Esta pesquisa investiga o design e as práticas de governança urbana. O quadro teórico é composto de duas partes. Na primeira, examinamos as dimensões cognitivas, comunicativas, culturais, econômicas e sócio políticas do espaço contemporâneo em um contexto de ampla disseminação das Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação (TICs). Na segunda, discutimos as políticas públicas para os serviços urbanos com enfoque na cooperação considerando suas dimensões normativas, estratégicas e operacionais. Na pesquisa empírica, estudamos as redes e interfaces públicas utilizadas pelo poder executivo do município de Ribeirão Preto. Utilizando análise de grafos, categorias da Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) e da Actor-Network Theory (ANT), analisamos em que medida a incorporação das TICs amplia as oportunidades de participação e controle social da gestão do espaço e dos serviços urbanos. A pesquisa é concluída com contribuições para o design de redes e interfaces na constituição de uma forma de governança urbana conectada. / In this study we investigate design and urban governance practices. The theoretical framework has two parts. In the first one, we examines the cognitive, communicative, cultural, economic and socio-political dimensions of space in a context of widespread dissemination of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). In the second one, we discusses policy formulation in public urban services focusing on cooperation under its regulatory, strategic and operational dimensions. In the empirical research, we examine the networks and public interfaces used by government agencies of Ribeirão Preto municipality. Graph analysis, elements of social construction of technology and actor-network theory were used to evaluate how ICTs can increase the opportunities for participation and social control of space and urban services management. We conclude the study with contributions to the networks and interfaces design aiming to develop a form of connected urban governance.

Submitted by Giovanna Brasil (1154060@mackenzie.br) on 2017-12-15T21:32:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Lidiane Rodrigues Christovam.pdf: 9520679 bytes, checksum: d20ac4861ef6c16efc56540f83ef4a03 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paola Damato (repositorio@mackenzie.br) on 2017-12-19T12:03:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Lidiane Rodrigues Christovam.pdf: 9520679 bytes, checksum: d20ac4861ef6c16efc56540f83ef4a03 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-19T12:03:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Lidiane Rodrigues Christovam.pdf: 9520679 bytes, checksum: d20ac4861ef6c16efc56540f83ef4a03 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-10 / The teaching of Mathematics has always been a topic of discussion in university, where the teachers that teach such discipline are formed. Moreover, this curricular component is often seen as one of the most questionable ones in the students of Basic Education and College. It was from this perspective that the idea generating this research emerged. The objective was to investigate why many students present difficulties throughout the teaching-learning process of Mathematics. To do so, we investigated the type of discourse that educators use in their classes, as well as their teaching strategies. We also produced a brief history about the teaching of Mathematics in Brazil and about the process of training teachers in this area. Finally, there is an experience report, based on the theoretical presuppositions of Freire's dialogic education and on the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), among them Facebook, which sought to propose a closer approximation between educators and learners so that both the professorial discourse and the didactic-methodological practice were more successful throughout the teachinglearning process. / O ensino da Matemática sempre foi tema de discussão no ambiente escolar e nos bancos universitários, local em que se formam os docentes que ministram tal disciplina. Além disso, frequentemente, esse componente curricular é visto como um dos que mais gera dúvidas nos alunos da Educação Básica e do Ensino Superior. Foi a partir desta perspectiva que surgiu a ideia geradora desta pesquisa. Objetivou-se, dessa forma, investigar porque tantos alunos apresentam dificuldades ao longo do processo de ensino-aprendizagem da Matemática. Para tanto, investigou-se o tipo de discurso que os educadores utilizam em suas aulas, bem como suas estratégias de ensino. Produziu-se, também, um breve histórico sobre o ensino da Matemática no Brasil e sobre o processo de formação dos professores dessa área. Por fim, há um relato de experiência, pautado nos pressupostos teóricos da educação dialógica de Freire e no uso das Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação (TIC) - entre elas o Facebook -, que buscou propor uma maior aproximação entre educadores e educandos para que tanto o discurso professoral quanto a prática didáticometodológica conseguissem maior êxito ao longo do processo de ensinoaprendizagem.