La place et le rôle de la femme dans les sociétés caribéennes ont fait l’objet de nombreuses études notamment avec la notion de « poto-mitan ». Cependant, compte tenu de la présence des peuples amérindiens au sein des territoires caribéens, une étude de la condition féminine chez les kalinago et les garifuna était à envisager. Il s’agit de se focaliser sur la femme amérindienne par le biais d’une étude socio-culturelle contemporaine. Des concepts tels que l’hybridité, l’identité, le pouvoir, ou encore la créolisation sont des éléments essentiels au développement de l’argumentaire scientifique. Des auteurs relevant de la théorie postcoloniale, du féminisme mais également de la psychanalyse sociale tels que Bhabha, Glissant, Foucault, ou Barriteau seront pris en compte tout au long de la thèse. Ainsi, en adoptant le postulat selon lequel la mondialisation et la régionalisation de l’espace caribéen ont eu une influence sur les figures féminines kalinago et garifuna, il convient de vérifier par le biais d’une méthode de recherche sociologique comparative à la fois dans le temps et dans l’espace, quelles ont été les modalités de mise en œuvre de la définition d’une subversion de la femme amérindienne caribéenne face à son endogroupe. L’objectif général de la thèse est de montrer que le processus de transculturation qu’est l’amérindianité caribéenne, amorce une démarche émancipatrice de la condition des femmes kalinago et garifuna, à travers les concepts de citoyenneté culturelle et d’empowerment. / The place and role of women in Caribbean societies have been the subject of numerous studies, in particular with the notion of "potomitan". However, in view of the presence of Amerindian peoples within the Caribbean territories, a study of the status of women in Kalinago and Garifuna was to be considered. It is a matter of focusing on Native American women through a contemporary socio-cultural study. Concepts such as hybridity, identity, power, or creolization are essential elements in the development of scientific arguments. Authors of postcolonial theory, feminism but also social psychoanalysis such as Bhabha, Glissant, Foucault, or Barriteau will be taken into account throughout the thesis. Thus, by adopting the premise that globalization and the regionalization of the Caribbean space have had an influence on the female figures of kalinago and garifuna, it is necessary to verify by means of a comparative sociological method of research both in the time and space, what were the modalities of implementation of the definition of a subversion of the Amerindian woman Caribbean in her social group.The general objective of the thesis is to show that the process of transculturation, Caribbean Amerindianity, initiates an emancipatory approach to the condition of Kalinago and Garifuna women, through the concepts of cultural citizenship and empowerment.

[pt] Este trabalho objetivou investigar como se caracteriza a identidade e a nação para escritores pós-coloniais em situação de deslocamento prolongado, através de suas obras, e como essas questões são geradas por meio dos encontros culturais que ocorrem em dois âmbitos: o real e o transcendente. Para a sua realização, procedeu-se à seleção de material teórico sobre os tópicos acima citados. Além do referido material bibliográfico, esta pesquisa também contou com um corpus de uma obra intitulada A doçura do mundo, de Thrity Umrigar, e outra de nome De olho nas penas, de Ana Maria Machado. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho estruturou-se da seguinte forma: na introdução, delimita-se o tema e explica-se a motivação para este estudo; o capítulo 2 faz um breve percurso histórico que conecta a América Latina à Índia por meio do imaginário dos descobrimentos e outras condições subalternas em relação ao centro europeu; o capítulo 3 traz algumas teorias relacionadas às problemáticas da identidade e nação desde o período colonial até o período pós-colonial, contemplando seu fenômeno característico - o deslocamento prolongado; o capítulo 4 proporciona algumas teorias relacionadas ao estudo de mística e cultura, abordando as questões pós-coloniais estudadas no capítulo anterior, porém, em um nível transcendente; o quinto capítulo refere-se à análise da obra A doçura do mundo; no capítulo 6, consta a análise da obra De olho nas penas; e, finalmente, no capítulo 7, tem-se as conclusões obtidas com a realização deste estudo. / [en] This paper aims investigating the concept of nation and identity which are characterized to the postcolonial writers in lingering displacement condition, through their work, and how these questions are generated by cultural encounters which happen in two levels - the real ambit and the transcendent one. To make it, there was the selection of the theoretical material. Beyond the mentioned bibliographic material, this research has also a corpus of two works called If today be sweet, by Thrity Umrigar, and another called De olho nas penas, by Ana Maria Machado. In this sense, the current work has been structured as following: in the introduction, the theme is delimited and the motivation to this study is explained; in chapter two a brief historical route connecting Latin American to India is built through the imaginary of the discoveries and other subaltern conditions in regard to the European center; in chapter