作轉換型領導之權力基礎方面，基層行政人員大抵在其擁有的合法的及專業的權力基礎上運作轉換型領導。 3. 在運作轉換型領導以與各系絡環境產生交互作用的場域方面，基層行政人員會在行政程序中之陳述意見、處理裁量個案的現場、聯繫會議、校務會議、會客室、協調會、說明會、其他相關座談會或會議等場域運作轉換型領導。 4. 在運作轉換型領導以與各系絡環境產生交互作用的策略方面，基層行政人員會牽引下列四種策略以與各系絡環境產生交互作用與互動： （1） 基層行政人員會隨機應變為整個行政裁量過程配速，將裁量系絡中衝突的價值觀加以調整，並控制各方衝突者的情緒在可忍受的範圍內而不躁進。 （2） 設身處地試著從服務對象或價值衝突者的觀點，看待行政裁量個案的問題。 （3） 鼓勵服務對象或價值衝突者一起面對面溝通，參與找出問題的真相與事實。 （4） 巧妙地運用策略，以提高基層行政人員與裁量系絡之各系絡環境彼此之信任關係。 然而，為使基層行政人員在實際個案中，成為真正的轉換型領導者。本論文建議基層行政人員及其之服務機關與主管，當應在組織內部的人力資源管理的人員招募、訓練與績效評估制度上有許多配套措施，以培養基層行政人員發揮專業及合法的影響力，使其成為裁量系絡中有效能的轉換型領導者。 最後，鑑於本論文在研究方法、研究對象的取樣等方面造成許多未盡及推論上的限制之處。故本論文提議下列的議題，以待未來繼續研究： （一） 行政裁量行為之轉換型領導觀點研究之多重資料來源。 （二） 行政裁量行為之轉換型領導觀點長期性之研究。 （三） 擴大行政裁量行為之轉換型領導觀點研究廣度之研究。

本研究旨在探討僕人領導、組織信任與工作滿意之間的關係，並以組織信任為中介變項，檢驗組織信任在僕人領導對工作滿意關係上的影響與效果。本研究將組織信任分為同事信任與領導信任兩個層面，採用Barbuto和Wheeler所發展出的僕人領導問卷、改編自Jorde-Bloom的幼兒教師工作滿意調查問卷以及自編的組織信任問卷為研究工具，對台北市公私立幼稚園教師進行問卷調查，共發出608份問卷，有效問卷共256份，有效問卷回收率為42.1％。本研究採用結構方程模式（SEM）驗證僕人領導、組織信任與工作滿意之間的影響與效果，並根據研究結果獲得以下結論，最後提出建議作為後續研究及幼教政策與行政實務之參考。 一、僕人領導對同事信任、領導信任與工作滿意皆有顯著的正向影響。 二、組織信任的兩個研究層面中，同事信任對工作滿意有正向的顯著影響關係，領導信任對工作滿意也有正向的影響。 三、組織信任在僕人領導對工作滿意的中介影響關係上顯示：同事信任在僕人領導對工作滿意的影響上有顯著的中介效果；領導信任在僕人領導對工作滿意的影響上也有顯著的中介效果。 四、將同事信任與領導信任為中介變項的結構模式分析結果兩相比較後發現：（一）僕人領導對領導信任的影響高於對同事信任的影響；（二）領導信任在僕人領導對工作滿意影響路徑上的中介效果高於同事信任的中介效果。研究證實領導信任是僕人領導對工作滿意發揮影響的關鍵。 / This research aims to explore the relationship among servant leadership, organizational trust and job satisfaction. Organization trust was hypothesized as a mediator between servant leadership and job satisfaction. Two dimensions of organization trust were examined: faculty trust and leader trust. Survey data were collected from 256 kindergarten teachers and analyzed by using structural equation modeling (SEM) methods. The findings of the study revealed that: (1) servant leadership positively influenced faculty trust, leader trust and job satisfaction; (2) the influence of organizational trust on job satisfaction implied that both faculty trust and leader trust have a positive influence on job satisfaction; (3) both faculty trust and leader trust significantly influenced the mediating effect of servant leadership on job satisfaction; (4) the impact of servant leader on leader trust was higher than that on faculty trust, and leader trust had higher mediating effect than faculty trust. The result indicated that leader trust acted as a significant mediator between servant leadership and job satisfaction. Managerial implications and some suggestions for future research were provided at the end of this thesis.