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-02T13:26:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mariadocarmoabreu.pdf: 630862 bytes, checksum: a143c206456954e2e3a4a795b4521b4b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-02T15:57:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mariadocarmoabreu.pdf: 630862 bytes, checksum: a143c206456954e2e3a4a795b4521b4b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T15:57:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mariadocarmoabreu.pdf: 630862 bytes, checksum: a143c206456954e2e3a4a795b4521b4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-18 / A presente dissertação investigou as ações do Proinfo Integrado como uma política pública voltada para a inserção das TIC na educação, por meio das atividades do Núcleo de Tecnologia Educacional em cinco escolas da Superintendência Regional de Ensino de Monte Carmelo (MG). A pesquisa se norteou pela seguinte questão: o Proinfo Integrado é uma política que contribui para a incorporação das TIC na prática pedagógica dos professores alfabetizadores? Buscou-se, com esse questionamento, analisar as práticas dos alfabetizadores de escolas que participam do Proinfo e a formação continuada para o uso das tecnologias oferecida pelo NTE de Monte Carmelo. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa foi qualitativa, tendo como instrumentos para coleta de dados questionários para gestores e professores e entrevistas semiestruturadas para um professor de cada escola. Os resultados indicaram que são necessárias melhorias no desenho dos cursos oferecidos pelo NTE e na formação continuada do Proinfo. Baseada nas ideias de Kleiman (2007) e Soares (2009) sobre alfabetização e letramento, Rojo (2012 e 2013) sobre multiletramentos na sala de aula, e ainda Valente (1998), Pretto (2002) e Bonilla (2002) sobre a formação de professores para o uso das TIC na educação, procurou-se possibilidades para o NTE de Monte Carmelo atuar de forma mais eficaz na formação de professores alfabetizadores para garantir o sucesso da implementação do Proinfo nas escolas de anos iniciais do ensino Fundamental. Assim, o final desse trabalho traz uma proposta de reestruturação das ações de formação continuada oferecidas pelo NTE de Monte Carmelo. / This work aimed to investigate the use of ICT in the teaching practice of literacy teachers analyzing the implementation of Proinfo as a public policy for the integration of ICT in education. Five state schools were surveyed that offer the early years of elementary education in SRE jurisdiction of municipalities of Monte Carmelo (MG). The purpose of the research was to answer the following question: Integrated Proinfo is a policy that contributes to the incorporation of ICT in teaching practice of literacy teachers? We tried to, with this question analyze the literacy practices of schools participating in the Proinfo and continuing education for the use of technologies offered by the Mount Carmel NTE. The methodology used in the research was qualitative, with questionnaires to managers and teachers and semi-structured interviews for one teacher from each school. The results indicated that it is necessary improvements in the design of courses offered by the NTE and continuing education of Proinfo. Based on the ideas of Kleiman (2007) e Soares (2009) about literacy, Rojo (2012 e 2013) about multiple literacies in the classroom, and also in Valente (1998), Pretto (2002) and Bonilla (2002) ideas on training teachers to use ICT in education, tried to possibilities for the NTE of Monte Carmelo act more effectively in the training of literacy teachers to ensure the successful implementation of Proinfo in the early years of elementary school education. So the end of this work brings a proposed restructuring of continuing training activities offered by the NTE Monte Carmelo.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:47:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauro Lallal dos Anjos_Dissertacao.pdf: 3806882 bytes, checksum: 934c7b815ddd638474a86ba864076fa6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-28 / This dissertation is constituted from an investigation that aims to better train teachers to work in the authoring process in Distance Education (EAD). It was aimed to investigate the challenges faced by teachers when developing subjects that are part of the "STRUCTURING PROJECT AND USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICT) IN UNDERGRADUATE COURSES OF IFSUL", developed at the Open University of Brazil (UAB ) of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul (IFSUL), and which covered 28 subjects of the curriculum framework of the classroom-based model undergraduate courses and that were designed to be offered to distance education students, featuring a convergence in the teaching methods in what is called hybrid or blended learning model. In this study it was considered their need to acquire specific skills for EAD in three major dimensions: technological, pedagogical and collective work. The technological dimension sought to show that the evolution of the information and communications technologies (ICTs) enables changes in the teaching practices, allowing the shift of distributive