three some theories regarded to the identity and the nation problematic is shown, since the colonial period until the postcolonial period, contemplates its characteristic phenomenon – the lingering displacement from the original land; in chapter four some theories regarded to the mystic studies and culture are provided, showing the postcolonial questions studied in the previous chapter, however, in a transcendent level; the fifth chapter refers to the analysis of the work If today be sweet; chapter six, consists of the analysis of the work De olho nas penas; and, finally, the chapter seven presents the conclusions achieved with this study. / [es] Este trabajo buscó investigar como se caracteriza la identidad y la nación para los escritores postcoloniales en situación de traslado prolongado, a través de sus obras, y como esas cuestiones son obtenidas por medio de los encuentros culturales que ocurren en dos ámbitos: lo real y lo trascendente. Para su conclusión, hubo la selección del material teórico sobre los tópicos anteriormente citados. Además de lo referido material bibliográfico, esta investigación también presenta un corpus de una obra titulada A doçura do mundo, de Thrity Umrigar, y otra de nombre De olho nas penas, de Ana Maria Machado. En ese sentido, el presente trabajo fue estructurado de la siguiente forma: en la introducción, se delimita el tema y se explica la motivación para este estudio; el capítulo 2 hace un breve recorrido histórico que conecta Latinoamérica con India por medio del imaginario de los descubrimientos y otras condiciones subalternas en relación al centro europeo; el capítulo 3 proporciona algunas teorías relacionadas a las problemáticas de la identidad y la nación desde el período colonial hasta el período postcolonial, contemplando su fenómeno característico - el traslado prolongado; el capítulo 4 presenta algunas teorías relacionadas al estudio de la mística y la cultura, abordando las cuestiones postcoloniales estudiadas en el capítulo anterior, pero, en un nivel trascendente; el quinto capítulo se refiere al análisis de la obra A doçura do mundo; en el capítulo 6, consta el análisis de la obra De olho nas penas; y, por fin, en el capítulo 7, hay las conclusiones obtenidas con la realización de este estudio.

O romance Les soleils des Indépendances, de Ahmadou Kourouma suscitou inúmeros estudos críticos desde sua publicação, em 1968, pelas Presses Universitaires du Canada. A despeito da orientação temática ou ideológica dos autores, o romance negro-africano reflete, freqüentemente, os conflitos gerados pela imposição da cultura européia. Os estudos relativos à primeira incursão de Kourouma na literatura apontam, em geral, a introdução de estruturas lógico-cognitivas do pensamento malinké na língua francesa como a efetiva inovação do autor, marcando assim, uma nova orientação na literatura africana. Propondo uma outra via de interpretação à tendência crítica de reforçar os conflitos entre as culturas africana e ocidental, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar as estruturas de ruptura estética e temática do romance a fim de mostrar como a passagem da tradição à modernidade leva o indivíduo a reorganização de sua identidade. As análises mostraram que, em contraposição à recusa de Fama, personagem principal, em negociar suas pertenças culturais, sua primeira esposa, Salimata, torna-se um exemplo da transculturação, integrando em sua vida quotidiana elementos da modernidade sem, contudo, renunciar ao ideal feminino tradicional. Além dessa composição binária, Papillon, em sua rápida e leve participação na trama, encarna, de maneira subliminar, um traço atribuído por Zygmunt Bauman à modernidade tardia, ou seja, a fluidez dos laços sociais e afetivos dos contatos breves. / The novel Les soleils des Indépendances, written by Ahmadou Kourouma engendered a number of criticism studies since its publication in 1968 by the Presses Universitaires du Canada. In spite of the authors\'s thematic or ideological orientation, the black African novel frequently reveals the conflicts generated by the imposed European culture. Most of the studies concerning the first published work of Kourouma underline the introduction of logicalcognitive structures of the Malinké thinking within the French language, representing an effective innovation from this author that marked a new orientation of the African literature. Proposing a new analysis for \"Les soleils des Indépendances\" to the criticism tendency that reinforce the conflicts between the African and Occidental cultures, the present research, evaluated the disrupture of aesthetic and thematic structures, showing how the route from tradition to modernity, takes the individual to re-organize its identity. This work also showed that, in contrast with the refusal of Fama, main character of the novel, to trade his cultural identification, his first wife, Salimata, becomes an example of transculturation, by integrating elements of modernity in her life, without renouncing, however, to the traditional feminine ideals. Besides this binary composition, Papillon, in his fast and shallow participation at the novel, incarnates, in a subliminal manner, an aspect attributed by Zygmunt Bauman to the post-modernity, i.e., the fluidity of the social and affective bonds, characteristics from the ephemeral relationships.