讀書會(study circles)為一種志願團體，若立案為社團法人者，為非營利組織，回顧台灣讀書會自民國七十四年台北「媽媽充電會」及高雄「揚帆主婦社」成立發軔至今，隨著解嚴、社區主義及女性主義的抬頭，已有長足進展，依據民國九十年十月第五屆全國讀書會博覽會之統計，目前全國有案可稽之讀書會有1,912個。 表面數字雖值得欣慰，但這其中卻不乏中途倒會、進入冬眠或目標變質者，因此，讀書會泡沫式的現象非常值得觀察研究。大致說來，讀書會發展有四階段，即籌組期、發展期、倦怠期和成熟期，在發展過程中，如果無法渡過倦怠期危機，很容易就倒會，名存實亡。國內雖有讀書會暴起暴落，然而成立超過十年，成員超過五十人者（甚至超過二百人），也大有所在。因此，讀書會的領導與管理，攸關讀書會之成敗，是值得探討之主題。 借鏡於國外案例，美國的讀書會發展，據一九九七年統計，已有五十萬個讀書會；瑞典的讀書會據一九九六年統計，有三十五萬個讀書會在運作。以目前台灣約兩千三百萬人，約有兩千個讀書會，相較於美國及瑞典，台灣民眾參與讀書會比例，顯然偏低，值此全民學習、終身學習的時代，讀書會尚有極大發展空間，值得政府及民問來共同推廣。 有鑑於此，本論文期經由文獻探討、深度訪談、比較研究及焦點團體座談，從讀書會不同發展階段、Yuk1的有效領導管理行為、易經啟示理念等不同理論，來建立不同面向之讀書會領導功能模型，並針對讀書會召集人領導功能、讀書會未來發展方向提出結論及建議，供讀書會及各相關單住參考。 本論文結論重點為：一、讀書會是否成立為法人、繳費多寡，和讀書會經營成敗無關，最重要是讀書會能給會員什麼收穫。二、不同發展階段有不同領導功能特色及重點，領導功能可概分為決策、影響力、建立關係、取給資訊和權變等五種面向，其中權變領導為核心。三、領導功能有智慧面及知識面，二者相輔相成，相互為用。四、讀書會可參與社區議題和公共政策，促進社群意識，建立公民社會。 建議重點為：一、讀書會會員應以「自我導向學習」(self-direction learning)來參加讀書會，達成終身學習、豐裕心靈。二、讀書會召集人日久可能有倦怠現象，應培養接班人，使讀書會能薪火相傳，永續發展。三、讀書會應尋求市場區隔，結合社會資源，配合社會發展，尋找讀書會定位及舞台。四、讀書會可辦理新生訓練、發行出版品、辦理各種活動等方式，提昇會員社會化程度及組織凝聚力。五、召集人應加強領導管理智能及人文素養，有如領航人，帶領讀書會邁向新世代。六、轉換型領導、服務型領導是較適於讀書會召集人運用的領導類型。七、政府輔導讀書會政策應有一貫性，不要人去政息。入、政府應協助成立讀書會資源中心，整合各種資源經驗，促進讀書會發展。 關鍵詞：讀書會、召集人、自我導向學習、轉換型領導、服務型領導。 / Study Circles are voluntary groups until registered formally in which case they are called non-profit organizations. Taking a view backward, the development of study circles in Taiwan was triggered by“Mama chong diann hwei”in Taipei and“Yang farn juu fuh sheh”in Kaohsiung. Since the remoal the Martial law and the promotion of cormnunitarialism and feminism in Taiwan, study circles have progressed steadily until today. According to statistics printed by the 5th National Study Circles Fair in October 2001, the number of Study Circles in Taiwan has reached 1,912. Though the number is encouraging, we found that a great deal of study circles have disbanded, stopped activities or replaced their original goals. Though the bubble-phenomenon regarding study circles is worthy of research and observation, generally speaking, the development of study circles has typically followed 4 stages: preparation, development, fatigue and maturation. During the development process, if particular study circles can't pass through the fatigue stage, they will usually dissolve very soon, normally not lasting for longer than half year. Though some study circles are like bubbles, there are also a lot of study circles that have existed more than 10 years, have more than 50 members (some more than 200 members), and continue to be more stable and reputable. It seems that the leadership and management of study circles' conveners is directly related to the success of the organizations. This tendency has become the theme to be further researched by this study. In USA, there were 500,000 study circles in 1997. In Sweden, there were 350,000 study circles In 1996. Presently, there are 1,912 study circles in Taiwan with about 23 million population Compared to the USA and Sweden, the participation rate is quite low. During this“life-long” learning age, there is quite a bit of latitude in regards to the development of study circles. This thesis used "documentary-type methods" ,"in depth interviews" , "comparative study" and "focus group" styles to try to establish various leadership models such as "different development stage leadership model", "Yuki's valid leadership behavior model" and "Yin-and promote their respective study circles. The conclusion is 1.The member fees and official registration of study circles do not determine the success of a study circle versus what the study circle can give to the members. 2.Different stages need different leadership, leadership includes decision making, influence, relations, information and contingency. Contingency leadership is the center of all leadership. 3.Leadership has the dual dimensions of wisdom and knowledge , those two help and engender each other. 4.Study circles can participate in community issues and public policies to help establish a more civil society. The suggestions are 1.The members of the study circles should base themselves on "self-directional learning" to participate and target "life long" learning. 2. The conveners of the study circles have the phenomenon of exhaustion, the study circles should cultivate suitable members to take over the role of leaders to progress the study circles. 3.The study circles should choose their market segment, follow the development of the society, and find their own performing stage. 4.The study circles can organize new member training programs, publishing books and another activities to upgrade the cohesion of study circles. 5. The conveners of the study circles should improve their leadership and knowledge to lead the organization to walk into the new age. 6.Transformational leadership and servant leadership are more appropriate style for study circles' conveners. 7.The government's policy of sponsoring the study circles should be maintained to help develop the study circles. S.The government should help to establish a study circle resource center to promote the progress of the study circles on a national front. Key words: study circles; conveners; self-direction learning;transformational leadership; servant leadership.