learning processes to interactive and collaborative ones, taking off the emphasis on content and putting it on the student. In regard to the dimension collective work, it questioned the teaching practice which is paradoxically collaborative and fragmented. On the other hand, the pedagogical dimension seeks to show that although the methodological and epistemological knowledge are the same, when mediated by technology, they require different procedures constituting a theory of EAD in which the focus shifts from the teacher to the student, from the teaching to the learning, but requiring advance and detailed planning. In order to identify the challenges faced by teachers in these three dimensions, a qualitative study is performed, using as tools a multiple choice form, interviews and the analysis of papers made by the authoring-teachers for the subjects. To identify the challenges concerning the teaching practices that are revealed in the authoring process in the design of teaching materials, it was necessary to identify the elements that indicated a quality material for EAD. Then an instrument that guided the analysis of the materials produced was designed, and it constituted four subcategories of the pedagogical dimension: the structure, the content, the language and the activities. It was noticed that teachers exploit ICT very little because the work is still lonely, but with the help of a multidisciplinary team, and consequently transfer their classroom practices to the distance learning. It was found that teachers have difficulties in writing in dialogic language, making summaries and structuring the content that will be present in different media, which was aggravated by the great research work and planning necessary as well as the short time that teachers have to design it due to other teaching commitments in the classroom-based environment and the lack of training to perform the authoring of the teaching-learning process for EAD. / A presente dissertação se compõe a partir de uma investigação com o objetivo de melhor capacitar os professores para atuarem no processo de autoria em EAD. Buscou-se investigar os desafios enfrentados pelos professores ao elaborarem as disciplinas que fazem parte do PROJETO DE ESTRUTURAÇÃO E USO DE TECNOLOGIAS DE COMUNICAÇÃO E INFORMAÇÃO (TICs) NOS CURSOS DE GRADUAÇÃO DO IFSul , desenvolvido no âmbito da Universidade Aberta do Brasil (UAB) do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense (IFSul), e que abrangeu 28 disciplinas da grade curricular dos cursos de graduação do modelo presencial e que foram elaboradas para serem ofertadas aos estudantes na modalidade a distância, caracterizando uma convergência nas modalidades de ensino no que se chama de modelo híbrido ou blended learning. No âmbito desta pesquisa considerou-se a necessidade de adquirirem competências específicas para a modalidade EAD, em três grandes dimensões: tecnológica, pedagógica e de trabalho coletivo. A dimensão tecnológica procurou mostrar que a evolução das tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC) possibilita mudanças nas práticas pedagógicas, permitindo a passagem de processos distributivos para interativos e colaborativos de aprendizagem, tirando a ênfase do conteúdo e colocando no estudante. Com respeito à dimensão trabalho coletivo, problematizou o fazer docente, paradoxalmente colaborativo e fragmentado. Por outro lado, a dimensão pedagógica procura mostrar que, embora os conhecimentos metodológicos e epistemológicos sejam os mesmos, ao serem mediatizados pela tecnologia, requerem procedimentos diferentes, constituindo uma teoria da EAD, onde o foco se desloca do professor para o estudante, do ensino para a aprendizagem, mas exigindo um planejamento com antecedência e detalhado. Para identificar os desafios encontrados pelos professores nestas três dimensões, é realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, usando como instrumentos um formulário com questões objetivas, entrevistas e análise dos documentos elaborados pelos professores-autores para as disciplinas. Para a identificação dos desafios relativos às práticas pedagógicas que se revelam no processo de autoria na elaboração dos materiais didáticos, foi necessário identificar os elementos que indicavam um material de qualidade para a EAD. Construiu-se então, um instrumento que orientou a análise dos materiais elaborados, e que constituíram quatro subcategorias da dimensão pedagógica: a estrutura, o conteúdo, a linguagem e as atividades. Percebeu-se que os professores exploram pouco as TIC porque o trabalho ainda é solitário, embora com auxílio de equipe multidisciplinar, e por consequência transferem suas práticas presenciais para a modalidade a distancia. Constatou-se que os professores têm dificuldades para escrever em linguagem dialógica, fazer sínteses e estruturar o conteúdo que estará presente em diferentes mídias, o que foi agravado pelo grande trabalho de pesquisa e planejamento necessários e pelo curto prazo que os professores têm para esta elaboração face a outros compromissos com a docência na modalidade presencial e à falta de capacitação para exercer a autoria do processo de ensino-aprendizagem para EAD.

