L'arbitrage est considéré comme l'un des principaux moyens alternatifs de règlement des contentieux nés des contrats de commerce international, dont notamment les contrats d'investissements pétroliers. Il bénéficie en effet de la confiance et du soutien des sociétés étrangères opérant dans le secteur de la mise en valeur des richesses pétrolières. On observe un regain d'intérêt pour l'arbitrage aux plans international et étatique. Au plan international, de nombreuses conventions relatives à l'arbitrage ont été conclues et des institutions d'arbitrage à caractère international ont été créées avec pour mission de régler les contentieux que les parties concernées sont convenues de résoudre par voie d'arbitrage. Ces institutions ont élaboré leurs règlements d'arbitrage en tant que cadres juridiques offert au règlement des contentieux qui leur sont soumis. Elles mettent à jour leurs règlements de façon régulière afin de se conformer aux évolutions constantes que connaît l'arbitrage. Au plan national, la plupart des législateurs s'efforcent, dans les États qui se préoccupent du développement de la justice arbitrale, d'en accompagner les évolutions, en promulguant des lois nouvelles ou en mettant à jour celles qui régissent déjà l'arbitrage. Il en va de même pour les tribunaux étatiques qui partagent cette préoccupation et qui s'efforcent de pallier les manques ou de remédier par l'interprétation aux ambiguïtés qui obscurcissent le sens des dispositions législatives relatives à l'arbitrage. Nous avons donc choisi d'aborder certaines des problématiques que soulève l'arbitrage, et de le faire en prenant pour illustration de cette étude les contrats d'investissements pétroliers. Ces derniers comptent en effet parmi les contrats de commerce international les plus importants, du fait du caractère stratégique du pétrole lui-même qui est une denrée tout autant politique que commerciale. L'objectif de cette recherche est de cerner la définition des contrats d'investissements pétroliers, en caractérisant leur nature juridique et les formes juridiques qu'ils prennent. D'autre part, il conviendra de se pencher sur les principales questions soulevées par l'arbitrage relativement à ces contrats, - que ce soit à la phase de conclusion de l'accord sur l'arbitrage, en déterminant la relation qu'entretient la convention d'arbitrage avec le contrat principal ainsi que les effets juridiques produits par la convention d'arbitrage ainsi que les conséquences qu'il faut tirer de la présence, parmi les parties, de l’État producteur ou de l'un de ses démembrements,- ou à la phase de l'instance arbitrale en examinant, entre autres problématiques centrales, la question de la détermination du droit applicable à la procédure arbitrale et celle de la détermination du droit applicable au fond du litige. / Arbitration is considered a major alternative means of dispute settlement born of international trade agreements, including the oil investment contracts. It benefits from the trust and support of foreign companies operating in the sector of the development of oil wealth. There is renewed interest in international arbitration and state plans. Internationally, many conventions were concluded arbitration and arbitration in international institutions were created with the task of settling disputes that the parties have agreed to resolve by arbitration. These institutions have developed their arbitration rules as legal frameworks offered to the settlement of disputes submitted to them. They update their regularly regulations to conform to the constant developments affecting the arbitration. Nationally, most legislators are working in the States concerned with the development of arbitral justice, to support changes, by enacting new laws or updating those that already govern the arbitration. It's the same for state courts who share this concern and striving to fill the gaps or correct the interpretation ambiguities that obscure the meaning of the statutory provisions relating to arbitration. We have therefore chosen to address some of the issues raised by arbitration, and do so by taking for illustration of this study the oil investment contracts. These have indeed among the contracts of international trade the most important, because of the strategic nature of oil itself is a commodity just as much political as commercial. The objective of this research is to identify the definition of oil investment contracts, characterizing their legal nature and the legal forms they take. On the other hand, should be to address the main issues raised by the relatively arbitration to these contracts,- Whether the phase of concluding the agreement on arbitration, determining the relationship of the arbitration agreement with the main contract and the legal effects of the arbitration agreement and the consequences to be drawn from the presence among the parties, the producer State or one of its branches,- Or phase of the arbitration proceedings by examining, among other central issues, the question of determining the law applicable to the arbitration proceedings and that of determining the law applicable to the substance of the dispute.

Tesis para optar al grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales / La acción de inaplicabilidad por inconstitucionalidad es hoy una de las acciones constitucionales más relevantes de nuestro ordenamiento jurídico. A raíz de la reforma constitucional introducida por la Ley Nº 20.050 se modificó sustancialmente, desde el órgano llamado a conocerla hasta sus legitimados activos. En la presente tesis nos centraremos en identificar el procedimiento y particularidades de la acción de inaplicabilidad por inconstitucionalidad cuando ha sido deducida por órgano legitimado, para lo cual nos referiremos a la acción en sí misma, al procedimiento establecido para su sustanciación y evolución histórica, realizando un análisis pormenorizado en las diferencias teóricas que presenta cuando el legitimado activo es un tribunal, así como una revisión de la jurisprudencia emanada desde año 2006 a 2017, respecto de requerimientos deducidos por órgano legitimado, a fin de determinar si, efectivamente, existen diferencias teóricas en la acción, y si, de existir, estas se manifiestan en la jurisprudencia que emana del Tribunal Constitucional / 8 mayo de 2020

