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Noise currently represents a problem in society, which disturbs mainly inhabitants in populated areas. It decreases their quality of life and endangers their health. The sensitivity to noise is individual, yet it is possible to measure noise by various means and evaluate its intensity and impact on human beings. Noise as a part of the environment, is becoming on the basis of resident complaints a discussed matter on the town and city level. Their management of noise necessarily involves monitoring and taking subsequent precautions. This work deals with comparing objective and subjective methods in noise evaluation in urban environments and its impact on the quality of life and the health of the residents. It uses a method of the multicriterial evaluation of variant also known as the multicriterial analysis. It compares four approaches to evaluate noise; two objective involving measuring, one subjective using a survey method and one hybrid. The winning method represents the subjective evaluation, which has fulfilled given criteria and acquired a significance of 75 %. All variants included in the analysis are suitable for noise evaluation in outdoor environments on a local level. The outcome of this work is to recommend towns and cities in the Czech Republic to use the winning compromising variant,...

Urban interior environment mostly serves as a place for various meetings and social events. Thus, these spaces come alive thanks to people, who give them reason and meaning. However, the question is what role urban interior has in the present day, which, at the beginning of the new millennium, is characterized by a high degree of individualism. Within the deurbanization tendencies, buildings and adjoining areas in central parts of cities are often abandoned and the activities move to the periphery. If we want to return the social function to the urban interior, as a place of pleasant encounters and relationships, we need to approach its formation with respect to current trends in the development of human society. From the perspective of sustainable development, it is also necessary not to extend the boundaries of urbanized area to adjacent landscape, while abandoning the central locations in cities, but to maintain their intensive character. From this point of view, it is necessary to realize, that it is the greenery that gives the city an opportunity to perceive public spaces as an integral part of urban life and not just as places that people walk through having no reason to stay longer than necessary. Application of greenery in urban interior provides many positive features to the city. Greenery is an added value that can also operate independently as a functional unit that links the other functions of the urban organism. Both in its solitary form and in line or area applications. Along with water elements, urban furniture, various hard surfaces and landscaping, greenery creates a pleasant and interesting living environment in the city that can be desirable and sought-after again.

Hur vi planerar och utformar stadens offentliga rum påverkar vår uppfattning om den urbana miljön. Den offentliga ytan ska planeras för att vara tillgänglig för varje medborgare utan någonting som förhindrar möjligheten att delta i stadens utbud. Vår utbildning inom urban miljö har gett oss en bra grund och kunskap för att analysera stadens gestaltning. Den har även gett oss möjligheten att tolka dolda sociala exkluderingar som uppstår på grund av hur stadsrummet är utformat. I denna studie avser vi därmed att undersöka ett fenomen som utmanar uppfattningen om att alla stadens rum är tillgängliga för alla, nämligen ett fenomen vid namn fientlig stadsplanering. Vi har, genom att tolka och förstå, undersökt teoretiska förklaringar till fenomenets innebörd, uppkomst, samt påverkan. Vår kvalitativa studie har genomförts med metodologin ‘grounded theory’, för att först undersöka nuvarande kunskapsläget för att sedan bilda en teori. Vi har genomfört en litteraturinsamling baserad på relevant litteratur och forskning för att analysera fenomenet. Studien omfattar en kartläggning av fientlig stadsmöblering genom observationer i Malmö för att tolka hur fenomenet kan utforma sig i staden. Till sist, utfördes en intervju med en tjänsteman inom Malmö stad för att få kompletterande uppgifter till vår analys och en djupare förståelse för hur en av stadens planerare ser på utformningen av stadsrummen. Resultatet visar att fientlig stadsmöblering placeras i stadsrummen för att förhindra beteenden, och därmed personer, som samhället ser som ‘icke-önskvärda’. Dessa beteenden har vi förankrat till teorier om rätten till staden, den attraktiva konsumtionsstaden, maktstrukturer och den mänskliga dimensionen; där alla har förklaringar till varför ‘icke-önskvärt’ beteende exkluderas, samt varför fenomenet uppstått. Resultatet visar även att fientlig stadsmöblering förekommer i centrala Malmö vid Triangelns stationsområde, där vi identifierade en fientligt utformad bänk. Utöver det, förekommer fenomenet väldigt lite inom staden, vilket går ihop med hur Malmö stad önskar planera staden. Vidare visar resultatet att fenomenet har tydliga nyliberala och kapitalistiska förankringar, där konsumtion är i framkant. Staden planeras för ekonomisk tillväxt och en bra ‘image’, vilket innebär att konsumenten prioriteras i hierarkin om vem de offentliga rummen planeras för. På grund av detta implementerar man fientlig stadsmöblering. / How we plan and design the city's public spaces affects our perception of the urban environment. The public space should be planned to be accessible to every citizen without anything that prevent the opportunity to participate in the city's offerings. Our education in urban environment has given us a good foundation and knowledge for analyzing the city's design. It has also given us the opportunity to interpret hidden social exclusions that arise due to how the urban space is designed. In this study we intend to investigate a phenomenon that challenges the notion that all city spaces are accessible to all, namely a phenomenon called hostile architecture. We have, by interpreting and understanding, investigated theoretical explanations for the phenomenon's meaning, origin, and impact. Our qualitative study has been carried out with the methodology ‘grounded theory’, to first examine the current state of knowledge and then form a theory. We have conducted a literature collection based on relevant literature and research to understand the phenomenon. The study includes a mapping of hostile city furniture through observations in the city of Malmö to interpret how the phenomenon can take shape in the city. Finally, an interview was conducted with an official within the city of Malmö to get additional information for our analysis and gain a deeper understanding of how one of the city's planners view the design of the city spaces. The results show that hostile urban furniture is placed in urban spaces to prevent behaviors, and thus people, that society sees as 'undesirable'. We have anchored these behaviors to theories about the right to the city, the attractive city of consumption, power structures and the human dimension; where each theory has an explanation for why 'undesirable' behavior is excluded, and why the phenomenon has arisen. The results also show that hostile urban furniture occurs in central Malmö, next to Triangle station, where we identified a hostile bench. Beyond that, the phenomenon occurs very rarely in the city, which goes hand in hand with how Malmö wishes to plan the city. Furthermore, the results show that the phenomenon has clear neoliberal and capitalist roots, where consumption is at the forefront. The city is planned for economic growth and a good ‘image’, which means that the consumer is prioritized in the hierarchy of whom the public places are planned. Because of this, hostile urban furniture will be used.

