This thesis deals with meditation, its forms and philosophical presuppositions. There are many activities activities that people call meditation, which can differ from each other. The first part is focused on existing definitions of meditation and the author proposes his own definition. The second part is devoted to various meditation techniques and forms. The author extends traditional distinction of known techniques by adding philosophical meditation and methods of relaxation. However, is there something that these activities have in common? The last part thus deals with common aspects of each meditation, which are together with its definition understood as philosophical presupppostitions of meditation itself.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese discute a questão de gênero, tema importante para nossa época. Objetiva fazer uma análise na perspectiva fenomenológica e teológica da questão de gênero por meio das contribuições de Edith Stein (1891-1942), filósofa e discípula de Edmund Husserl (1859-1938). Examina, portanto, as relações entre masculino e feminino, destacando de modo particular a questão da mulher. Neste estudo, enfatiza-se, também, a presença de Edith Stein no panorama da literatura feminina da época, sua participação nos movimentos feministas e pedagógicos, sua relevância na escola fenomenológica pela capacidade de transitar nas diversas áreas do saber e pela sua original aplicabilidade do método fenomenológico no estudo da pessoa humana em suas variadas dimensões: corpo, alma, espírito, valores, relação com os outros e com Deus. Edith Stein se concentra em torno do sujeito da empatia e de suas vivências. Das análises das relações intersubjetivas, colhe elementos para a elaboração de uma antropologia filosófica, que no encontro com a tradição aristotélico-tomista integra com a antropologia cristã. Ao longo do trabalho, busca-se, ao mesmo tempo, examinar a relação do ser humano com a dimensão religiosa, com particular referência à teologia cristã católica. Discutem-se os significados ontológicos da natureza e essência da mulher, sugeridos pela pensadora numa prospectiva de complementaridade. A pesquisa trata da questão feminina contemporânea e faz confronto entre os escritos de Edith Stein e a condição da mulher em seu tempo. Paralelamente aborda os movimentos feministas no Brasil para demonstrar a situação da mulher nos diversos contextos histórico-sociais. Do ponto de vista teológico, a relação homem e mulher é estudada à luz da Revelação judaico-cristã, homem e mulher criados à imagem de Deus e da Trindade. A mulher ganha sua nobreza pelo fato de o Redentor nascer de uma mãe humana e, Maria é apresentada como protótipo da feminilidade: é a Mater- Virgo e a Sponsa-Christi. Nesse sentido, faz-se referência à tradição cristã, em particular à Carta Apostólica Mulieris Dignitatem de João Paulo II. Mostra-se a estreita relação entre as reflexões filosóficas e antropológicas dos pensadores sobre a teologia da feminilidade na Igreja Católica e a proposta de um novo feminismo da Igreja. Reflete-se sobre o protagonismo da mulher, a partir do valor fundamental do ser humano masculino e feminino. Alude-se à experiência religiosa cristã como abertura e encontro com a Verdade Revelada, itinerário individual e coletivo. Acena-se, por fim, à fenomenologia da espiritualidade e a teologia mística aprofundas por Edith Stein, inspirada nas obras de Santa Teresa DÁvila e São João da Cruz.

