Le syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette (SGT) est une condition neuropsychiatrique qui se caractérise par la présence de tics moteurs et vocaux. Au-delà des tics, le SGT s’accompagne souvent de troubles concomitants, tels que le trouble de déficit de l’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité et le trouble obsessionnel compulsif. Plusieurs études ont rapporté que les adultes atteints du SGT sont plus susceptibles de souffrir de dépression et de troubles anxieux comorbides que les personnes neurotypiques. Bien que les tics soient la caractéristique déterminante du SGT, les comorbidités engendrent de multiples conséquences psychologiques, sociales et comportementales, en plus d’avoir un impact considérable sur la qualité de vie des personnes qui en souffre. Jusqu'à présent, les études neuropsychologiques auprès de cette population ont révélé des résultats parfois conflictuels quant à leurs performances cognitives, notamment au niveau de l’inhibition, des processus moteurs et des capacités visuospatiales. Ces disparités peuvent être attribuées à divers facteurs, y compris la présence de comorbidités. L’objectif général de ce mémoire est d’apporter une meilleure compréhension du profil neuropsychologique des individus atteints du SGT, en tenant compte de la comorbidité anxiodépressive. Notre échantillon est composé de 128 participants divisés en trois groupes : un groupe SGT+ présentant une comorbidité anxieuse et/ou dépressive (n = 21), un groupe clinique SGT- sans comorbidité significative (n = 37) et un groupe contrôle neurotypique (n = 70). Ils ont été soumis à des mesures neuropsychologiques, dont le Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT), le Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) et la figure complexe de Rey-Osterrieth (ROCF). Concernant les capacités d’inhibition, aucune différence n'a été observée entre les groupes cliniques et les neurotypiques. Les patients SGT- et SGT+ ont tous deux montré une dextérité motrice supérieure. Toutefois, seuls les participants atteints de SGT+ ont présenté des déficits au niveau des fonctions visuoconstructives et de la mémoire non verbale. Les résultats suggèrent que les individus atteints du SGT avec une comorbidité anxiodépressive pourraient présenter des déficits supplémentaires dans certains domaines spécifiques. Néanmoins, des recherches supplémentaires axées sur ces conditions comorbides sont nécessaires pour tirer des conclusions robustes. / Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by the presence of motor and vocal tics. Beyond tics, TS is often accompanied by co-occurring disorders, such as attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Several studies have reported that adults with TS are more likely to suffer from depression and comorbid anxiety disorders than neurotypical people. Although tics are the defining characteristic of TS, comorbidities have multiple psychological, social, and behavioural consequences, and they considerably impact the quality of life of those who suffer from them. So far, neuropsychological studies in this population have revealed sometimes conflicting results regarding their cognitive performance, particularly in inhibition, motor processes and visuospatial abilities. These disparities can be attributed to a variety of factors, including the presence of comorbidities. The general objective of this thesis is to provide a better understanding of the neuropsychological profile of individuals with TS, considering anxiodepressive comorbidity. Our sample consisted of 128 participants divided into three groups: a TS+ group with an anxiety and/or depressive comorbidity (n = 21), a clinical group TS- without significant comorbidity (n = 37) and a neurotypical control group (n = 70). They were subjected to neuropsychological measures, including the Stroop Color- Word Test (SCWT), the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT), and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF). Regarding inhibition abilities, no differences were observed between clinical and neurotypical groups. Both TS- and TS+ patients showed superior motor dexterity. However, only participants with TS+ had deficits in visuoconstructive function and nonverbal memory. The results suggest that individuals with TS with an anxiodepressive comorbidity may have additional deficits in some specific areas. Nevertheless, further research focused on these comorbid conditions is needed to draw robust conclusions.