L'enseignement/apprentissage du FLE a été influencé par les TIC au cours des dernières années et nous constatons que les évolutions récentes sont difficilement observées en Irak, où les pratiques pédagogiques, en particulier avec les TIC, sont marquées par des contraintes spécifiques. Les équipements informatiques réduits et les pratiques intégrant le multimédia peu développées ne suscitent pas de pratiques innovantes telles que celles qui sont constatées au niveau mondial. Par ailleurs, le système éducatif et les méthodes utilisées en Irak pourraient aussi bénéficier de réformes permettant de faire évoluer les pratiques. Ainsi, cette recherche s‟intéresse au changement de pratiques dans l‟enseignement/apprentissage du FLE et à l‟intégration des TIC comme un moteur pour celui-ci. Une recherche-action a été effectuée au sein de l‟université de Mossoul afin de mesurer les pratiques et les représentations auprès de différentes catégories d‟usagers. Des entretiens et des questionnaires ont ainsi permis de recueillir un certain nombre de données qui ont été analysées et vérifiées statistiquement. Ce travail a pour vocation de mettre l'accent sur l'utilité d'un dispositif innovant dans l‟enseignement/apprentissage du FLE. Pour être en phase avec ce développement, et assurer, dans le contexte irakien, le recours aux plateformes envisagées, le dispositif se doit d'appréhender « le processus d'appropriation sociale » et tenir compte de trois niveaux d'intervention, macro, méso et micro, pour initier le changement. Grâce aux résultats obtenus au cours de la phase d‟expérimentation, l‟intégration de pratiques innovantes par le biais des TIC pourra sans doute devenir opérationnelle. / The teaching/learning of French as a Foreign Language (FLE) has been influenced by ICT in recent years. We note that the latest evolutions have not been observed in Iraq where pedagogical practice, in particular with the help of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), is marked by specific constraints. IT equipment is not sufficient and computer aided practice do not quite meet innovation and global digital development. Reform of the educational system and the methods used in Iraq could also permit an evolution of practice. Thus, this research focuses on the changing practices of the teaching/learning of FLE that could result from the integration of ICT. An action research has been conducted at the University of Mosul in order to measure the level of practice and the representation of different kinds of users. Interviews and questionnaires have permitted to gather a certain amount of data that have been analyzed and verified statistically. This work aims to emphasize the usefulness of an innovative environment for the teaching/learning of FLE. To be in phase with this development, and jointly ensure, in the context of Iraq, the use of platforms, the environment had to consider "the social appropriation process" and consider three levels of intervention, macro, meso and micro to initiate change. Thanks to the results obtained during the experimental phase, the development of innovation through the integration of ICT for education is likely to become operational.