Esta tese para o doutoramento em Letras, na área dos Estudos Comparados de Literaturas de Língua Portuguesa, investiga as questões relacionadas aos aspectos culturais, literários, transculturais e identitários presentes nas obras ficcionais: Nosso musseque (2003), do angolano José Luandino Vieira e Viva o povo brasileiro (1984), do brasileiro João Ubaldo Ribeiro, a partir da perspectiva do estudo comparativo da solidariedade das literaturas dos países de Língua Portuguesa. Analisa os principais processos determinantes da afirmação, (trans)formação e reconstrução da identidade nacional como: mestiçagem, hibridismo cultural e transculturação, como também identifica e compara a natureza do engajamento literário desses escritores. O presente estudo também busca evidenciar, nessas literaturas de Língua Portuguesa, as marcas identitárias construídas como autoafirmação das especificidades político-econômicas surgidas no século XX. Elas são a expressão poética de seus autores, pois pela importância que têm, representam um tempo, um espaço, um povo e também as culturas nelas reproduzidas. Tal investigação permite mostrar que as obras em estudo desempenham um papel relevante na representação da realidade sócio-histórica, em permanente projeção e (trans)formação de Angola e do Brasil. / This thesis in the area of comparative studies in Portuguese Language for a doctorate in arts faculty is based on researching issues related to cultural, literary, transcultural and identity aspects which are present in fictional works: Nosso musseque (2003), of the Angolan José Luandino Vieira and Viva o povo brasileiro (1984), of the Brazilian João Ubaldo Ribeiro, from the perspective of comparative study of the solidarity of the literatures of Portuguese-speaking countries, analyzing major processes that determine claim, (trans)formation and reconstruction of the national identity, such as: miscegenation, cultural, hybridity and transculturation, and also identify and compare the nature these writers literary engagement. This study also seeks to show in these literatures of Portuguese language brands identity constructed as self-affirmation of the political and economics specificities that arise in the twentieth century. They are poetic expression of their authors, as they have the importance that they represent not only a time, a space, a people, but also the culture reproduced in these respective literatures. Such research shows that the works play a important role in representing the socio-historical reality of Angola and Brazil in permanent projection and (trans)formation.