[ES] El objetivo de este estudio consiste en explorar como el intercambio y la colaboración de conocimientos en las redes sociales contribuyen a la generación de ideas innovadoras en el sector de servicios, concretamente en el sector turístico. En los últimos años concretamente esta industria ha sufrido cambios globales muy importantes. Antes del COVID-19, la prosperidad económica arraigada al sector turístico suponía un papel muy importante para muchos países, incluido España. Sin embargo, tras la crisis de 2020, esta industria ha tenido que superar grandes desafíos, uno de los factores clave que ha permitido dar solución a este contexto ha sido la innovación. Por ello, esta tesis tiene como principal objetivo conocer, examinar y determinar el papel que juegan las redes sociales a la hora de transmitir conocimientos y como estos evocan nuevas ideas innovadoras en servicios turísticos. Para ello, se ha realizado una exhaustiva lectura acerca de la literatura existente que ha permitido reflexionar y contrastar estudios estadísticos acerca de la innovación, los servicios y las redes sociales, incluidos también factores determinantes en el sector turístico. A partir de este análisis, se desarrollan hipótesis contrastadas que han dado como resultado una vinculación favorable entre las variables consideradas en este estudio. Los datos obtenidos para este estudio han sido extraídos tras investigaciones previas realizadas en hoteles de cuatro y cinco estrellas, final las redes sociales contribuyen a generar y compartir ideas innovadoras dentro del sector turístico. Aquellas organizaciones cuya cultura está vinculada con la innovación, sobresalen frente a los desafíos que trae consigo un mercado cambiante y destacan en términos financieros, además, se ha detectado una mayor satisfacción entre las partes interesadas. Esta profunda investigación servirá como guía y literatura académica para todas aquellas personas y organizaciones vinculadas o no con el sector turístico, que estén interesadas en comprender, conocer y descifrar el rol tan importante que hoy en día juegan las redes sociales como herramienta de intercambio de ideas. / [CA] L'objectiu d'este estudi consistix a explorar com l'intercanvi i la col·laboració de coneixements en les xarxes socials contribuïxen a la generació d'idees innovadores en el sector de servicis, concretament en el sector turístic. En els últims anys concretament esta indústria ha patit canvis globals molt importants. Abans del COVID-19, la prosperitat econòmica arrelada al sector turístic suposava un paper molt important per a molts països, inclòs Espanya. No obstant això, després de la crisi de 2020, esta indústria ha hagut de superar grans desafiaments, un dels factors clau que ha permés donar solució a este context ha sigut la innovació. Per això, esta tesi té com a principal objectiu conéixer, examinar i determinar el paper que juguen les xarxes socials a l'hora de transmetre coneixements i com estos evoquen noves idees innovadores en servicis turístics. Per a això, s'ha realitzat una exhaustiva lectura sobre la literatura existent que ha permés reflexionar i contrastar estudis estadístics sobre la innovació, els servicis i les xarxes socials, inclosos també factors determinants en el sector turístic. A partir d'esta anàlisi, es desenvolupen hipòtesis contrastades que han donat com a resultat una vinculació favorable entre les variables considerades en este estudi. Les dades obtingudes per a este estudi han sigut extrets després d'investigacions prèvies realitzades en hotels de quatre i cinc estreles, final les xarxes socials contribuïxen a generar i compartir idees innovadores dins del sector turístic. Aquelles organitzacions la cultura de les quals està vinculada amb la innovació, sobreïxen enfront dels desafiaments que porta amb si un mercat canviant i destaquen en termes financers, a més, s'ha detectat una major satisfacció entre les parts interessades. Esta profunda investigació servirà com a guia i literatura acadèmica per a totes aquelles persones i organitzacions vinculades o no amb el sector turístic, que estiguen interessades a comprendre, conéixer i desxifrar el rol tan important que hui dia juguen les xarxes socials com a ferramenta d'intercanvi d'idees. / [EN] The aim of this study is to explore how knowledge sharing and collaboration in social networks contribute to the generation of innovative ideas in the service sector, specifically in the tourism sector. In recent years this industry in particular has undergone major global changes. Before COVID-19, economic prosperity rooted in the tourism sector played a very important role for many countries, including Spain. However, after the crisis of 2020, this industry has had to overcome great challenges, one of the key factors that has allowed to solve this context has been innovation. