O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender a forma como o adolescente em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa de internação é socialmente construído pelos funcionários que atuam ao final do processo de implementação de tal medida, como psicólogos, assistentes sociais, professores e agentes de apoio socioeducativo, ou seja, por aqueles que executam e vivenciam, a seu modo, a medida socioeducativa determinada pelo Judiciário ao adolescente. Dessa forma, intenciona-se acessar as formas como tais funcionários atribuem sentido às atitudes do adolescente com quem interagem cotidianamente, compreendendo as categorias e classificações produzidas e/ou reproduzidas por este grupo profissional ao delimitar direitos e deveres do adolescente internado. Dessa forma, entende-se aqui que as lógicas classificatórias utilizadas por tais funcionários mostram-se como fontes para julgamentos e atitudes, construindo um sistema de interpretação. Nesse contexto, objetiva-se compreender as classificações mobilizadas por tais funcionários, bem como as formas como tais classificações são instrumentalizadas no cotidiano da medida socioeducativa de internação / The goal of this research is to understand how confined juveniles are socially constructed by the employees who work in the end of the implementation process of the confinement measure, such as psychologists, social assistants, teachers and and social-pedagogical agents. These are the ones who execute and experience the social-pedagogical measure of confinement determined by the Juvenile Court. Therefore, I aim at understanding how these employees attribute meaning to the actions of the adolescents with whom they constantly interact, comprehending the categories produced and/or reproduced by this professional group considering that they are responsible for creating the confined adolescents boundaries of rights and duties. Therefore, I understand the categorization logics used by these employees as sources for judgments and actions, creating an interpretation system. It is considering this context that I intend to comprehend the categories used by the employees, as well as to understand how these categories are used during the day by day of the social-pedagogical measure of confinement

Le droit de l'enfance délinquante est principalement régi par les dispositions de l'ordonnance du 2 février 1945 relative à l'enfance délinquante. La philosophie associée à la version initiale de cette ordonnance est le primat donné au relèvement éducatif du mineur, auteur d'infraction, plutôt qu'à la seule sanction de l'acte qu'il a commis. Cependant, celle-ci a été modifiée à de multiples reprises. En sus d'ébrécher l'esprit initial du texte de 1945, les nombreuses modifications législatives ont profondément altéré la lisibilité et la cohérence du droit pénal des mineurs. Avant de formuler des voies de réforme de ce droit, la thèse propose d'optimiser le cadre supralégislatif du droit de l'enfance délinquante. En effet, ses faiblesses en ont désactivé le rôle de garde-fou de sorte que le législateur a pu sans difficulté réagencer les principes initiaux de la justice pénale des mineurs / The French juvenile justice system isbased on a speciallawwhichwaswrittenin 1945. The first philosophy of thistextwas to protect and not onlypunish the juvenileoffenders. However, severalrecentlaws have changedthisphilosophy and the lisibility of the currentjuvenile justice system. Our thesis serve twopurposes. In one hand, wewant to demonstratethat the international and the constitutionalnorms about the juveniledeliquency have someweaknesseswhichexplain the current situation. We propose some solutions in order to reinforcethesesupremnorms. In the other hand, wepresentsome propositions and arguments about the future French juvenile justice system reform.

Syftet med denna studie är att med ett genusperspektiv undersöka hur flickor respektive pojkar som misstänks för brott beskrivs i socialtjänstens yttranden som upprättas enligt § 11 i Lagen (1964:167) med särskilda bestämmelser om unga lagöverträdare. Studien baseras på 28 yttranden inhämtade från två olika domstolar i Stockholm. Yttrandena gäller 14 flickor och 14 pojkar i åldrarna 15–18 år som antingen är misstänkta för misshandel, stöld, våld mot tjänsteman eller brott mot knivlagen och andra farliga föremål. Empirin har bearbetats genom tematisk analys och analyserats utifrån begreppen genusregimer, genus, den manliga normen och avskiljandets logik, samt genusrättvetenskap. Vi har även analyserat resultaten utifrån tidigare beskrivna perspektiv på ungdomsbrottslighet. Vårt resultat visar på att det finns skillnader i beskrivningarna av flickor och pojkar, där flickor beskrivs mer positivt och pojkar mer negativt. Det finns vidare skillnader i fokus, där flickornas familjerelationer och pojkarnas fysiska hälsa och fritidsintressen betonas. Flickorna beskrivs i förhållande till sin kriminalitet som passiva och mindre farliga för samhället, medan pojkarna ses som aktiva och mer kriminellt farliga. Resultatet indikerar också att flickors kriminalitet konstrueras på olika sätt, men med övergripande kvinnligt kodade ord. För pojkarna framkommer både aggressivitet och sårbarhet i beskrivningarna. / The purpose of this study is to explore, from a gender perspective, how girls and boys accused of crimes are described in the social services' statements regarding juvenile delinquents. The study is based on 28 statements retrieved from two different courts in Stockholm. The statements concern 14 girls and 14 boys between the ages of 15 and 18 who are accused of various crimes. The empirical data has been processed through thematic analysis. Our results show that there are differences in the descriptions of girls and boys, where girls are described more positively and boys more negatively. There are also differences in focus, where girls' family relationships and boys' physical health and hobbies are emphasised to a greater extent. In relation to their criminality, girls are described as passive and less dangerous to society, while boys are seen as active subjects and more criminally dangerous. The results also indicate that girls' criminality is constructed in different ways, but with overall female-coded words. For boys, both aggressiveness and vulnerability emerged in the descriptions.