This design project delves into the realm of public spaces, considering sociocultural, sociopolitical, and participatory design aspects, catalyzed by the Covid-19 pandemic's lockdowns. By repurposing a parking lot, the project endeavors to scrutinize, trial, and understand the reactions and needs through a design interaction and multifunctional furniture set, the simple story of Prototype.

Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, списка литературы и приложения. В работе рассмотрены теоретические основы девелопмента жилой недвижимости, осуществлена оценка современных подходов по формированию комфортной городской среды жилых комплексов, разработана концепция девелоперского проекта жилого комплекса в городе Екатеринбурге, сформировано маркетинговое обоснование концепции девелоперского проекта жилого комплекса, произведена разработано финансово-экономическое обоснование девелоперского проекта жилого комплекса. / The master's thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion, list of references and Appendix. The paper discusses the theoretical basis of the development of residential real estate, the appraisal of modern approaches to formation of a comfortable urban environment of residential complexes developed by the concept development project of a residential complex in the city of Yekaterinburg, formed a marketing study of the concept development project of a residential complex made developed financial feasibility study of development project of the residential complex.

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Cette thèse contribue à l'état actuel des connaissances sur la compatibilité des nouveaux bâtiments avec les environnements urbains historiques. Elle suit un mode de présentation classique: Introduction, Revue de Littérature, Méthodologie, Résultats, Discussion et Conclusion. Le problème étudié est le manque d'orientation pour intégrer les processus de développement et de sauvegarde dans les contextes établis. La littérature récente révèle que les règles de préservation, aussi appelées normes et lignes directrices, ne peuvent pas garantir une relation compatible entre une intervention et son milieu. La pensée contemporaine dans le domaine de la conservation et de la gestion du patrimoine invite donc l’exploration d'autres moyens pour lier la nouvelle architecture à l'ancienne. Ainsi, le présent projet de recherche explore une approche alternative aux règles de préservation en vue d’atteindre le but de nouveaux bâtiments compatibles et d’améliorer la prise de décision fondée sur les valeurs. Pour produire des résultats spécifiques et convaincants, un cas a été sélectionné. Celui-ci est une ville dans la région du Golfe Arabe : la Ville de Koweït. Le résultat principal est le développement d’une approche, mise en œuvre en posant des questions approfondies sur le lieu, la conception et la construction des nouveaux bâtiments. Les questions suggérées dans la thèse mettent l’accent sur les valeurs patrimoniales et les choix de conception afin de permettre un changement réfléchi au sein des environnements urbains historiques. Elles aident aussi à évaluer les nouvelles propositions de projets au cas par cas. Pour démontrer comment cette approche pourrait être présentée et utilisée par les requérants et les évaluateurs, un modèle théorique est proposé. Ce modèle a ensuite été discuté avec des professionnels locaux et internationaux qui ont identifié ses forces et ses limites. En conclusion, l’ensemble des résultats montre que la mise à disposition de règles et / ou de questions approfondies n’est pas une solution satisfaisante puisqu’il y a d'autres enjeux importants qui devraient être abordés: comment appliquer l'orientation efficacement une fois qu’elle a été créée, comment développer la compétence liée à la prise de décision fondée sur les valeurs et comment insérer la conservation du patrimoine dans la mentalité du gouvernement local et des communautés. Lorsque ces enjeux seront traités, le patrimoine pourra devenir partie intégrante du processus de planification, ce qui est le but ultime. Enfin, cinq axes de recherche sont recommandés pour poursuivre