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This non-experimental, correlational study (N = 513) examined the relationships among self-actualization, well-being, and metacognition. Need-satisfaction and non-defensiveness were also tested as mediators in the relationship between metacognition and self-actualization. A battery of paper-and-pencil self-report measures was administered to a sample of undergraduate and graduate students in a public university in South Florida. Correlational and hierarchical regression analyses and structural equation modeling for mediational analysis were used to test the hypotheses. The results largely supported the hypotheses with only a few exceptions. Students who demonstrated higher level of self-actualization experienced higher well-being as well (the result of this hypothesized relationship was equivocal for parent students, n = 61). Moreover, need-satisfaction and non-defensiveness were found to be significantly and positively associated with self-actualization, providing preliminary supporting evidence for Maslow’s (1968) and Rogers’ (1951, 1961) theories of self-actualization. In addition, students with higher levels of general metacognitive competence were more likely to demonstrate higher level of need-satisfaction, non-defensiveness, self-actualization, and well-being (the result of the third hypothesized relationship was equivocal for female immigrant education students, n = 78). Further, metacognition and need-satisfaction, and metacognition and non-defensiveness shared common variance in predicting self-actualization. The relationship between metacognition and self-actualization was mediated by need-satisfaction and non-defensiveness, except for non-education students (n = 201), for whom no mediational effect was detected by non-defensiveness. In sum, the findings imply that general metacognitive competence, which can be taught as a set of skills, theoretically contributes to students’ self-actualization and well-being. This study provides support for a conceptual model of self-actualization, which introduces this phenomenon as a goal-oriented process that is essential to students’ well-being and can be attained by exercising metacognition. The discussion of the findings highlights implications of this study for theory, research, and practice as a guide for scholars, researchers, and practitioners in the field of education and psychology.

Ce travail de thèse part d’un intérêt pour les démarches éducatives mettant au centre du processus d’apprentissage l’attitude interrogative et exploratrice de l’enfant. C’est le cas des pratiques philosophiques réalisées en contexte scolaire, en école primaire et au collège, dont nous analysons 14 séances dans notre thèse. Les recherches existantes s’attachent généralement à décrire ces pratiques sous l’angle des bénéfices dans le développement des compétences langagières, cognitives et sociales de l’enfant. Cependant, bien que le questionnement soit à l’origine de tout processus résolutoire et de confrontation d’idées, la question de son émergence n'a jamais été traitée frontalement jusqu’alors.Comment le questionnement émerge, se construit et se modifie dans l’interaction lors des discussions philosophiques ? Afin de répondre à cette problématique, notre thèse propose une démarche descriptive et interprétative qui se situe à trois niveaux. Il s’agit d’abord d’analyser les verbalisations d’actes de question réalisées par les acteurs de la discussion dans leur énonciation. Par la suite, l’analyse s’intéresse à l’interprétation des actes en lien avec un questionnement sous l’angle des effets perlocutoires produits dans le contexte interactionnel et dialogique. Enfin, le troisième niveau d’analyse propose une perspective globale sur l’action collective du questionnement dans les discussions analysées.Du point de vue théorique, ce travail offre un modèle d’analyse pragmatique du questionnement qui permet de mettre à jour une articulation entre pensée, langage et dialogue. Le corpus analysé porte sur des classes d’âge différentes : primaire et collège, ce qui ouvre également sur une perspective développementale permettant de s’interroger sur l’évolution de l’étonnement et le développement de la réflexion chez l’enfant. Il a également des visées pédagogiques puisque nous avons identifié, au long de l’analyse, les conditions favorables à un développement dialogique du questionnement. / This thesis is inspired by an interest in educational approaches that focus on children’s exploratory and questioning attitudes in learning processes. In order to study such attitudes, we have analyzed fourteen discussions recorded during philosophical practices carried out in primary and middle school. Existing research generally attempts to describe these practices in terms of the benefits they provide for children’s development of linguistic, cognitive and social skills. Yet, even if questioning is the foundation of all problem solving processes and of the confrontation of ideas, the emergence of learners’ questioning for initiating conceptual and problematical reflection has not yet been studied.How does questioning become visible, how is it elaborated and how does interaction with others change it, during philosophical discussions? To answer this, we provide a descriptive and interpretative analysis at three levels. First we analyze verbalizations of question acts performed by the actors taking part in discussion. Secondly we focus on perlocutory effects produced by question acts in an interactional and dialogical context. Finally we put the collective act of questioning into a global perspective.From a theoretical viewpoint, this thesis proposes a pragmatic analysis model based on a new articulation between thought, language and dialogue. The corpus focuses on different age groups and perspectives include constructing a developmental view about the evolution of children’s astonishment and of their reflection. Our aims are also pedagogical because our analysis has allowed us to identify conditions that promote the development of dialogical questioning.