Le présent travail de recherche a pour objet l'étude des apports des pratiques d'utilisation des outils de gestion collaboratifs par les parties prenantes du processus de contrôle en gestion des risques. Face aux enjeux multiples pour réduire la vulnérabilité des organisations, le contrôle tient une place particulière. Avec le développement de l'informatique et l'accroissement des risques il s'est naturellement complexifié. Il est aujourd'hui partagé entre des acteurs humains (organismes de contrôle, industriels, services de prévention des risques, etc.) et non-humains (systèmes d'information, logiciels, systèmes de management, etc.), incluant ainsi la dimension de travail collaboratif. Afin de proposer une modélisation du système d'acteurs et des différents échanges permis par l'approche collaborative, trois objets sociologiques sont mobilisées : la Théorie de la Régulation Sociale (TRS), introduisant le concept de régulation, la Théorie de l'Acteur-Réseau (TAR), autorisant une étude asymétrique des acteurs et une maitrise de l'a priori, et le travail collaboratif, regroupant la collaboration et l'ingénierie logicielle. La conduite d'une expérimentation terrain et le déploiement d'un questionnaire sur les pratiques du travail collaboratif permettent de vérifier concrètement les apports des systèmes d'information dans le cadre d'une approche collaborative du contrôle. L'originalité de cette démarche réside dans la prise en compte des interrelations entre chacun des sous-processus du contrôle et la confrontation d'une expérimentation terrain avec une enquête prospective généralisée. / The current research aims to study collaborative working contributions in risk management control processes. Control is needed in risk management processes facing complexity. Indeed, IT development and risk increase led to increase control complexity. It is now shared between human actors (inspectors, industrialist, OHS department, etc.) and non-human (IT, software, management systems, etc.) including a collaborative working dimension. In order to propose a model of the system of actors and different exchanges allowed by the collaborative approach, three sociological objects are mobilized: the Social Regulation Theory (SRT), introducing the concept of regulation, the actor- Network Theory (ANT), authorizing an asymmetric study of actors, and collaborative working, combining collaboration and software engineering. To verify IT contributions as part of a collaborative approach a field trial and a survey on collaborative work practices were conducted. The novelty of this approach lies in the consideration of the interrelationships between each control sub-process and the confrontation of a field trial with a generalized prospective survey.

Le secteur public est un domaine en perpétuelle mutation, de par la pression économique actuelle mais aussi du fait des progrès technologiques constants. C'est en particulier le cas des collectivités territoriales, dans lesquelles les agents du secteur public sont soumis à de fortes pressions, notamment par la nécessité d'assurer un service de qualité aux usagers tout en minimisant les coûts engagés, mais également du fait de devoir développer de nouvelles compétences pour répondre à des exigences en évolution. Les projets actuels, impliquant de multiples technologies et le besoin de travailler en synergie avec les acteurs territoriaux, sont devenus primordiaux pour la gestion des chaînes logistiques du secteur public. Le domaine du génie industriel a développé diverses méthodes pouvant répondre à ces nouveaux besoins. Ces méthodes englobent différentes théories et pratiques allant du progrès permanent à la gestion de la chaîne logistique jusqu’à la gestion de la relation client. Ces pratiques visent avant tout à améliorer la coordination et l'intégration de toutes les activités nécessaires à l'élaboration d’un produit ou un service. L’apparition de nouvelles démarches, telles que la Smart City, légitime la mise en pratique de méthodes industrielles pour la gestion de services répondant à l’intérêt général d’un territoire. Dès lors, l'objectif de ce travail a été de transposer aux collectivités territoriales des méthodes issues du génie industriel, en s’appuyant sur la démarche de la Smart City, afin de permettre une synergie entre les partenaires, tout en augmentant la productivité de l’organisation dans la fourniture de services publics plus performants.

