Les espaces de coworking sont des espaces de travail partagés par des individus de plusieurs organisations au sein d’un espace ouvert. Cette thèse analyse le développement d’un marché du coworking en Ile-de-France au regard des modalités de réalisation du travail dans ces espaces. Le rôle de la proximité physique dans le développement de pratiques collaboratives y est observé dans un espace de coworking parisien. L’étude des croisements entre échanges marchands et non-marchands permet de montrer que les effets de réciprocité contribuent à renforcer les liens entre coworkers. Les espaces peuvent faciliter les projets entrepreneuriaux par un apprentissage entre pairs et l’accès à des ressources communes au sein de l’espace. Cela nécessite cependant que les gestionnaires de coworking organisent la collaboration et la rendent visible. Ils font du coworking une nouvelle forme de service immobilier qui articule espace physique et service informel de mise en relation des travailleurs. La valeur des espaces de coworking est alors coproduite par les utilisateurs. Cette thèse resitue également le développement du coworking en Ile-de-France par rapport à un ensemble de politiques publiques. Les collectivités territoriales ont contribué à structurer le marché avant que des promoteurs immobiliers n’opèrent un changement d’échelle dans la notion-même de coworking. L’opérateur de coworking devient un intermédiaire permettant de mutualiser la demande de bureaux des petites entreprises en zone métropolitaine, et est amené à prendre une place au sein de la chaîne de valeur de l’immobilier / Coworking spaces are flexible workspaces shared by individuals from different organizations in an open-plan space. This thesis analyses the development of a coworking market in the Greater Paris region in light of the working arrangements in those spaces. The role of proximity in collaboration is observed in a Parisian coworking space. The overlap between commercial and non-commercial exchanges shows that reciprocity contributes to reinforcing ties between coworkers. Coworking spaces can encourage entrepreneurial projects through peer learning and the access to resources in the space. However, this requires the work of coworking managers who are key in organizing collaboration and making it visible. They are thus creating a new form of real estate service that ties physical space to an informal networking service between coworkers. The value in coworking spaces is therefore coproduced by its users. This research also shows that the development of coworking in Greater Paris was first structured by local public policies, and that real estate developers are now scaling up the idea of coworking. Coworking space operators are becoming intermediaries enabling small companies to share their offices in metropolitan regions, thus positioning themselves in the corporate real estate value chain

THE SHARING ECONOMY AND DIGITALIZATION: CHALLENGE FOR COMPLEX MODIFICATION OF LABOR LAW? ABSTRACT This diploma thesis discusses the phenomenon of last decade called sharing economy, which has many different forms and names. In its purest meaning, the sharing economy concerns behavior of economically active entities that, in order to reduce their own costs or to use their spare capacity, share free resources. As the best examples of sharing economy, we can name capital platform Airbnb, where people share their unused immovable in order to generate profit or work platform BlaBlaCar trough which people reduce their car costs while travelling one-off long-distance trips. However, as mentioned above, sharing economy has many different forms. One of them, which cannot be recognized as its pure form, is provided by Uber. Uber, as well as BlaBlaCar, created mobile platform trough which providers of transport services can get in touch with users of these services. Despite this similarity, there are several significant differences from which one can conclude that Uber is not a classic provider of information technology services, such as BlaBlaCar. That was also borne out by foreign courts, including European Court of Justice. On that basis, a question arises, whether Uber drivers really carry on the activity of...