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to know, examine and determine the role played by social networks when transmitting knowledge and how these evoke new innovative ideas in tourism services. To this end, an exhaustive reading of the existing literature has been carried out to reflect on and contrast statistical studies on innovation, services and social networks, also including determining factors in the tourism sector. Based on this analysis, contrasted hypotheses are developed that have resulted in a favourable link between the variables considered in this study. The data obtained for this study have been extracted from previous research conducted in four and five star hotels, where social networks contribute to the generation and sharing of innovative ideas within the tourism sector. Organisations whose culture is linked to innovation excel in the face of the challenges of a changing market and excel in financial terms, and higher stakeholder satisfaction has been found. This in-depth research will serve as a guide and academic literature for all those people and organisations linked or not to the tourism sector, who are interested in understanding, knowing and deciphering the important role that social networks play today as a tool for the exchange of ideas. / Moncho Arroyo, R. (2024). Estudio de la innovación en servicios mediante la transmisión de conocimiento de las redes sociales. Sector turístico [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/208355

L’amélioration de la prise en charge du cancer est un enjeu de santé publique important compte tenu des impacts de cette maladie pour la santé publique. Les technologies de l’information et de communication (TIC) sont perçues comme une solution pouvant contribuer à l’amélioration de cette prise en charge. Malgré cela, peu d’expériences évaluent leur utilisation dans un contexte de coordination des soins en cancérologie. Le but de ce mémoire est d’apprécier comment les TIC peuvent être utilisées pour améliorer la coordination des soins en cancérologie et de décrire quelles sont les stratégies pouvant permettre leur succès. Deux articles ont été rédigés avec chacun un objectif rattaché au but global du mémoire. L’objectif du premier article est de rassembler les connaissances existantes relatives aux usages des TIC pouvant être à même de fournir une amélioration de la coordination des soins en cancérologie. Il présente les résultats d’une revue de littérature ayant identifié six types d’usages des TIC pouvant être utilisés dans un parcours coordonné. Il propose six recommandations pouvant contribuer à la réussite de leur conception et de leur implantation. Les plus importantes sont la planification rigoureuse du design de l’intervention et l’amélioration des stratégies de gestion de projet. Le deuxième article a comme objectif de connaître la perception des professionnels de soins par rapport à l’utilisation des technologies mobiles. Il analyse les perceptions et les attentes de professionnels oeuvrant dans un centre de cancérologie spécialisé (France) à partir de 10 entretiens faits auprès d’individus rattachés à divers services. Leur analyse permet de constater l’attitude favorable à l’utilisation de TIC mobiles en cancérologie et le peu de craintes associées aux impacts néfastes qu’il pourrait avoir. Elle met en évidence l’importance des enjeux organisationnels nécessaire à la mise en place et au succès de cette intervention. Ces deux études permettent de constater les rapprochements et les écarts entre les usages et recommandations tirés de la littérature et les perceptions des répondants en cancérologie. Mots-clés : technologies de l’information, cancérologie, parcours coordonné, étude de cas, revue de littérature, coordination des soins, enjeux organisationnels, usages des TIC. / The impact of cancer care is a major public health issue, mainly because of both its major health and economic impacts. The use of information technologies (IT) is seen as a solution that can contribute to reduce the load associated with cancer. Despite this, there are only few experiments evaluating their use in the cancer care. The purpose of this memoir is to find ways how IT can be used to improve this situation and describe what strategies can help them succeed. To do so, this memoir presents two articles each pursuing a goal related to that global objective. The first article aims to gather existing knowledge on how the use of IT may provide better coordination of cancer care. It presents the results of a literature review that built a typology of six uses in which IT can be used to provide better care coordination. It also offers six recommendations to insure the success of their design and their implementation. The two most important ones are rigorous planning and strong intervention design. The second article reports and analyse the perception of health professionals in relation to the use of mobile technologies in a cancer care setting. It presents data gathered from 10 interviews conducted a the cancer center (France). Their analysis shows that most of them have a positive attitude towards the use of IT in cancer care. It also denotes some of the fears associated with the adverse impacts it may bring. The results highlights the importance of considering organizational issues for the implementation of sucessful interventions. These two studies show that there are many similarities and few differences between the usages and recommendations from the literature and the perceptions of the professionnals working in a specialized cancer care center. / Réalisé en cotutelle avec Claude Sicotte PhD Université de Montréal et le Pr. Étienne Minvielle École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique à Paris.