"This paper deals with the prosecution of a crime of crimes, genocide, at international and national levels. The international community has shown interest in penalizing perpetrators of gross human rights violations since the Nuremberg trial, and then the adoption of the 1948 UN Genocide Convention. After these times, significant numbers of international tribunals, although at an ad hoc level, have been established to punish gross violations of human rights including the crime of genocide. Along with these tribunals, quite a number of national courts have engaged in the prosecution of genocide. Nevertheless, due to legal and practical problems, the two legal systems are adopting different approaches to handle the matter, although the crime is one and the same. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to assess critically where the difference lies, the cause and impact of the disparity on the rights of the accused to fair trial. Moreover, the study will posit some recommendations that might assist to ameliorate this intermittent situation." -- Synopsis. "This work consists of five chapters. Chapter one is addressing the general introduction of the work, and it has already been discussed. Chapter two deals with the crime of genocide and its criminal responsibility as indicated under different national and international laws. The third chapter is devoted to focus on the right to fair trial and the prosecution of genocide, and specifically addresses the issues of the right to legal assistance, speedy trial, obtain and examine evidence, and sentencing. In chapter four the role of the Rome Statue in protecting the rights of the accused, its impact on on national laws, the complementarities of the International Criminal Court and national courts will be discussed. Finally, the work will come to an end by giving concluding remarks and recommendations under the fifth chapter." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2003. / Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Henry Onoria at the Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Kampala / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

La notion de crimes contre l’humanité s’est affirmée au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale. Elle a pris une dimension nouvelle au tournant de la décennie 90. Le génocide rwandais, puis les crimes commis contre les populations civiles albanaises en ex-Yougoslavie, sont passés par là ; ils ont alimenté les débats, soulevés des inquiétudes, et semblent avoir réveillé la « conscience humanitaire » de la « communauté internationale ». Ce réveil coïncide aussi – et ce n’est pas un hasard – avec la fin d’un monde bipolaire (chute du mur de Berlin, effondrement de l’URSS et dislocation des pays du bloc de l’Est). Ainsi, la résurgence du concept de crimes contre l’humanité intervient dans un monde en rupture profonde ; une rupture qui ne manque pas de produire ses effets sur le sens, la définition et la portée du concept. Autrement dit, l’idée de crimes contre l’humanité se déploie dans un monde mouvant où le Droit, plus que jamais, se heurte à la souveraineté des États et aux intérêts stratégiques et géopolitiques des « Puissants », comme en témoigne la gestation difficile de la Cour pénale internationale (CPI). Plus concrètement, les rapports de force tiennent une place importante et continuent de gérer les relations internationales, même dans un domaine qui, en principe, devrait être consensuel : les crimes contre l’humanité. Dans ce contexte, il n’est pas surprenant de voir certains pays accusés de crimes contre l’humanité (le Soudan, la Somalie, la Serbie, la Libye…), mais pas d’autres (crimes commis dans les territoires palestiniens, tortures et crimes commis par l’armée américaine en Irak…). Cette thématique, reposant sur l’idée que la force du droit se heurte au droit de la force, pourrait justifier l’idée selon laquelle le concept de crimes contre l’humanité, tel qu’il se manifeste aujourd’hui, est loin d’être un concept tout à fait neutre. De là découle la formulation de notre hypothèse : alors que les crimes contre l’humanité apparaissent comme un concept en quête d’identité, son application s’avère difficile et à « géométrie variable ». / The notion of crimes against humanity asserted itself after the Second World War. It took a new dimension in the bend of the 90's, after the Rwandan genocide, then the crimes committed against the Albanian civil populations in ex-Yugoslavia. Those events fed the debates, raised anxieties, and seem to have woken the " humanitarian consciousness " of the " international community ". This awakening also coincides - and it is not a fate - with the end of a bipolar world (fall of the Berlin Wall, collapse of the USSR and dislocation of the countries of the east block). So, the resurgence of the concept of crimes against humanity intervenes in a world in deep break; a break which produce its effects on the sense, the definition and the impact of the concept. In other words, the idea of crimes against humanity spreads in an unstable world where the right, more than ever, collides with the sovereignty of States and with the strategic and geopolitical interests of "Powerful", as shows of it the difficult gestation of the International Criminal Court (CPI). More concretely, the balance of power holds an important place and continue to rule the international relations, even in a domain which, in theory, should be consensual: the crimes against humanity. In this context, it is not surprising to see certain countries accused of crimes against humanity (Sudan, Somalia, Serbia, Libya), wheras others crimes and tortures (those committed in the Palestinian territories or by the American army in Iraq...) remain unpunished. This theme, basing on the idea that the power of right collides with the law of the strongest, could justify the idea according to which the concept of crimes against humanity is far from being a completely neutral concept. From there ensues the formulation of our hypothesis: while the crimes against humanity appear as a concept in search of identity, its application turns out difficult and seems to vary according to circumstances (variable-geometry).