La reconnaissance dont l’oeuvre de Diderot fait l’objet depuis une quarantaine d’années admet une exception d’importance : sa politique. Ordinairement, on concède à l’auteur des "Mémoires pour Catherine II", des « idées » ou des « vues » sur la politique, mais nullement une pensée politique. En effet, l’absence de traité politique dans son oeuvre pourtant abondante fait immanquablement conclure que ses « pensées détachées » sur de multiples objets politiques ne constituent en rien un corps doctrinal cohérent et constant. Au rebours de ce lieu commun, notre étude s’efforce de montrer qu’il existe une authentique pensée politique chez Diderot : non seulement ses écrits politiques disparates constituent un ensemble cohérent mais ils sont, de surcroît, congruents à l’ensemble de son oeuvre philosophique. Cette cohérence est conçue dès les Pensées sur l’interprétation de la nature lesquelles établissent les principes de la « philosophie expérimentale » qui président à l’élaboration du corpus diderotien. Cette philosophie expérimentale est d’ailleurs moins une « méthode » déduite des sciences naturelles et appliquée à la politique, qu’une « façon de penser » d’abord éprouvée sur les réalités naturelles avant d’être expérimentée sur les réalités sociales. Notre recherche met en évidence cette « politique expérimentale », aussi bien dans l’élaboration de sa« métaphysique politique » ou dans sa façon d’expérimenter l’écriture en politique que dans ses conceptions de l’économie, de l’art de gouverner, du meilleur régime ou de la prise du pouvoir. / In the past forty years Diderot’s work has enjoyed a wide recognition with one important exception: his politics. The author of “Mémoires pour Catherine II” is usually considered as having “ideas” or “views” on politics but not an elaborate political theory. The absence of a treatise on politics in his nonetheless abundant works led to the conclusion that his varied thoughts on many political objects did not constitute a coherent and constant theory. Contraryto this commonplace belief my research aims to show that there is an authentic political reflexion in his works: his separate political writings not only form a coherent whole but are congruent with his philosophical works. This coherence is already conceived in his “Pensées sur l’interprétation de la nature” which establishes the principles of experimental philosophy, which preside over the creation of the whole of Diderot’s works. This experimental philosophy is less the method from natural sciences applied to politics than a way of thinking first tested on natural realities before applying it to social realities. My research highlights his “experimental politics” in the elaboration of his “political metaphysics” or in his way to experiment writing in politics, as well as in his ideas on the economy, the art of government,the best government, or the seizure of power.

[pt] Teorias ideais e teoria não-ideais da adjudicação são uma distinção metodológica dentro das teorias normativas da adjudicação. A última considera que a metodologia das teorias normativas deve ser adequada ao que podemos esperar de seres humanos ordinários. Autores do formalismo jurídico como Larry Alexander, Cass Sunstein e Adrian Vermeule estão associados a essa metodologia. O primeiro, por sua vez, considera que esta não é uma restrição normativamente relevante. Podemos defender teorias cujos padrões normativos violam o que podemos esperar de seres humanos ordinários. O particularismo de Dworkin é o principal expoente desse método. A pergunta central é se há um conflito genuíno entre esses dois métodos. Para responder essa pergunta, divido as teorias ideais em duas vertentes: teorias ideais não-orientador e teorias ideais orientadoras. Defendo que há um conflito metodológico apenas entre os métodos não-ideias e este último. Por fim, sugiro que a reflexão sobre esses métodos é importante para desenvolver novos projetos normativos, nomeadamente, do formalismo ideal e que tal empreitada é intelectualmente valiosa. / [en] Ideal theories and non-ideal theories of adjudication are a methodological distinction within normative theories of adjudication. The latter consider that the methodology of normative theories must be adequate to what we might expect from ordinary human beings. Legal formalist scholars such as Larry Alexander, Cass Sunstein e Adrian Vermeule are associated with this methodology. The latter, in turn, believe that this is not a normatively relevant constraint. We can defend theories whose normative standards violate what we might expect from ordinary human beings. Dworkin s particularism is the chief exponent of this method. The central question is whether there is a genuine conflict between these two methods. To answer this question, I divide ideal theories into two strands: non-orienting ideal theory and orienting ideal theory. I argue that there is a methodological conflict only between non-ideals and the latter. Finally, I suggest that reflection on these issues is important to developing new normative projects, namely, ideal formalism and that such enterprise is intellectually valuable.