« Voix, vote et violence : Essais sur les dynamiques des régimes autoritaires électoraux » porte sur l'expression des voix généralement exclues sous des régimes autoritaires électoraux (« AE »), depuis les défis des processus institutionnalisés (en particulier les élections et la démocratie) jusqu’aux rationalisations des comportements extra-institutionnels (notamment la violence politique). Les essais sont présentés en deux parties. Les deux essais de la partie I ont trait aux cadres analytiques d’étude des comportements des partis au pouvoir et des oppositions dans les régimes semi-autoritaires. Les trois essais de la partie II examinent un sous-domaine spécifique de ces régimes : la participation politique des femmes. Chaque chapitre propose des découvertes comme résumé ci-dessous. Le chapitre 1 explore les défis méthodologiques dans l'étude des régimes semi-autoritaires (comme AE) en analysant de manière critique un cadre d’analyse important dans le domaine. Une réplication indépendante du modèle de classification de l'autoritarisme compétitif (« AC ») de Levistky et Way (2010) révèle des anomalies de codification dans la sélection des cas qui influent sur la théorie générale des régimes AC et qui ont des implications méthodologiques pour l'étude comparative des régimes hybrides en général. Le chapitre 2 examine le comportement des partis de l'opposition sous des régimes AE. Je fais l'hypothèse que les objectifs électoraux et les objectifs de régime des oppositions dans les EA (les « jeux parallèles ») s’alignent dans des conditions où il existe une certitude relative concernant les résultats, mais divergent lorsque l’incertitude des résultats de régime ou des élections est plus importante, ce qui entraine quatre types de comportement identifiables. Je teste mes hypothèses sur 55 élections dans 29 États d'Afrique sub-saharienne et je démontre que les quatre types de comportement dépendent du degré de répression de l'État et du niveau de capacité organisationnelle des oppositions. Le chapitre 3 révèle et définit la nature sexuée de la violence électorale (une caractéristique commune des régimes AE). Une base de données originale de plus de 2 000 incidents de violence électorale dans six pays, ainsi qu’un travail de terrain dans plus de cinquante pays révèlent l'existence d'importantes distinctions dans la manifestation de la violence électorale, ainsi que la présence d'un phénomène auparavant non reconnu, la violence électorale basée sur le genre (« VEBG »). Le chapitre présente les définitions, une taxonomie et la typologie des deux formes de violence. Le chapitre 4 se penche en profondeur sur le sujet, en examinant la relation complexe entre les technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) et la VEBG. Les notions de la violence électorale différenciée selon le genre ainsi que la VEBG sont étendues à la violence politique en général. Je démontre que les TIC facilitent les formes sexuées de la violence politique, mais qu’elles contribuent également à résister et atténuer ces violences, grâce à certaines qualités spécifiques aux TIC. Le dernier chapitre fournit la solution à une énigme de longue date dans l'exclusion politique dans les régimes AE (et autres) en démontrant la complémentarité des formes spécifiques de mesures temporaires spéciales (MTS) dans les systèmes électoraux fondés sur des circonscriptions uninominales (CU). Le chapitre présente une classification en cinq parties des options MTS dans les CU, y compris une interprétation originale des « seuils parallèles ». L'analyse des cinq types de MTS à travers des études de cas de pays illustre que les divergences dans l'adoption de quotas entre les systèmes électoraux sont le résultat d'un manque de connaissances plutôt que des traits intrinsèques des systèmes électoraux, comme supposé précédemment. / “Voices, Votes and Violence: Essays on Select Dynamics of Electoral Authoritarian Regimes” concerns the expression of commonly excluded voices under electoral authoritarian (EA) regimes, from the challenges of institutionalized processes (specifically, elections and voting) to rationalizations for extra-institutional behaviors (notably political violence). The essays are presented in two parts. The first two essays in Part I concern frameworks for studying incumbent and opposition behaviors in semi-authoritarian states. The three essays in Part II examine a specific sub-field of EA regime dynamics: political participation of women. Each chapter provides findings as summarized below. Chapter 1 explores methodological challenges in studying semi-authoritarian regimes (such as EA) by critically engaging with a leading framework of analysis in the field. An independent replication of Levistky and Way’s 2010 classification model of competitive authoritarianism (CA) reveals coding discrepancies in the authors’ case selection which impact the broader theory of CA regimes and have methodological implications for the comparative study of hybrid regimes in general. Chapter 2 examines opposition party behavior under EA regimes. I hypothesize that EA oppositions’ electoral and regime objectives (“dual games”) align under conditions where there is relative certainty of outcomes but diverge where either regime or electoral uncertainty is greater, resulting in four identifiable behavior types. Testing the theory on 55 elections in 29 sub-Saharan African states, I demonstrate that the four behavior types are functions of the degree of state repression and the level of organizational capacity of the opposition. Chapter 3 reveals and defines the gendered nature of electoral violence (a common feature of EA regimes). An original database of over 2000 incidents of election violence in six countries as well as fieldwork from over fifty countries reveal the existence of significant gender-differentiation in the manifestation of election violence as well as the presence of a previously unrecognized phenomenon, gender-based election violence (GBEV). The chapter introduces definitions, a taxonomy and typology of both forms of violence. Chapter 4 delves deeper into the topic by examining the complex relationship between information and communication technologies and gendered election violence. The notions of gender-differentiated and gender-motivated violence are extended to political violence in this chapter. Information and communication technologies are found to both facilitate gendered forms of political violence as well as empower resistance and violence mitigation. The final chapter provides the solution to a longstanding puzzle of political exclusion in EA (and other) regimes by demonstrating the complementarity of specific forms of temporary special measures (TSMs) in electoral systems based on single-member districts (SMDs). The chapter presents a five-part classification of TSM options in SMDs, including an original interpretation of “Alternate Thresholds”. Analyzing the five TSM types through country case studies, Chapter 5 illustrated that discrepancies in the adoption of quotas between electoral systems are the result a knowledge gap rather than intrinsic traits of electoral systems, as previously assumed.