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-05-12T13:17:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEVFINALL-4.pdf: 4991570 bytes, checksum: febfa1a090272ed0c632821f9502039b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T13:17:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEVFINALL-4.pdf: 4991570 bytes, checksum: febfa1a090272ed0c632821f9502039b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation discusses the contemporary transformations especially acording to the sphere of consumption as a category of analysis to understand the social world. Such transformations come from both the rise and the propulsion of a society based on a culture of consumption. Which touch the social stratification as a survival strategy of the recent capitalism, resulting, among others, in a society of risk. The discussion ends with what is called sharing economy. Thererore, Io investigate this phenomenon Was necessary, since the understanding of 'social, economic and environmental sustainability' themes is essential for the maintenance of life on earth. This work sought to recognise the contemporary through the lenses of consumption econcompassing such interfaces as sociological, anthropological, political, philosophical, economic and socioenvironmental. It was attempted, from a complex perspective, to connecl consumerism and socio-environmental sustainability, based on lhe premise that recent sludies on the unsustainability of the classic economic model are expressed in the culture-world of an american way of thinking, feeling, and living. The modus operandi of this trajectory covered a series of meetings with academic supervisors and specialists in this subject, intense documentary research, bibliography, interviews, empirical observations, life histories, as Well as an ethnographic research in the North American soil. The construction of the dala occurred in difTerenl slages, by intertwining the understanding of the topics demanded by the researcher in a dialogical contact with the perspectives of the interlocutors of this research, resulting in this report. In the end, I propose that, concomitantly with the catastrophic discourse, it's seen the emergence of an social-economic altemative, a less individualistic impetus, a socioeconomic arrangement less reduced to competitiveness and economic profit is envisaged. A thought focused on sharing, the common good and public access, training a man which is less consumer and more collaborator, the homo colabora tus / O presente trabalho problematiza a questão das recentes transformações contemporâneas no que concerne especialmente à esfera do consumo como categoria de análise para a compreensão do mundo social. Tais transformações advindas da ascensão e propulsão de uma sociedade baseada na cultura do consumo perpassam a temática da estratificação social como estratégia de manutenção do capitalismo, resultando, entre outras, em uma sociedade do risco. Tal discussão encerra-se no que atualmenle denomina-se como economia de compartilhamento ou colaboração. Investigar esse fenómeno foi necessário, já que a compreensão das temáticas 'sustentabilidade social, económica e ambiental' é imprescindivel para a manutenção da vida na terra. Essa tese visou entender o contemporâneo pelas lentes do consumo em suas amplas interfaces, sejam elas sociológicas, antropológicas, políticas, filosóficas, económicas e socioambientais. Intentou-se, sob a perspectiva complexa, interligar consumismo, consumerismo e sustentabilidade socioambienlal, partindo da premissa de que os recentes estudos sobre a insustentabilidade do modelo económico clássico se expressa na cultura-mundo da coca-colonizaçào americana, e na obsolescência programada e globalizada de um american way de pensar, de sentir, de viver. O modos operandi desta trajetória encerrou uma série de reuniões com supervisores académicos e especialistas, intensa pesquisa documental, bibliográfia, realização de entrevistas, obsewaçóes empíricas, escutas de histórias de vida, bem como, uma pesquisa etnográfica em solo norte-americano. A construção dos dados ocorreu em diferentes etapas, perpassando o entendimento das temáticas demandadas por parte do pesquisador em contato dialógico com as perspectivas dos interlocutores dessa pesquisa. Ao final, proponho que, concomitantemente ao discurso catastrófico, surge uma alternativa económico-social, um ímpeto menos individualista, um arranjo socioeconômico menos reduzido à competitividade e ao lucro económico. Um pensamento voltado ao compartilhamento, ao bem comum e ao acesso público. Formador de um homem menos consumidor e mais colaborador, o homo colaboratus

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A presente tese versa sobre compartilhamento de arquivos na era da internet. Analisaremos aspectos da socialidade em uma comunidade online especializada na arte do cultivo, semeio, preservaÃÃo e disseminaÃÃo de arquivos digitais (compreendidos enquanto âsementes digitaisâ). As sementes digitais sÃo basicamente qualquer arquivo de computador digitalizado (por exemplo, um filme, uma mÃsica, um livro, um software etc.) que necessita ser semeado virtualmente atà que floresÃa e possa ser compartilhado atravÃs da internet via redes P2P (peer-to-peer). Nesse sentido, esta tese à uma narrativa sobre uma experiÃncia relacional que vivenciamos (de 2008 a 2017) em uma comunidade de âcyberagricultoresâ denominada OÃsis (nome fictÃcio). O OÃsis à uma comunidade fechada que possui cerca de 60 