Neste trabalho, proponho-me examinar a obra de Jõao Guimarães Rosa (principalmente Grande Sertão: Veredas e alguns contos) em relação com as obras mais reconhecidas de outros escritores junto com os quais conformaria o grupo que José María Arguedas denomina escritores provincianos: Juan Rulfo, o próprio Arguedas e, embora menos próximo a eles, García Márquez. Além destes autores, examino sua relação com Augusto Roa Bastos, autor que a crítica posterior a Arguedas inclui entre os provincianos. Analisa-se por que estes escritores se apresentam como humildes camponeses, vaqueiros ou índios que não gostam dos intelectuais e escrevem obras que parecem narradas por um membro das culturas fundamentalmente orais de suas regiões de origem. Aponta-se que o objetivo dos provincianos é fazer surgir a província no literário em uma escrita que tem como destino a cidade, em resposta aos processos de modernização que parecem condená-la a desaparecer. Avalia-se o que fica dessa resposta, sugerindo-se que pode ser uma ruína. Na análise sobre a proposta narrativa dos provincianos são consideradas diferentes interpretações dedicadas a esse tema, desde os estudos clássicos de Ángel Rama e Antonio Candido até alguns textos que questionaram esses estudos, como os de Alberto Moreiras e Idelber Avelar. / In this dissertation, I examine the relationship between the work of Jõao Guimarães Rosa (especially Grande Sertão: Veredas and some of his short stories) and that of other writers called \"provincianos\" by José María Arguedas: Arguedas himself, Rulfo, and, to a lesser extent, García Márquez. In addition to these authors, I examine Guimarães Rosa in relation to Augusto Roa Bastos, an author who would later be included in the group of \"provincianos\" by some critics following Arguedas. The dissertation analyzes why these writers describe themselves as humble cowboys, peasants, or natives who dislike intellectuals and who write works that appear to be narrated from a \"provincial\" point of view. The aim of the \"provincianos\" is to make the hinterlands appear in the literary, in writing addressed to the city, in reaction to the modernization process that seems to condemn the cultures of those regions to disappear. Furthermore, the dissertation evaluates what remains of that response, indicating that it may be a ruin. In the analysis of the work of the \"provincianos\", different interpretations of the subject are considered. From the classic studies of Ángel Rama and Antonio Candido to the texts of critics who have questioned those studies, such as Alberto Moreiras and Idelber Avelar.

This thesis examines Norma Cantú's Canícula and Jhumpa Lahiri's The Namesake from the framework of transnationalism characterized by migration, transculturation, and hybridity. With the application of postcolonial theories, related to identity and space, it identifies the space between different cultural and national borders, as liminal space in which the immigrant characters diverge and intersect, ultimately constituting a form of hybrid and transnational identities. While most immigrant writers still explore the themes of complexities of lifestyles, cultural dislocation, and the conflicts of assimilation, and portray their characters as torn between respecting their family traditions and an Americanized way of life, my reading of these two immigrant writers goes beyond this conventional wisdom about the alienated postcolonial subject. Through a comparative analysis of the major themes in Canícula and The Namesake that center on issues of cultural and national border crossing, this thesis contends that Cantú and Lahiri attempt to construct transnational identities for immigrants, while locating and stabilizing them in the United States. Given the nature of the mobility of people and their cultures across nations, both writers deterritorialize the definite national and cultural identities suggesting that individuals cannot confine themselves within the narrow concept of national and cultural boundaries in this globalized world. A comparison between the transnational identity of the 1950s in Canícula and that of the 1970s through the twenty-first century in The Namesake demonstrates that identities are becoming more transnational and global due to the development of technologies, transportation, and global connections between people. In this regard, this thesis attempts to offer a re-vision of the contemporary United States not as a static and insular territory but a participant in transnational relations.