Multi-objective optimization is a growing field of interest for both theoretical and applied research, mostly due to the higher accuracy with which multi-objective problems (MOPs) model real- world scenarios. While single-objective models simplify real-world problems, MOPs can contain several (and often conflicting) objective functions to be optimized at once. This increased accuracy, however, comes at the expense of a higher difficulty that MOPs pose for optimization algorithms in general, and so a significant research effort has been dedicated to the development of approximate and heuristic algorithms. In particular, a number of proposals concerning the adaptation of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) for multi-objective problems can be seen in the literature, evidencing the interest they have received from the research community.This large number of proposals, however, does not mean that the full search power offered by multi- objective EAs (MOEAs) has been properly exploited. For instance, in an attempt to propose significantly novel algorithms, many authors propose a number of algorithmic components at once, but evaluate their proposed algorithms as monolithic blocks. As a result, each time a novel algorithm is proposed, several questions that should be addressed are left unanswered, such as (i) the effectiveness of individual components, (ii) the benefits and drawbacks of their interactions, and (iii) whether a better algorithm could be devised if some of the selected/proposed components were replaced by alternative options available in the literature. This component-wise view of MOEAs becomes even more important when tackling a new application, since one cannot antecipate how they will perform on the target scenario, neither predict how their components may interact. In order to avoid the expensive experimental campaigns that this analysis would require, many practitioners choose algorithms that in the end present suboptimal performance on the application they intend to solve, wasting much of the potential MOEAs have to offer.In this thesis, we take several significant steps towards redefining the existng algorithmic engineering approach to MOEAs. The first step is the proposal of a flexible and representative algorithmic framework that assembles components originally used by many different MOEAs from the literature, providing a way of seeing algorithms as instantiations of a unified template. In addition, the components of this framework can be freely combined to devise novel algorithms, offering the possibility of tailoring MOEAs according to the given application. We empirically demonstrate the efficacy of this component-wise approach by designing effective MOEAs for different target applications, ranging from continuous to combinatorial optimization. In particular, we show that the MOEAs one can tailor from a collection of algorithmic components is able to outperform the algorithms from which those components were originally gathered. More importantly, the improved MOEAs we present have been designed without manual assistance by means of automatic algorithm design. This algorithm engineering approach considers algorithmic components of flexible frameworks as parameters of a tuning problem, and automatically selects the component combinations that lead to better performance on a given application. In fact, this thesis also represents significant advances in this research direction. Primarily, this is the first work in the literature to investigate this approach for problems with any number of objectives, as well as the first to apply it to MOEAs. Secondarily, our efforts have led to a significant number of improvements in the automatic design methodology applied to multi-objective scenarios, as we have refined several aspects of this methodology to be able to produce better quality algorithms.A second significant contribution of this thesis concerns understanding the effectiveness of MOEAs (and in particular of their components) on the application domains we consider. Concerning combina- torial optimization, we have conducted several investigations on the multi-objective permutation flowshop problem (MO-PFSP) with four variants differing as to the number and nature of their objectives. Through thorough experimental campaigns, we have shown that some components are only effective when jointly used. In addition, we have demonstrated that well-known algorithms could easily be improved by replacing some of their components by other existing proposals from the literature. Regarding continuous optimization, we have conducted a thorough and comprehensive performance assessment of MOEAs and their components, a concrete first step towards clearly defining the state-of-the-art for this field. In particular, this assessment also encompasses many-objective optimization problems (MaOPs), a sub-field within multi-objective optimization that has recently stirred the MOEA community given its theoretical and practical demands. In fact, our analysis is instrumental to better understand the application of MOEAs to MaOPs, as we have discussed a number of important insights for this field. Among the most relevant, we highlight the empirical verification of performance metric correlations, and also the interactions between structural problem characteristics and the difficulty increase incurred by the high number of objectives.The last significant contribution from this thesis concerns the previously mentioned automatically generated MOEAs. In an initial feasibility study, we have shown that MOEAs automatically generated from