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Juvenile delinquency is a widespread phenomenon in Sweden. Social services are responsible for caring for children and adolescents who live in adverse living conditions. Today, there are ongoing discussions among politicians and the media about the social services’ shortcomings in addressing juvenile delinquency. This qualitative study aims to explore how social services investigate children and adolescents who have reported criminal problems to the social services and to examine social workers’ experiences and potential opportunities in their professional practice. The data collection comprises five semistructured interviews that have been analyzed within the theoretical concepts of human service organizations and grassroots bureaucrats, as well as the transtheoretical model of behavior change. The results show that social workers describe various strategies and approaches in their work with juvenile delinquency. Moreover, the study elucidates the susceptibility of social workers' professional endeavors to both organization factors and external ones, encompassing societal confidence in social services and the dynamic evolution of juvenile delinquency. These factors can either aid or hinder social workers in addressing juvenile delinquency. In summary, more resources and motivation are needed in social services for adolescents and families, along with research to improve social workers’ conditions in juvenile delinquency.

Denna studie har undersökt advokaters uppfattning och erfarenheter av straffrabattens avskaffande för unga lagöverträdare mellan 18-20 år. Studiens syfte var att undersöka på vilket sätt advokater upplever att avskaffandet av straffrabatten har medfört några konsekvenser samt hur lagändringen fungerat i praktiken och hur lagändringen framställs av advokaterna. Studiens undersökningsmetod var semistrukturerade intervjuer, och resultatet analyserades med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att advokaterna beskrev konsekvenser på flera nivåer och tre teman utvecklades ur materialet: konsekvenser för de unga lagöverträdarna, konsekvenser för advokater samt konsekvenser för samhället. Studiens slutsats är att advokaterna ställer sig kritiska till lagändringen, något som kan förklaras både utifrån ett instrumentellt perspektiv och ett rättighetsperspektiv. / This study has examined lawyers' perceptions and experiences of the abolition of the penalty discount for young offenders aged 18-20 years. The purpose of the study was to investigate how lawyers perceive the abolition of the penalty discount to have brought about any consequences, as well as how the legal amendment operates in practice and how it is portrayed by the lawyers. The study’s research method was semi-structured interviews, and the results were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that the lawyers described consequences on multiple levels and three themes developed from the material: consequences for young offenders, consequences for lawyers, and consequences for society. The study's conclusion is that lawyers are critical of the legal amendment, which can be explained from both an instrumental perspective and a perspective of human rights.

The purpose of this qualitative study is to highlight how children who commit crimes are constructed in a social legal context. Critical children´s rights theory and socialconstructionism were used to process and analyze the material. 33 judgements in compulsory custody cases concerning children from Stockholm´s administrative court from the year 2021 were analyzed. Only children taken into care due to criminal activities were included in the study. The subject of this study is how narratives about children who commit crimes, the child´s needs and situation are constructed in administrative courts´judgments. The study is divided into two parts, a description of the legal framework, and an analysis of the judgments. The conclusions are that the Convention on the Rights of the Child seems to have a limited role in the courts practical applications and the basis on which these decisions rest, and the construction of the children in the legal system is greatly influenced by the legal framwork and context. How the professionals talk and write about the child in the process can affect the child´s view of itself, its identity creation and, by extension, its opportunity to reintegrate into society, which is the goal.