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The current dissertation has as its main objective an exposition and critical analysis of Charles Kielkopf's translation of the Standard Deontic Logic (SDL) into a normal alethic logic, and the resulting construction of a system of deontic logic that captures Kantian fundamental concepts and principles such as the concept of causal necessity and the formulations of the Categorical Imperative concerning Kingdom of Nature and Kingdom of Ends. Since this process results in an interpretation of aspects of the Kantian philosophy, it has been chosen, initially, a presentation in general lines of these concepts and, considering the difficulties regarding the applicability of a translation process between deontic and ontic principles, it was done necessary also an exhibition concerning the problem of the inferential barriers, as well as of his more immediate consequence, i. e., Jörgensen's Dilemma. In a second moment, it was also made a characterization of normal modal systems, deontic ones and alethic ones, as well as of the notions of translation between logics and of Dawson modelling. The final chapter consists of a critical examination of Kielkopf's proposal, which uses Dawson modelling to develop a deontic logic based on the alethic system K1. Such Dawson modelling allows the definition of a deontic modalities in terms of iterated alethic modalities, therefore this model constitutes a way of avoiding the problems regarding inferential barriers. The development of an alternative for attribution of logical status to deontic concepts doesn't constitute, however, in an innovative aspect of this proposal, such aspect can be founded in the use made by Kielkopf of his formal model as a tool for the investigation of philosophical concepts, such as the Kantian concepts already mentioned. / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo uma apresentação da proposta de Charles Kielkopf, de tradução da lógica deôntica standard em uma lógica normal alética e de seus resultados quanto à construção de um sistema de lógica deôntica que capture conceitos e princípios kantianos como necessidade causal e as formulações do Imperativo Categórico acerca do Reino da Natureza e do Reino dos Fins. Uma vez que este processo resulta em uma interpretação de aspectos da filosofia kantiana, optou-se inicialmente por uma apresentação em linhas gerais destas concepções e, tendo em vista as dificuldades referentes a aplicabilidade de um processo de tradução entre princípios deônticos e ônticos, fez-se necessária também uma exposição acerca do problema das barreiras inferenciais, bem como de sua conseqüência mais imediata, a saber, o Dilema de Jörgensen. Num segundo momento, também foi feita uma caracterização dos sistemas modais normais, tanto deônticos quanto aléticos, bem como da noção de tradução entre lógicas e dos modelos de Dawson. O capítulo final consiste justamente num exame crítico da proposta de Kielkopf, o qual faz uso dos modelos de Dawson para desenvolver uma lógica deôntica a partir do sistema lógico K1. Tais modelos de Dawson permitem a definição de uma lógica deôntica em termos de modalidades aléticas iteradas, com o que este modelo constitui-se em uma maneira de evitar os problemas referentes às barreiras inferenciais. O desenvolvimento de uma alternativa para a atribuição de um status lógico a concepções deônticas não constitui, contudo, o aspecto inovador desta proposta, tal aspecto encontra-se justamente na utilização por Kielkopf, de seu modelo formal como uma ferramenta para a investigação de concepções filosóficas, no caso, as concepções kantianas já citadas.