Loin d’être des produits immatériels, les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) ont un réel impact environnemental tout au long de leur cycle de vie. L’Éco-TIC est le point de rencontre entre le développement durable et les TIC. Le droit de l'Éco-TIC est l’ensemble des règles de droit régissant les rapports entre les technologies de l’information et le domaine environnemental. Ce mémoire a pour objectif d’examiner les normes juridiques, notamment en Europe et en Amérique du Nord, qui permettent de limiter l’impact environnemental des technologies de l’information lors des trois phases du cycle de vie des TIC. Tout d’abord, nous nous penchons sur l’étape de la conception des TIC. À cette étape, les réglementations en matière d’écoconception, l’utilisation des terres rares et l’interdiction de l’obsolescence programmée sont particulièrement pertinentes. Ensuite, nous examinons comment les entreprises tentent de réduire la consommation énergétique des TIC lors de la phase d’utilisation, notamment par le biais de la responsabilité sociétale de l’entreprise (RSE). Nous verrons également que les centres de données se multiplient afin de répondre à une demande toujours plus forte. Enfin, nous traitons de la fin de vie des TIC, phase pour laquelle l’Union européenne a créé des directives en matière de réutilisation, réduction et recyclage qui influent sur le plan international. / Information and communication technologies (ICT) are far from being intangible goods and do have an environmental impact during their entire life cycle. Green IT stands at the crossroads of sustainable development and ICT. Green IT law consists of a set of rules governing the relations between information technologies and environment. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the European and North American legal standards regulating the environment impacts of ICT throughout the three phases of their life cycle. In the first part, the design phase of ICT is examined. At this stage, existing regulations on eco-design, the use of rare earth elements, and the interdiction of planned obsolescence are of particular relevance. The thesis then studies how companies are trying to reduce the use-phase energy consumption of ICT, notably through the Corporate Social Responsability. The issue of the multiplication of data centres, due to an ever-growing demand, is also discussed. In the end, the thesis considers the end-of-life phase of ICT and the directives created by the European Union that affect recycling and waste reduction management at an international level.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Réalisé en cotutelle avec Claude Sicotte PhD Université de Montréal et le Pr. Étienne Minvielle École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique à Paris. / L’amélioration de la prise en charge du cancer est un enjeu de santé publique important compte tenu des impacts de cette maladie pour la santé publique. Les technologies de l’information et de communication (TIC) sont perçues comme une solution pouvant contribuer à l’amélioration de cette prise en charge. Malgré cela, peu d’expériences évaluent leur utilisation dans un contexte de coordination des soins en cancérologie. Le but de ce mémoire est d’apprécier comment les TIC peuvent être utilisées pour améliorer la coordination des soins en cancérologie et de décrire quelles sont les stratégies pouvant permettre leur succès. Deux articles ont été rédigés avec chacun un objectif rattaché au but global du mémoire. L’objectif du premier article est de rassembler les connaissances existantes relatives aux usages des TIC pouvant être à même de fournir une amélioration de la coordination des soins en cancérologie. Il présente les résultats d’une revue de littérature ayant identifié six types d’usages des TIC pouvant être utilisés dans un parcours coordonné. Il propose six recommandations pouvant contribuer à la réussite de leur conception et de leur implantation. Les plus importantes sont la planification rigoureuse du design de l’intervention et l’amélioration des stratégies de gestion de projet. Le deuxième article a comme objectif de connaître la perception des professionnels de soins par rapport à l’utilisation des technologies mobiles. Il analyse les perceptions et les attentes de professionnels oeuvrant dans un centre de cancérologie spécialisé (France) à partir de 10 entretiens faits auprès d’individus rattachés à divers services. Leur analyse permet de constater l’attitude favorable à l’utilisation de TIC mobiles en cancérologie et le peu de craintes associées aux impacts néfastes qu’il pourrait avoir. Elle met en évidence l’importance des enjeux organisationnels nécessaire à la mise en place et au succès de cette intervention. Ces deux études permettent de constater les rapprochements et les écarts entre les usages et recommandations tirés de la littérature et les perceptions des répondants en cancérologie. Mots-clés : technologies de l’information, cancérologie, parcours coordonné, étude de cas, revue de littérature, coordination des soins, enjeux organisationnels, usages des TIC. / The impact of cancer care is a major public health issue, mainly because of both its major health and economic impacts. The use of information