Notre thèse est structurée en trois parties : Le concept d'identité et l'identité narrative, Le contact des cultures et l'identité culturelle, Devenir écrivain français et nous nous sommes proposée d'y répondre à la problématique énoncée dès le titre, à savoir comment un écrivain qui n'est pas né en France peut arriver au statut d'écrivain français. Nous avons examiné le problème de l'identité, ses différentes composantes (personnelle / sociale / culturelle), analysé comment ce concept est illustré dans l'œuvre des quatre auteurs qui nous intéressent aussi bien au niveau thématique que de point de vue narratologique. Nous avons essayé de présenter la problématique assez complexe du contact culturel, quelles en sont les étapes (déculturation, acculturation, ré-cultururation, transculturation), les conséquences, comment ces quatre écrivains ont vécu ce contact culturel et comment ils en témoignent dans leurs romans ou textes autobiographiques. La troisième partie illustre la problématique de l'identité littéraire d'un autre point de vue. Il est certain que les auteurs que nous étudions ont perdu une patrie (ils ne sont pas retournés vivre dans leur pays natal - sauf Alexakis, qui a opté pour un va et vient permanent entre les deux contrées - même si les facteurs qui les ont déterminés à le quitter ont disparu) mais ils ont acquis une nouvelle langue (une langue de lumière et de bonheur qui leur a également ouvert la grande porte d'entrée de la Littérature Française) et une nouvelle nationalité. C'est le cas d'Andreï Makine et de Milan Kundera. Amin Maalouf a opté pour la double nationalité, franco-libanaise, alors que Vassilis Alexakis a refusé d'acquérir la nationalité française. Les quatre auteurs ont atteint le niveau de transculturation, dans le sens défini par Todorov, c'est à dire celui d'acquisition d'un nouveau code culturel sans que l'antérieur soit complètement effacé, et nous le remarquons bien dans leurs écrits. Le changement de langue a déterminé des variations esthétiques et génériques (Kundera, Maalouf), formelles (Kundera : les différences entre le cycle tchèque et le cycle français, Makine : les différences entre les premiers écrits et les derniers) et le problème de l'autotraduction dans le cas d'Alexakis mais de Kundera aussi. Nous nous sommes également intéressée à leur activité professionnelle en France (professeur, journaliste, etc.), aux distinctions et aux prix littéraires reçus et le rôle de ceux-ci dans leur naturalisation. Ils sont tous quatre lauréats de prix les plus prestigieux (Goncourt, Médicis, Prix de l'Académie Française, pour n'en citer que quelques uns), ce qui a déterminé des changements importants dans leur vie et dans la réception de leur œuvre.

Résumé : Desiderio Navarro (1948 -), traducteur, penseur, théoricien, éditeur et activiste culturel demeure peu connu au Canada et en Amérique du Nord en général ainsi qu’en Europe où son œuvre a pourtant été reconnue en 2009 par l’octroi du prix Prince Claus des Pays-Bas. Il a considérablement influencé la pensée culturelle cubaine et latino-américaine des quarante dernières années, en particulier grâce à la revue Criterios, fondée par lui en 1972, et qui, depuis, n’a cessé d’offrir au public hispanophone les principaux écrits des théoriciens russes de la littérature, de l’esthétique, de l’art et de la culture (Bakhtine et Lotman, entre autres). L'activité de traduction de théories n’a cependant pas été un objectif en soi pour Desiderio Navarro. Cette thèse montre en effet que la trajectoire de cet intellectuel engagé représente, d’un côté, une lutte permanente contre des doxas autant nationales qu'internationales, et, de l’autre, un effort constant pour diffuser les nouvelles théories et les idées, stimuler la création théorique et artistique, et ce afin d’encourager le rôle de l'intellectuel critique dans une société soumise de manière permanente à un stress idéologique. Dans le cas de Navarro, traduction, théorie et activisme social se combinent dans une équation à caractère récursif. Ce travail analyse un corpus de traductions de la pensée culturelle russe, traduit et publié par Navarro en 2009, sous la forme d'une anthologie. Cette analyse permet de souligner le poids et l’impact de deux conditions déterminantes dans son travail de traducteur: son identité transculturelle et son positionnement antinéocolonial................................ Abstract : Desiderio Navarro (1948 -), translator, thinker, theoretician and cultural activist remains almost unknown in Canada, North America, and even in Europe, despite the fact that his work was recognized in 2009 with the Prince Claus Award from the Netherlands. He has considerably influenced the Cuban and Latin-American cultural thinking for the last forty years, particularly thanks to the journal Criterios, that he founded in 1972. Since then, this publication has continuously offered to the Hispanic public critical essays on aesthetics, theories of literature, arts and culture produced by Russian theoreticians (Bakhtine and Lotman, among others). Navarro's translation of theories, however, was not a goal in itself. This thesis shows that the path of this committed intellectual represents, on one side, a permanent fight against national and international doxas, and, on the other side, a constant dissemination effort of new theories and ideas, of stimulation of the theoretical and artistic creation, to promote the role of the critical intellectual in a society under permanent ideological stress. Navarro succeeded to combine translation, theory, and social activism in a recursive equation. This work analyzes a corpora of Russian texts on culture and literature, translated into Spanish by Navarro and published in 2009, in an anthology. The analysis underlines the weight and impact of two key determinants in his translation work: his transcultural identity and his antineocolonial positioning.