mil membros registrados (atà inÃcio de 2017). Nossa perspectiva metodolÃgica nos levou a seguir linhas errÃticas dos traÃados digitais que compÃem as dinÃmicas singulares que constituem aquilo que denominamos de âeconomia do compartilhamentoâ. Deste modo, tentamos elucidar o movimento das sementes digitais atravÃs dos sensos de moralidades creditados pelos âsemeadores de arquivosâ que frequentam esta comunidade em particular. Com efeito, relatamos nesta tese prÃticas e vivÃncias que compÃem aquilo que identificamos como âÃtica do compartilharâ, espÃcie de âespÃrito do compartilhamentoâ que atua (atravÃs de uma alquimia simbÃlica) na transformaÃÃo de arquivos ou mercadorias digitais em presentes, dÃdivas e honrarias prontas para serem dispersadas atravÃs de redes cooperativas e descentralizadas de compartilhamento. Dito de outro modo, uma semente digital pode ser melhor apresentada sob a forma de uma âcoisa vivaâ, isto Ã, como uma semente de vida carregada de riquezas, dignidades e esperanÃas, exatamente por estabelecer o entendimento de que produÃÃes culturais sÃo artefatos produzidos para serem dispersados livremente como um âbem comumâ. Por fim, ressaltamos de que forma esta cyberecologia se apresenta como um projeto que pretende garantir a implantaÃÃo de uma rede de proteÃÃo de sementes digitais ameaÃadas pelo esquecimento e pelo descaso. / The present thesis deals with file sharing in the age of the Internet. We will analyze aspects of sociality in a file sharing community specialized in the art of cultivating, sowing, preserving of digital files (described as âdigital seedsâ). Digital seeds are basically any digitized computer file (for example, a movie, a song, a book, a software etc.) that needs to be virtually planted until it blooms and can be shared over the internet by P2P (peer-to-peer) networks. In this sense, this thesis is a narrative about a relational experience that we experienced (from 2008 to 2017) in a community of cyber seeders named Oasis (fictitious name). Oasis is a closed community that has about 60,000 registered members (until early 2017). Our methodological perspective led us to follow erratic digital paths that make up the unique dynamic that constitutes what we call "sharing economy". In this way, we try to elucidate the movement of digital seeds through the senses of morality credited by the "file sharers" who particularly attend that community. Indeed, in this thesis we report practices and experiences that make up what we identify as "ethics of sharing", a sort of "spirit of sharing" that acts (through a symbolic alchemy) in the transformation of digital files or goods into gifts and honors ready to be dispersed through cooperative and decentralized sharing networks. In other words, a digital seed can best be presented in the form of a "living thing"; that is, as a seed of life laden with riches, dignities and hopes, exactly for establishing the understanding that cultural productions are artifacts produced to be freely dispersed as a "common good." Finally, we highlight how this cyber ecology presents itself as a project that intends to ensure the implementation of a protection network of digital seeds threatened by forgetfulness and neglect.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A presente tese versa sobre compartilhamento de arquivos na era da internet. Analisaremos aspectos da socialidade em uma comunidade online especializada na arte do cultivo, semeio, preservaÃÃo e disseminaÃÃo de arquivos digitais (compreendidos enquanto âsementes digitaisâ). As sementes digitais sÃo basicamente qualquer arquivo de computador digitalizado (por exemplo, um filme, uma mÃsica, um livro, um software etc.) que necessita ser semeado virtualmente atà que floresÃa e possa ser compartilhado atravÃs da internet via redes P2P (peer-to-peer). Nesse sentido, esta tese à uma narrativa sobre uma experiÃncia relacional que vivenciamos (de 2008 a 2017) em uma comunidade de âcyberagricultoresâ denominada OÃsis (nome fictÃcio). O OÃsis à uma comunidade fechada que possui cerca de 60 mil membros registrados (atà inÃcio de 2017). Nossa perspectiva metodolÃgica nos levou a seguir linhas errÃticas dos traÃados digitais que compÃem as dinÃmicas singulares que constituem aquilo que denominamos de âeconomia do compartilhamentoâ. Deste modo, tentamos elucidar o movimento das sementes digitais atravÃs dos sensos de moralidades creditados pelos âsemeadores de arquivosâ que frequentam esta comunidade em particular. Com efeito, relatamos nesta tese prÃticas e vivÃncias que compÃem aquilo que identificamos como âÃtica do compartilharâ, espÃcie de âespÃrito do compartilhamentoâ que atua (atravÃs de uma alquimia simbÃlica) na transformaÃÃo de arquivos ou mercadorias digitais em presentes, dÃdivas e honrarias prontas para serem dispersadas atravÃs de redes cooperativas e descentralizadas de compartilhamento. Dito de outro modo, uma semente digital pode ser melhor apresentada sob a forma de uma âcoisa vivaâ, isto Ã, como uma semente de vida carregada de riquezas, dignidades e esperanÃas, exatamente por estabelecer o entendimento de que produÃÃes culturais sÃo artefatos produzidos para serem dispersados livremente como um âbem comumâ. Por fim, ressaltamos de que forma esta cyberecologia se apresenta como um projeto que pretende garantir a implantaÃÃo de uma rede de proteÃÃo de sementes digitais ameaÃadas pelo esquecimento e pelo descaso. / The present thesis deals with file sharing in the age of the Internet. We will