technologies (IT) is seen as a solution that can contribute to reduce the load associated with cancer. Despite this, there are only few experiments evaluating their use in the cancer care. The purpose of this memoir is to find ways how IT can be used to improve this situation and describe what strategies can help them succeed. To do so, this memoir presents two articles each pursuing a goal related to that global objective. The first article aims to gather existing knowledge on how the use of IT may provide better coordination of cancer care. It presents the results of a literature review that built a typology of six uses in which IT can be used to provide better care coordination. It also offers six recommendations to insure the success of their design and their implementation. The two most important ones are rigorous planning and strong intervention design. The second article reports and analyse the perception of health professionals in relation to the use of mobile technologies in a cancer care setting. It presents data gathered from 10 interviews conducted a the cancer center (France). Their analysis shows that most of them have a positive attitude towards the use of IT in cancer care. It also denotes some of the fears associated with the adverse impacts it may bring. The results highlights the importance of considering organizational issues for the implementation of sucessful interventions. These two studies show that there are many similarities and few differences between the usages and recommendations from the literature and the perceptions of the professionnals working in a specialized cancer care center.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:32:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sueli Mainine.pdf: 2970037 bytes, checksum: 1e1118040a204eb6a31cd36ed407b53d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-10 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The PHENOMENOLOGICAL READING OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN A PUBLIC SCHOOL IN THE STATE OF SP, the purpose of the present study, concerns the relationship between man and the world, especially the student and the computer learning, The strategy is to capture that essence in a phenomenological way regarding the effect caused by the introduction of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) as educational tools. The investigation was based on the premise that school universe is better understood when the student experiences the Information and Communication Technologies as educational instruments. It is said that Information and communication Technologies favor inclusion, integration and the construction of a more ethical world. Such premise motivated the study of epistemological fundaments that help us understand how students and teachers deal with computers as aid tools in the teaching-learning process, as well as the effects and impressions that come out of that experience. With that in mind, we analyzed the social, economic and cultural context of the present research participants and we focused them in the theory of knowledge under the phenomenological view. The research is based on the work of HUSSERL, E.(1982)1, MERLEAU-PONTY, M.(1973; 1999)2 and other authors who study phenomenological approaches. By investigating what is perceived and expressed, by working with what makes sense to the individuals and by highlighting the students thoughts of themselves and school after the introduction of the computer in the school routine, we have learned some aspects of that phenomenon and have searched for the ideas expressed on the descriptions and speeches of students and teachers. The data analysis has helped articulate the students and the teachers views. By considering the meaningful relations, we have understood the sense and the meaning of events through the phenomenological description. It is concluded that "Projeto Letramento Números em Ação" offers some positive aspects of FREIRE,P. (1997)3 line as it takes into consideration the premises of dialogic treatment to advance on the student s understanding and it proposes digital inclusion, however due to the little continuous attention, it has not brought more meaningful evolvements to the learning process / A LEITURA FENOMENOLÓGICA DAS TECNOLOGIIAS DE INFORMAÇÃO E COMUNICAÇÃO EM UMA ESCOLA PÚBLIICA ESTADUAL PAULISTA , objeto desta pesquisa, trata da relação do homem com o mundo, em especial do aluno aprendendo com o uso do computador. Tem como significado estratégico captar a essência deste fato, via descrição fenomenológica, a partir do efeito causado pela entrada da TIC - Tecnologias da Comunicação e Informação, como ferramenta educacional. A investigação norteou-se pelo pressuposto de que o mundo escolar é bem melhor compreendido a partir da ação do aluno que vive a experiência com as TIC como instrumentos educacionais. Defende-se que as TIC propiciam a inclusão, a integração e a construção de um mundo mais ético. Tal pressuposto motivou o estudo de fundamentos epistemológicos que contribuem para compreender como alunos e professores vivenciam e utilizam o computador como instrumento auxiliar no processo ensino-aprendizagem assim como os efeitos e as impressões produzidas nesses sujeitos advindas dessa experiência. Para tal, examinamos o contexto sócio-econômico e cultural no qual estão inseridos os sujeitos pesquisados, focalizando-os a partir da teoria do conhecimento sob os pontos de vista da fenomenologia. O trabalho de pesquisa alicerça-se na obra de HUSSERL, E.