Résumé : Desiderio Navarro (1948 -), traducteur, penseur, théoricien, éditeur et activiste culturel demeure peu connu au Canada et en Amérique du Nord en général ainsi qu’en Europe où son œuvre a pourtant été reconnue en 2009 par l’octroi du prix Prince Claus des Pays-Bas. Il a considérablement influencé la pensée culturelle cubaine et latino-américaine des quarante dernières années, en particulier grâce à la revue Criterios, fondée par lui en 1972, et qui, depuis, n’a cessé d’offrir au public hispanophone les principaux écrits des théoriciens russes de la littérature, de l’esthétique, de l’art et de la culture (Bakhtine et Lotman, entre autres). L'activité de traduction de théories n’a cependant pas été un objectif en soi pour Desiderio Navarro. Cette thèse montre en effet que la trajectoire de cet intellectuel engagé représente, d’un côté, une lutte permanente contre des doxas autant nationales qu'internationales, et, de l’autre, un effort constant pour diffuser les nouvelles théories et les idées, stimuler la création théorique et artistique, et ce afin d’encourager le rôle de l'intellectuel critique dans une société soumise de manière permanente à un stress idéologique. Dans le cas de Navarro, traduction, théorie et activisme social se combinent dans une équation à caractère récursif. Ce travail analyse un corpus de traductions de la pensée culturelle russe, traduit et publié par Navarro en 2009, sous la forme d'une anthologie. Cette analyse permet de souligner le poids et l’impact de deux conditions déterminantes dans son travail de traducteur: son identité transculturelle et son positionnement antinéocolonial................................ Abstract : Desiderio Navarro (1948 -), translator, thinker, theoretician and cultural activist remains almost unknown in Canada, North America, and even in Europe, despite the fact that his work was recognized in 2009 with the Prince Claus Award from the Netherlands. He has considerably influenced the Cuban and Latin-American cultural thinking for the last forty years, particularly thanks to the journal Criterios, that he founded in 1972. Since then, this publication has continuously offered to the Hispanic public critical essays on aesthetics, theories of literature, arts and culture produced by Russian theoreticians (Bakhtine and Lotman, among others). Navarro's translation of theories, however, was not a goal in itself. This thesis shows that the path of this committed intellectual represents, on one side, a permanent fight against national and international doxas, and, on the other side, a constant dissemination effort of new theories and ideas, of stimulation of the theoretical and artistic creation, to promote the role of the critical intellectual in a society under permanent ideological stress. Navarro succeeded to combine translation, theory, and social activism in a recursive equation. This work analyzes a corpora of Russian texts on culture and literature, translated into Spanish by Navarro and published in 2009, in an anthology. The analysis underlines the weight and impact of two key determinants in his translation work: his transcultural identity and his antineocolonial positioning.

<p>This study focuses on the different strategies that the author uses to subvert the patriarchal and the colonial discourses which are reflected in the novel "Les Honneurs perdus" of Calixthe Beyala. In the introduction a theoretical background is given which includes feminist and postcolonial literary theories and their relation to postmodern theories and deconstruction. The introduction underlines the importance of the constitution of subject in postcolonial and feminist theories in contrast to deconstruction of subject in postmodernism and poststructuralism.</p><p>The analysis demonstrates that the novel can be seen as a female bildungsroman in the protagonist’s intent to create an autonomous identity. A gynocentric writing and the dialogue with another female character, the heroine’s antagonistic double, which includes the possibility of a female genealogy, as well as the final love to a white man, contribute essentially to transculturation and the construction of the heroine’s hybrid identity.</p><p>The second chapter of the analysis shows that the dichotomies Europe–Africa and man–woman in the binary system of the western way of thinking are very marked in the novel. Finally the third chapter points out how the different narrative techniques like the mixing of different language levels, the creation of new words, the use of irony and carnivalation, a special form of parody, as well as the intertextuality of magic realism deconstruct and subvert the heritage of colonial and patriarchal values and demonstrate the post-colonial misery both in the protagonist’s native suburb in Cameroun and in Paris.</p>