analyze aspects of sociality in a file sharing community specialized in the art of cultivating, sowing, preserving of digital files (described as âdigital seedsâ). Digital seeds are basically any digitized computer file (for example, a movie, a song, a book, a software etc.) that needs to be virtually planted until it blooms and can be shared over the internet by P2P (peer-to-peer) networks. In this sense, this thesis is a narrative about a relational experience that we experienced (from 2008 to 2017) in a community of cyber seeders named Oasis (fictitious name). Oasis is a closed community that has about 60,000 registered members (until early 2017). Our methodological perspective led us to follow erratic digital paths that make up the unique dynamic that constitutes what we call "sharing economy". In this way, we try to elucidate the movement of digital seeds through the senses of morality credited by the "file sharers" who particularly attend that community. Indeed, in this thesis we report practices and experiences that make up what we identify as "ethics of sharing", a sort of "spirit of sharing" that acts (through a symbolic alchemy) in the transformation of digital files or goods into gifts and honors ready to be dispersed through cooperative and decentralized sharing networks. In other words, a digital seed can best be presented in the form of a "living thing"; that is, as a seed of life laden with riches, dignities and hopes, exactly for establishing the understanding that cultural productions are artifacts produced to be freely dispersed as a "common good." Finally, we highlight how this cyber ecology presents itself as a project that intends to ensure the implementation of a protection network of digital seeds threatened by forgetfulness and neglect.

Research Questions: How can firms implement the phenomena of collaborative consumption in their value chain and promote sustainability as a core value to gain international competitive advantage? Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to identify how a firm can successfully implement the concept of collaborative consumption into their value chain and how to promote sustainability to gain international competitive advantage. To gain deeper understanding of collaborative consumption, sustainability branding, value chain and international competitive advantage, the different terms will be examined. Method: This thesis uses a qualitative method with a deductive approach. In order to gather empirical data, semi structured interviews has been conducted. Conclusions: By implementing collaborative consumption as a value adding service or in cooperation with other companies, firms can promote sustainability as core value and gain international competitive advantage. Thus, by implementing collaborative consumption and promote sustainability firms will be cool in the big pool.

Purpose With trust being an essential component in the sharing economy, this paper aims to understand how trust is established in practice and which relationships between consumer, supplier and platform specific tools and processes serve.   Problem Previous research has acknowledged the importance of trust but solely investigated single trust-building tools. Instead of presenting a trust construct composed of mechanisms describing their interplay between the three parties involved in the sharing economy, previous scholars have focused their research on the specificities of single tools and processes. With the sharing economy as a recent phenomenon, companies have an interest in investigating the implementation of different mechanisms and their effectiveness.   Method and Methodology This paper adopts a qualitative research approach in which content analysis was applied to group tools and processes and link them to one of the six trust streams between consumer, supplier and the platform. Moreover, the research deductively builds on existing literature by using present theory as a foundation and inductively analyses findings based on collected data.   Findings The findings of this paper reveal a broad spectrum of different trust-building tools and processes. Linking these to one of the specific relationship between the three parties in the sharing economy, this paper concludes that companies emphasize on gaining the consuming peer’s trust both towards the platforms and the supplying peers.

Every time the development of technology enters a new epoch, big changes inthe business and society will follow. Especially for the entrepreneurs, it signifies both opportunities and challenges at the same time. In the next decade, IoT, AI and blockchain will be the main driving forces in the upcoming technological revolution and demonstrate great synergic potential. There is an old saying, “In a strong wind even turkeys can fly”. The company who can seize this chance may become to the next GAFAs (Google, Amazon, Facebook and Apple); whereas those who completely ignores it may be rolled out of the marketeventually. Business model canvas is a very popular method for startups to align the resources and formulate the strategy, which is also the framework used in our research. The main target of this thesis is to demonstrate a thinking method to converge these new technologies in the business models and evaluate the most significant elements in the business planning stage. It could help the future startups to take advantages of the opportunities and overcome the challengesin the new business environment.