(1982)1, MERLEAU-PONTY, M.(1973; 1999)2 e outros autores que abordam a questão da Fenomenologia. Investigando o percebido e o manifestado, trabalhando com aquilo que faz sentido para os sujeitos, evidenciando a visão que os alunos têm de si e da escola a partir da inserção do computador no cotidiano escolar; apreendemos aspectos do fenômeno e buscamos a essência manifestada nas descrições ou discursos dos alunos e professores. Pela análise dos dados articulamos a visão dos alunos com a dos professores. Recorrendo à totalidade de relações significativas interpretamos os sentidos e significações dos acontecimentos, por meio de uma descrição fenomenológica do que foi visto. Conclui-se que o Projeto Letramento utilizando as TIC, proporciona alguns aspectos positivos da linha de FREIRE,P. (1997)3 quando leva em conta as premissas do tratamento dialógico para avançar no entendimento do aluno e propõe a inclusão digital, mas pela pouca atenção continuada, não trouxe avanços mais significativos para a aprendizagem

Responsive analytics are rapidly taking over the traditional data analytics dominated by the post-fact approaches in traditional data warehousing. Recent advancements in analytics demand placing analytical engines at the forefront of the system to react to updates occurring at high speed and detect patterns, trends, and anomalies. These kinds of solutions find applications in Financial Systems, Industrial Control Systems, Business Intelligence and on-line Machine Learning among others. These applications are usually associated with Big Data and require the ability to react to constantly changing data in order to obtain timely insights and take proactive measures. Generally, these systems specify the analytical results or their basic elements in a query language, where the main task then is to maintain query results under frequent updates efficiently. The task of reacting to updates and analyzing changing data has been addressed in two ways in the literature: traditional business intelligence (BI) solutions focus on historical data analysis where the data is refreshed periodically and in batches, and stream processing solutions process streams of data from transient sources as flows of data items. Both kinds of systems share the niche of reacting to updates (known as dynamic evaluation), however, they differ in architecture, query languages, and processing mechanisms. In this thesis, we investigate the possibility of a reactive and unified framework to model queries that appear in both kinds of systems.In traditional BI solutions, evaluating queries under updates has been studied under the umbrella of incremental evaluation of queries that are based on the relational incremental view maintenance model and mostly focus on queries that feature equi-joins. Streaming systems, in contrast, generally follow automaton based models to evaluate queries under updates, and they generally process queries that mostly feature comparisons of temporal attributes (e.g. timestamp attributes) along with comparisons of non-temporal attributes over streams of bounded sizes. Temporal comparisons constitute inequality constraints while non-temporal comparisons can either be equality or inequality constraints. Hence these systems mostly process inequality joins. As a starting point for our research, we postulate the thesis that queries in streaming systems can also be evaluated efficiently based on the paradigm of incremental evaluation just like in BI systems in a main-memory model. The efficiency of such a model is measured in terms of runtime memory footprint and the update processing cost. To this end, the existing approaches of dynamic evaluation in both kinds of systems present a trade-off between memory footprint and the update processing cost. More specifically, systems that avoid materialization of query (sub)results incur high update latency and systems that materialize (sub)results incur high memory footprint. We are interested in investigating the possibility to build a model that can address this trade-off. In particular, we overcome this trade-off by investigating the possibility of practical dynamic evaluation algorithm for queries that appear in both kinds of systems and present a main-memory data representation that allows to enumerate query (sub)results without materialization and can be maintained efficiently under updates. We call this representation the Dynamic Constant Delay Linear Representation (DCLRs).We devise DCLRs with the following properties: 1) they allow, without materialization, enumeration of query results with bounded-delay (and with constant delay for a sub-class of queries), 2) they allow tuple lookup in query results with logarithmic delay (and with constant delay for conjunctive queries with equi-joins only), 3) they take space linear in the size of the database, 4) they can be maintained efficiently under updates. We first study the DCLRs with the above-described properties for the class of acyclic