our framework are able to consistently outperform the original MOEAs from where its components were gathered both for the MO-PFSP and for MOPs/MaOPs. The major contribution from this subset, however, regards continuous optimization, as we significantly advance the state-of-the-art for this field. To accomplish this goal, we have extended our framework to encompass approaches that are primarily used for this continuous problems, although the conceptual modeling we use is general enough to be applied to any domain. From this extended framework we have then automatically designed state-of- the-art MOEAs for a wide range of experimental scenarios. Moreover, we have conducted an in-depth analysis to explain their effectiveness, correlating the role of algorithmic components with experimental factors such as the stopping criterion or the performance metric adopted.Finally, we highlight that the contributions of this thesis have been increasingly recognized by the scientific community. In particular, the contributions to the research of MOEAs applied to continuous optimization are remarkable given that this is the primary application domain for MOEAs, having been extensively studied for a couple decades now. As a result, chapters from this work have been accepted for publication in some of the best conferences and journals from our field. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Contrary to what has been done to date in the hybrid field of natural language processing (NLP), this doctoral thesis holds that the new approach developed below makes it possible to semi-automatically detect semantic changes in digitised, OCRed, historical corpora. We define the term semi-automatic as “making use of an advanced tool whilst remaining in control of key decisions regarding the processing of the corpus”. If the tool utilised – “topic modelling”, and more precisely the “Latent Dirichlet Allocation” (LDA) – is not unknown in NLP or computational historical semantics, where it is already mobilised to follow a priori selected words and try to detect when these words change meaning, it has never been used, to the best of our knowledge, to detect which words change in a humanistically-relevant way. In other terms, our method does not study a word in context to gather information on this specific word, but the whole context – which we consider a witness to a potential evolution of reality – to gather more contextual information on one or several particular semantic shift candidates. In order to detect these semantic changes, we use the algorithm to create lexical fields: groups of words that together define a subject to which they all relate. By comparing lexical fields over different time periods of the same corpus (that is, by mobilising a diachronic approach), we try to determine whether words appear over time. We support that if a word starts to be used in a certain context at a certain time, it is a likely candidate for semantic change. Of course, the method developed here and illustrated by a case study applies to a certain context: that of digitised, OCRed, historical archives in Dutch. Nevertheless, this doctoral work also describes the advantages and disadvantages of the algorithm and postulates, on the basis of this evaluation, that the method is applicable to other fields, under other conditions. By carrying out a critical evaluation of the tools available and used, this doctoral thesis invites the community to the reproducibility of the method, whilst pointing out obvious limitations of the approach and propositions on how to solve them. / Doctorat en Information et communication / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L'avènement des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) a ouvert des horizons nouveaux, mais pose également un certain nombre de défis aux sociétés humaines. Vaste plateforme de communication et d’expression, Internet a un impact sur les comportements sociaux des personnes et des communautés. Avec l’introduction du World Wide Web, de nouvelles formes de bénévolat/volontariat ont vu le jour. L'objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser ces nouvelles formes d’entraide regroupées sous le terme ‘cybervolontariat’. Le but est de construire un cade de référence grâce auquel le lecteur sera mieux en mesure de comprendre le rôle et l’influence de ce phénomène social tant sur la vie en ligne et hors ligne. Pour comprendre un phénomène nouveau, il faut observer, identifier, distinguer, définir, analyser et quantifier. Ce travail s’appuie sur un éventail d'exemples afin de distinguer le cybervolontariat d’autres formes de cyberactivité. / The advent of new information and communication technologies (ICT) has opened new horizons, but introduces also a certain number of challenges for human societies. A vast platform of communication and expression, the Internet has an impact on the social behavior of individuals and communities. With the introduction of the World Wide Web, new forms of volunteering have emerged.The objective of this research is to understand and present these new forms of mutual assistance which are brought together under the term ‘cybervolunteering’. This research is based on a range of examples in order to distinguish ‘cybervolunteering’ from other forms of cyber-activity. In order to understand a new phenomenon, it is necessary to observe, identify, distinguish, define, analyze and quantify. The purpose of this research is to build a framework through which the reader will be better able to understand the influence of this phenomenon on lives both online and offline.