Contexte : La pertinence du soutien social provenant de l’intérieur a été démontrée pour tous types de populations contraintes à une forme d’hébergement sécurisé. La théorie du soutien social de Francis Cullen, qui prône le soutien social comme outil majeur de réinsertion des personnes contrevenantes, n’aborde pourtant pas l’utilité du soutien social dans ce type de milieu spécifiquement, alors que les caractéristiques distinctives de ces milieux laissent croire que les enjeux relationnels pourraient s’y exprimer différemment qu’en contexte extérieur. Objectif : L’objectif de cette thèse est de démontrer comment les dynamiques émergeant des relations de confiance entre adolescents judiciarisés et placés sous garde en Centre de réadaptation permettent de mettre en perspective la théorie du soutien social proposée par Francis Cullen. D’après les éléments recueillis dans la littérature, trois hypothèses sont dégagées : 1. Les liens de confiance que les jeunes entretiennent au Centre de réadaptation sont plus fragiles qu’en contexte ouvert; 2. Les forces sociales qui structurent habituellement les dynamiques relationnelles de confiance sont différentes de celles observées en contexte ouvert; 3. La fragilité des liens de confiance pour les jeunes investis dans les réseaux de confiance remet en question l’un des mécanismes proposés par la théorie du soutien social de Francis Cullen, selon lequel le soutien entre pairs criminalisés risque de renforcer leurs attitudes criminelles. Méthodologie : L’échantillon est composé de 36 adolescents placés dans deux unités du Centre Cité-des-Prairies et interrogés à six reprises. La méthodologie se fonde sur l’analyse de réseaux avec des méthodes centrées sur les individus (tests QAP) et des méthodes centrées sur la structuration de l’ensemble des liens (modèles ERGM et SAOM). Résultats : Les premières analyses démontrent la variabilité des liens de confiance dans le temps, le faible taux de réciprocité des liens entretenus et la prépondérance des erreurs de perception relationnelles. Les secondes analyses attestent de la participation des biais relationnels et d’une tendance à la réciprocité dans le façonnement structurel du réseau, même lorsque les modélisations contrôlent de potentiels effets de sélection, bien que ces liens soient contraints par une force de densité négative, densité négative qui permet également de comprendre la transformation des réseaux sur trente jours. Le dernier chapitre d’analyses argumente que la popularité des adolescents n’affecte pas leur expérience quotidienne mais peut s’avérer bénéfique pour leurs perceptions individuelles. Une plus forte activité dans les réseaux de confiance s’accorde en parallèle avec une meilleure perception du climat social et plus d’optimisme des adolescents quant à l’atteinte d’objectifs favorisant leur réinsertion sociale. Ces relations significatives sont davantage observées de façon simultanée que différée. Conclusions : Sur le plan théorique, la nature de la confiance est remise en perspective par la nature du milieu. Le mécanisme décrit par Cullen est donc revu dans le cadre du milieu restrictif de liberté. Sur le plan empirique, l’observation d’un échantillon si riche dans un milieu par ailleurs difficile d’accès amène à soulever des implications innovantes pour l’atteinte des objectifs du milieu, laissant croire que la confiance entretenue entre les jeunes n’a finalement pas forcément lieu d’être découragée. / Context: The relevance of social support from within has been demonstrated for all types of populations who are confined in some form of secure housing. Francis Cullen's theory of social support, which advocates social support as a major tool for the reintegration of offenders, does not address the utility of social support in this type of setting specifically, even though the distinctive characteristics of these settings suggest that relational issues may be expressed differently than in an external context. Objective: This thesis aims at demonstrating how the dynamics emerging from trust relationships between adolescents placed in custody in a juvenile rehabilitation center allow us to put into perspective the theory of social support proposed by Francis Cullen. Based on the evidence gathered in the literature, three hypotheses are identified: 1. Trust relationships that youths maintain in the rehabilitation center are more fragile than in open settings; 2. The social forces that usually structure the relational dynamics of trust are different from those observed in open settings; 3. The fragility of trust relationships for adolescents invested in those networks questions one of the mechanisms proposed by Francis Cullen's social support theory, according to which support among criminalized peers risks reinforcing their criminal attitudes. Methodology: The sample consisted of 36 adolescents placed in two units of the Cité-des-Prairies Centre in Montreal (Quebec) and interviewed on six occasions. The methodology is based on network analysis with methods focused on individuals (QAP tests) and methods focused on the structuring of networks (ERGM and SAOM models). Results: The first analyses demonstrate the variability of trust links over time, the low rate of reciprocity of the links maintained and the preponderance of relational misperceptions. The second analyses attest to the participation of relational biases and a tendency towards reciprocity in the structural shaping of the network, even when controlling for potential selection effects, although these ties stay constrained by a negative density force, that also allows us to understand the transformation of the networks over thirty days. The final chapter of analyses argues that adolescents' popularity does not affect their daily experience but could be beneficial to meliorate some of their individual perceptions. Higher activity in trust networks parallels better perceptions of the social climate and more optimism among adolescents about achieving goals that promote their reintegration into society. These significant relationships are more likely to be observed simultaneously than over time. Conclusions: Theoretically, the nature of trust is put into perspective by the nature of the environment. The mechanism described by Cullen is thus reviewed in the context of this restrictive context. Empirically, the observation of such a rich sample in a difficult-to-access setting raises innovative implications for the achievement of Cité-des-Prairies Centre’s goals, ultimately suggesting that trust fostered among youngsters doesn’t necessarily need to be discouraged.

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