conjunctive queries featuring equi-joins with projections and present the dynamic evaluation algorithm called the Dynamic Yannakakis (DYN) algorithm. Then, we present the generalization of the DYN algorithm to the class of acyclic queries featuring multi-way Theta-joins with projections and call it Generalized DYN (GDYN). We devise DCLRs with the above properties for acyclic conjunctive queries, and the working of DYN and GDYN over DCLRs are based on a particular variant of join trees, called the Generalized Join Trees (GJTs) that guarantee the above-described properties of DCLRs. We define GJTs and present algorithms to test a conjunctive query featuring Theta-joins for acyclicity and to generate GJTs for such queries. We extend the classical GYO algorithm from testing a conjunctive query with equalities for acyclicity to testing a conjunctive query featuring multi-way Theta-joins with projections for acyclicity. We further extend the GYO algorithm to generate GJTs for queries that are acyclic.GDYN is hence a unified framework based on DCLRs that enables processing of queries that appear in streaming systems as well as in BI systems in a unified main-memory model and addresses the space-time trade-off. We instantiate GDYN to the particular case where all Theta-joins involve only equalities and inequalities and call this instantiation IEDYN. We implement DYN and IEDYN as query compilers that generate executable programs in the Scala programming language and provide all the necessary data structures and their maintenance and enumeration methods in a continuous stream processing model. We evaluate DYN and IEDYN against state-of-the-art BI and streaming systems on both industrial and synthetically generated benchmarks. We show that DYN and IEDYN outperform the existing systems by over an order of magnitude efficiency in both memory footprint and update processing time. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux rôles des TIC dans la constitution de la diaspora ouïghoure. L’approche sociologique choisie a permis d’aborder cette question sous l’angle politique et communicationnelle mais aussi historique et géographique et de prendre en compte tant les aspects idéologiques, sociaux qu’institutionnels et organisationnels. Les communautés ouïghoures à l’étranger commencent à être visibles et créent des organisations officielles représentant leur cause. La première partie met en évidence un réseau complexe constitué des communautés ouïghoures institutionalisées qui sont en interaction entre elles et avec le pays d’origine à travers les TIC, le Congrès Mondial Ouïghour rassemblant la majorité de ces associations. La deuxième partie montre à travers les analyses quantitatives et qualitatives de la cartographie du web ouïghour 2010 et 2016, l’apport et des limites des TIC dans le processus de construction de la diaspora. Cette analyse croisée a permis dans la troisième partie de comprendre et d’interpréter les formes d’identités qui se construisent : identité ethno-nationale ou ethno-culturelle ou ethno- religieuse, et les compromis sociaux qui tentent de se déterminer par des processus de négociation dans l’espace virtuel et au sein des institutions. Ce travail de recherche dévoile les différentes finalités recherchées par les acteurs tant officiels que lambda et de voir dans quelle mesure de nouvelles formes de régulations sont susceptibles d’aboutir à un nouveau compromis entre les acteurs. Mais pour l’instant, il n’existe ni de stratégie commune, en particulier vis-à-vis des politiques à tenir face à la Chine, ni une identité commune, mais des identités de la migration ouïghoure. / This thesis focuses on the constitutive role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the Uyghur diaspora. The sociological approach adopted in this thesis not only examines the aspects of politics and communication of this issue, but also allows a historical and geographical study which also takes into account the ideological, social, institutional and organizational points of view, as Uyghur communities abroad start to be visible and create formal organizations representing their cause. The first section of the thesis highlights, through ICT, a complex network of institutionalized Uyghur communities that interact with each other and their countries of origin, and demonstrates that the World Uyghur Congress is the most dominant of these associations. The second section shows, through quantitative and qualitative analysis of the mapping of the Uyghur web in 2010 and in 2016, the contributions and limitations of ICT in the diaspora construction process. This cross analysis sheds light in the third section on the forms of identities that are constructed, such as ethno-national, ethno-cultural or ethno-religious identity, and the social compromises tentatively formed through the negotiation process in virtual space and in the institutions. This study reveals the different purposes sought by both official and lambda actors and examines how new forms of regulation are likely to reach a new compromise between the actors. Presently, however, there is neither a common strategy, particularly vis-a-vis the political dealings with China, nor a common identity, but different identities of the Uyghur migration.