l’exploration des idées introduites dans cette étude. / This thesis contributes to the current state of knowledge on the compatibility of new buildings with historic urban environments. It follows a classic mode of presentation: Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Research Findings, Discussion and Conclusion. The problem under study is insufficient guidance to integrate the processes of development and safeguarding in established contexts. Recent literature reveals that preservation rules, also known as standards and design guidelines, cannot guarantee a compatible relationship between an intervention and its surroundings. Contemporary thinking in the field of heritage conservation and management, therefore, urges the exploration of other means for relating new architecture to old. Accordingly, the present research project explores an alternative approach to preservation rules with a view to achieving the goal of compatible new buildings and improving values-based decision-making. To generate specific and convincing results, a case study was selected. The latter is a city in the Arabian Gulf region: Kuwait City. The main research finding is the development of an approach, implemented by asking probing questions about the location, design and construction of new buildings. The questions suggested in the thesis put emphasis on heritage values and design options to enable thoughtful change in historic urban environments. They also help assess new project proposals on a case-by-case basis. To demonstrate how this approach might be presented to, and used by, applicants and evaluators, a theoretical model is proposed. This model was later discussed with local and international practitioners who identified its strengths and limitations. In conclusion, the overall research findings show that the provision of rules and/or probing questions is not a satisfactory solution because there are other important issues that must be addressed: how to effectively apply guidance once it has been created, how to develop the skill of values-based decision-making and how to embed heritage conservation in the mentality of local government and communities. When actions will be taken to deal with these issues, heritage could become a part of the planning process, which is the ultimate goal. Lastly, five research directions are recommended to further explore the ideas introduced in this study. / تساهم هذه الأطروحة في زيادة المعرفة المعاصرة بخصوص توافق المباني الجديدة مع المناطق المعمارية التراثية. إنها تتبع أسلوب النمط الكلاسيكي لعرض الأفكار: مقدمة، مراجعة الدراسات المعنية، جمع وتحليل المعلومات، نتائج، مناقشة، وخاتمة. فهي تتناول مشكلة نقص التوجيه لدمج عمليات التنمية والحماية في المناطق المعنية. الدراسات الأخيرة تشير إلى أن قوانين الحفاظ، المعروفة أيضا" بالمعايير والمبادئ التوجيهية للتصميم، لا تستطيع أن تضمن وجود علاقة توافق بين التدخل المعماري والمكان المحيط به. لذا التفكير المعاصر في مجال الحفاظ على التراث وإدارته يُشجع على إيجاد وسائل أخرى لربط العمارة الجديدة بالقديمة. وفقا" لذلك، مشروع البحث الحالي يبحث عن نهج بديل لقوانين الحفاظ بغاية تحقيق هدف التوافق المعماري وتحسين القرارات القائمة على القيم. للحصول على نتائج دقيقة ومقنعة، تم إختيار ودرس حالة وهي مدينة في منطقة الخليج العربي: مدينة الكويت. النتيجة الرئيسية للبحث هي تكوين نهج يمكن تطبيقه بطرح أسئلة إستفسارية عن موقع وتصميم وبناء المباني الجديدة. والأسئلة المقترحة في الأطروحة تركز على القيم التراثية وخيارات التصميم للحصول على تغيير مدروس في المناطق المعنية. كما أنها تساعد على تقييم مقترحات المشاريع الجديدة. لإظهار كيف يمكن أن يُقدم ويُستخدم هذا النهج من قبل المصممين والمقيمين، تم تكوين نموذج نظري . و قد نوقش هذا النموذج مع مهنيين محليين ودوليين حيث قاموا بتحديد نقاط قوته وقيوده. وتشيرالنتائج الإجمالية إلى أن توفير القوانين و/أو الأسئلة الإستفسارية ليس حلا" مرضيا" لأنه يوجد مسائل أخرى لابد من معالجتها: كيفية تطبيق التوجيه بشكل فعلي عندما يتم إنشاؤه، وكيفية تطوير مهارة أخذ القرارات القائمة على القيم، وكيفية إدخال المحافظة على التراث بعقلية الحكومة المحلية والمجتمع. عندما تعالج تلك المسائل يمكن للتراث أن يصبح جزءا" من عملية التخطيط. فهذا هو الهدف النهائي. وأخيرا"، يُنصح بأخذ خمس إتجاهات بحثية لمواصلة التحقق من الأفكار التي وردت في هذه الدراسة