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-07-05T13:21:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1612402 bytes, checksum: 7b5aa137583cdc9e127b0d2781ed81c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-05T13:21:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1612402 bytes, checksum: 7b5aa137583cdc9e127b0d2781ed81c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-06 / The current dissertation aims to develop the study of Hegelian idea of free will, for the purpose of show that this idea is an element in which the entire sphere of law (as spirit object) develops. Our investigation will take as textual limit the moments in which the referred topic is clearly developed, namely, the works of Philosophy of Right (1821), and the Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Compendium (1830), in its firs moment, the subjective spirit. Thus, one limited to analyse the dialectical progress of logical ideal, unfolding conceptually in Nature and Spirit, until to determinate as Will that, the first occurs as universal; develops then as individual free will, characterized by discretion (particular) and finally find its most concrete determination as free in and for itself (singular). / A presente dissertação tem por objetivo desenvolver o estudo da Ideia hegeliana de vontade livre, a fim de mostrar que essa ideia é o elemento no qual toda a esfera do direito (como espírito objeto) se desenvolve. Nossa investigação tomará como limite textual os momentos nos quais o referido tema é claramente desenvolvido, a saber, as obras Filosofia do Direito (1820), e a Enciclopédia das Ciências Filosóficas em Compêndio (1830), em seu primeiro momento, o espírito subjetivo. Desta forma, nos limitaremos a analisar o progresso dialético da Ideia lógica, que se desdobra conceitualmente em Natureza e em Espírito, até se determinar como Vontade que, primeiramente, dá-se como universal; desenvolve-se, em seguida, como vontade livre individual, caracterizada pelo arbítrio (particular) e, por fim, tem a sua mais concreta determinação, como livre em si e para si (singular).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:06:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 114587.pdf: 8003773 bytes, checksum: 52fa5b746002919575b8c58c46054646 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation presents a study of Berio 6 Encores for Piano. Based on the understanding of the compositional aspects, systems determination and its relationship with the pianistic writing, interpretive possibilities were outlined to optimize the process of instrumental performance. Berio belongs to the same generation of Cage, Stockhausen and Boulez, he was a pioneer in the exploration of new musical frontiers. He used a miriad of languages and techniques during his career as a composer. Berio produced the collection 6 Encores, a series of six pieces during 25 years (1965-1990), this fact makes them representative of the twentieth century piano repertoire. Berio defines music as a process. This definition reflects the treatment he uses in the sound material in his compositions: slow transformations, also calling the listener to participate actively in the musical enjoyment due to his peculiarities of writing and sound. The first chapter presents the composer and the philosophical and aesthetic aspects that permeates his work. The second presents a study of the 6 Encores for piano context. In the third chapter are shown specific aspects, structural components and study strategies for their instrumental realization. The understanding of philosophical premises can optimize the work of studying and building a solid interpretation by the interpreter who is not used with the contemporary repertoire. / Esta dissertação consta de um estudo da obra 6 Encores para Piano de Luciano Berio ao piano. Com base no entendimento da compreensão e reflexões sobre aspectos e sistemas composicionais, em sua relação com a escrita pianística, foram delineadas possibilidades interpretativas visando otimizar o processo de execução instrumental. Pertencendo à mesma geração que Cage, Boulez e Stockhausen, Berio foi pioneiro na exploração de novas fronteiras musicais. Empregou uma miríade de idiomas e técnicas durante sua carreira de compositor. Entre suas obras para piano Berio produziu a coleção 6 Encores, uma série de seis peças durante 25 anos (1965¿1990), fato que as tornam representativas do século XX. Berio define música como um processo. Esta definição reflete o tratamento que dispensa ao material sonoro em suas composições: lentas transformações; também chama o ouvinte a participar ativamente da fruição musical devido a sua escrita e peculiaridades sonoras. No primeiro capítulo são apresentados o compositor e os aspectos filosóficos e estéticos que permeiam sua obra, e o segundo é apresentado um estudo sobres o contexto das 6 Encores para piano. No terceiro capítulo são mostradas especificidades das peças, destacados componentes estruturais e apresentadas estratégias de estudo para sua realização instrumental. A compreensão de premissas filosóficas podem otimizar o trabalho de estudo e de construção de uma interpretação sólida por parte do intérprete não familiarizado com o repertório contemporâneo.