本研究目的在了解身心障礙公務人員工作滿足與離職傾向之現況，以及工作滿足和離職傾向二者之間的相關程度，並探討個人背景變項在其間之差異情形。本研究採問卷調查法，以85年、88年、90年、92年、93年及94年身心障礙特考及格之現職公務人員為調查對象，共發放 588份問卷，回收有效問卷336份，以 t考驗、單因子變異數分析、Pearson積差相關分析等方法進行資料分析，根據實證結果，獲致以下幾點結論： 一、身心障礙特考及格人員具有中高度工作滿足感受，其中以對同事關係 滿足感最高，其次依序為工作環境、主管領導、工作本身、升遷發展及薪資福利。 二、身心障礙特考及格人員具有中度的離職傾向。 三、不同背景變項對工作滿足之差異情形： (一)不同婚姻狀況對工作本身構面有顯著差異情形存在。 (二)不同年齡對升遷發展及同事關係構面有顯著差異情形存在。 (三)不同服務機關對薪資福利構面有顯著差異情形存在。 (四)不同障礙類別對升遷發展構面有顯著差異情形存在。 (五)不同障礙等級對薪資福利構面有顯著差異情形存在。 四、不同背景變項對離職傾向之差異情形： (一)不同婚姻狀況對離職念頭有顯著的差異情形存在。 (二)不同年齡對離職傾向各構面有顯著的差異情形存在。 (三)不同障礙等級對離職傾向各構面有顯著的差異情形存在。 五、工作滿足與離職傾向之間具有負向相關。 關鍵字：身心障礙特種考試、公務人員、工作滿足、離職傾向

A l’heure de la réforme du droit des obligations, il n’était pas inutile de revenir sur un phénomène remarqué du droit privé : l’émergence de la faute de fonction. Celle-ci interroge le privatiste quant à la possibilité de transposer dans sa matière une institution de droit administratif : la faute de service. Deux conditions doivent impérativement être remplies pour que la faute de fonction devienne une notion juridique opératoire.La première condition a pour objet de garantir que l’introduction de cette notion ne sera pas source d’insécurité juridique. Or, seule une conceptualisation de la faute de fonction pourrait permettre d’atteindre cet objectif. Celle-ci explique pourquoi la faute de fonction concerne les préposés et les dirigeants de personne morale : ces deux agents exercent communément une fonction pour le compte d’une entreprise. Ce point commun explique que leurs fautes de fonction correspondent aux mêmes critères de définition.La seconde condition a pour objet de vérifier que la faute de fonction peut être opérationnelle en droit de la responsabilité. Fondé sur la théorie du risque-profit et la théorie du risque anormal de l'entreprise, ce régime, articulé autour de la notion d’imputation, est particulièrement efficient en droit de la responsabilité civile où les fonctions de réparation et de sanction doivent être conciliées. En droit de la responsabilité pénale, droit sanctionnateur, la faute de fonction ne semble devoir s’exprimer que de façon très résiduelle. / At the time of contract law reform, it’s not unnecessary to go back to a noticed phenomenon of private law: the rise of the “misconduct within their function”. This concept raises questions for private lawyers with regards to the transferability of an administrative law concept into their own domain: the administrative fault. Two conditions must be satisfied in order for the misconduct within the function to become an operative legal concept.The first condition is about guaranteeing that introducing this concept will not be the source of legal uncertainty. However, only a conceptualisation of the “misconduct within the function” could achieve this goal. It explains why (its) liability applies to employees and leaders of a legal person: these two agents commonly undertake a task on behalf of the company. This common denominator explains that their liability equate to the same definition criteria. The second condition checks that the misconduct within their function can be operational in tort law. Based on the benefit-risk theory and the abnormal risk theory of the company, this system structured around the idea of imputation is particularly efficient in the law of civil liability where repair functions and sanctions must be reconciled. In criminal law liability, sanctioning law, the “misconduct within their function” appears to only be expressed in a residual way.