Delningsekonomi är ett fenomen som vuxit och tagit allt större plats inom turismindustrin genom exempelvis företag som Airbnb. Denna nya ekonomi opererar utanför den traditionella marknaden och kan därför inte anses bidra till samhället på samma sätt som företag inom den traditionella marknaden gör, samtidigt som företag som exempelvis Airbnb konkurrerar med bland annat vandrarhem, campingar och en del hotell. Det innebär att det gör det svårt för företag och organisationer inom turismindustrin att veta hur de ska förhålla sig till fenomenet och se till vilka effekter som det lämnat efter sig. Studien har därför fokuserat på att belysa Airbnb inom en destination och se vilken funktion det har för Karlstads turismutveckling. Detta realiserades genom att kasta ljus på Airbnbs värdar för att förstå vilken syn de hade på Airbnb, deras gäster samt destinationen Karlstad och på så sätt förstå vilken roll de hade inom destinationen. I relation till värdarna placerade vi även Karlstads turismorganisationer i fokus för att se vilken kunskap och attityd som fanns om delningsekonomi, digitalisering och Airbnb. De teman som vi valt att framhäva och som också genomsyrar hela arbetet är (I) Delningsekonomi, (II) Destinationsutveckling samt (III) Airbnb och värdarna. Dessa teman är återkommande från bakgrund till slutsats för att utifrån olika perspektiv belysa dessa fenomen i relation till studien. Studiens tillvägagångssätt baserades därför på intervjuer med representanter från Visit Värmland, turismverksamheten i Karlstad kommun och fem Airbnbvärdar i Karlstad. För att belysa relationen mellan dessa aktörer användes en socialkonstruktivistisk positionering som utgångspunkt. Genom denna positionering möjliggjordes nya kunskaper om aktörernas förhållande och potentiella utbyten som kan antas vara fördelaktiga utifrån ett samhällsperspektiv. / The sharing economy is a phenomenon that has grown and increased in the tourism industry, for example by companies like Airbnb. This new economy operates outside the traditional market and can therefore not be considered as contributing to the society in the same way that companies in the traditional market does. Although Airbnb are competing with hostels, campsites and hotels that are in the traditional market. This means that it makes it difficult for companies and organizations in the tourism industry to know how to relate to the phenomenon and to see what kinds of effects it has left behind. The study has therefore focused on highlighting Airbnb within a special destination and to find what kinds of functions it has for Karlstads tourism development. Furthermore, this was performed by highlighting Airbnb's hosts to understand what kind of view they have on Airbnb, their guests, Karlstad and thus understand what kind of role they have towards the destination. In relation to the hosts, we placed the Karlstads Tourism Organizations in focus to establish what kind of knowledge and attitude that does exist today relating to the sharing economics, digitization and Airbnb. The themes chosen to be highlighted and which also permeate the entire study are (I) Sharing Economics, (II) Destination Development, and (III) Airbnb and the hosts. These themes are permeate from the background to the conclusion to illustrate these phenomenon from a different perspective in relation to our study. The study’s approach was therefore based on interviews with representatives from Visit Värmland, the tourism organization in Karlstad and five Airbnb hosts in Karlstad. To illustrate the relationship between these actors, a social constructivist positioning was used as a starting point. This positioning enabled new knowledge of the actors relationships and potential exchanges that could be considered beneficial from a societal perspective

For many years, research on user acceptance of different technologies has been one of the most important topics within the field of information systems. In markets with the sheer size and uniqueness of the Chinese mobile economy fostered rapid development of sharing economy firms. Transportation Network Companies (TNC) can be regarded as a context of the sharing economy that focuses on personal transportation. Intrigued by the immense success of TNC and notorious competition between TNC companies Uber and DiDi in China, we study why users are susceptible to TNC. In this study, user acceptance is defined as intention to use TNC and the actual use of TNC. This study aims to examine what factors affect user acceptance of TNC in China and to what extent. By this, the thesis aims to provide TNC with adequate recommendations for success. The state of the art user acceptance model UTAUT2 has been used in this research with an explanatory purpose and a deductive approach. The UTAUT2 model consists of factors related to user acceptance, such as Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, Facilitating Conditions, Hedonic Motivation, Price Value and Habit. These factors were individually tested with Simple Linear Regression to determine their influence on user acceptance. These calculations were executed upon quantitative data from an electronically distributed survey. Upon analysis of the findings, research and practical implications are provided such as managerial recommendations for how TNC can raise user acceptance and increase market share.