[pt] Resumo: O desenvolvimento da imagem se confunde com a história da arte e da humanidade, por ser considerada o meio de representação que possibilitou o surgimento da linguagem escrita. A cada momento da história, a imagem se comunica com o meio exterior de forma cada vez mais rápida e eficiente, contribuindo direta e decisivamente com o progresso material. É inegável que a massificação da mídia, tanto impressa quanto televisiva, desenvolveu a propaganda a níveis globais. Isso teve grande relevância para alçar o direito à própria imagem ao que ele é hoje: um atributo da personalidade humana. O direito à imagem permite aos indivíduos o direito de controlar o uso de sua imagem, voz, nome, semelhança, e a forma como é percebido pela sociedade. Isso significa que os indivíduos têm o direito de autorizar ou proibir o uso de sua imagem em qualquer meio, incluindo fotografia, filme, televisão e mais recentemente, também no ambiente virtual. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo traçar um panorama da evolução do direito à imagem no Brasil, partindo da análise histórica do instituto, sua evolução na doutrina brasileira e na jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça. Tendo como referencial teórico o artigo Como os Tribunais Superiores vêm honrando a Constituição Cidadã, de Eugenio Facchini Neto, nossa metodologia de pesquisa parte da análise de 42 acórdãos julgados pelas duas turmas de direito privado do STJ, expostos em ordem cronológica, desvendando os fundamentos que levaram à edição do Verbete 403, de 2009, bem como, em seguida, de sua aplicação até os nossos dias. O trabalho pretende oferecer uma sistematização panorâmica do direito à imagem, abordando seu conceito, seus contornos e suas características principais, além de revelar por meio de pesquisa empírica, como ele vem sendo tutelado no STJ ao longo dos últimos trinta anos. / [en] Abstract: Image s development is confused with history of art and humanity because it is considered the means of representation that enabled the emergence of written language. At every moment of history, image communicate with the external environment more and more quickly and efficiently, contributing directly and decisively to material progress. It is undeniable that the massification of the media, both print and television, has developed propaganda at global levels. This had great relevance to raise the right to one s own image to what it is today: an attribute of the human personality. The right of one s image allows individuals the right to control the use of their image, voice, name, likeness, and the way it is perceived by society. This means that individuals have the right to authorize or prohibit the use of their image in any medium, including photography, film, television and more recently, also in the virtual environment. This dissertation aims to outline an overview of the evolution of the right of one s image in Brazil, starting from the historical analysis of the institute, its evolution in Brazilian doctrine and in the jurisprudence of the Superior Court of Justice. Having as theoretical reference the article How the Superior Courts have been honouring the Citizen Constitution, by Eugenio Facchini Neto, our research methodology starts from the analysis of 42 judgments judged by the two classes of private law of the STJ, exposed in chronological order, unveiling the fundamentals that led to the edition of Entry 403, of 2009, as well as, then from its application to the present day. The work intends to offer a panoramic systematization of the right to one s image, addressing its concept, its contours, and its main characteristics, in addition to revealing through empirical research, how it has been protected by Brazilian Court of Justice over the last thirty years.

El presente trabajo tiene como objeto evidenciar ciertas deficiencias en la interpretación de los pronunciamientos del Tribunal Constitucional vertidos en las sentencias recaídas en los expedientes Nos. 04082-2012-PA/TC y 04532-2013-PA/TC, referidos a la constitucionalidad de la aplicación de las reglas de actualización de la deuda tributaria: (i) capitalización de intereses moratorios; y, (ii) cómputo de intereses moratorios fuera del plazo legal para resolver los recursos de reclamación y apelación. Para estos efectos, se analiza la Resolución No. 06322-2-2019, mediante la cual el Tribunal Fiscal desestima la pretensión de FAMESA EXPLOSIVOS S.A.C. de que se inaplique las referidas reglas. Ello, en razón de que durante el procedimiento contencioso-tributario no se habría vulnerado el derecho al plazo razonable, puesto que el caso calificaría como complejo, lo cual lo diferenciaría de los casos resueltos por el Tribunal Constitucional. Al respecto, se advierte que el Tribunal Fiscal no ha identificado de manera adecuada los criterios utilizados por el Tribunal Constitucional para: (i) determinar la afectación del derecho al plazo razonable; e, (ii) inaplicar las referidas reglas de actualización de la deuda tributaria. Contrario a lo que presupone el Tribunal Fiscal, se concluye que la afectación del derecho al plazo razonable no solo se basa en analizar la complejidad del asunto, sino intervienen otros criterios de naturaleza objetiva. Asimismo, se advierte que la afectación de dicho derecho no incide en la actualización de la deuda tributaria; puesto que la vulneración de los derechos y principios que evalúa el Tribunal Constitucional para inaplicar las referidas reglas de actualización son el principio de razonabilidad y el derecho a recurrir decisiones de la Administración. La dilucidación de los aspectos planteados permite evidenciar la falta de criterios metodológicos para la correcta aplicación de los criterios establecidos por el Tribunal Constitucional, lo cual adquiere relevancia con la constitucionalización del Derecho.

Study One: Special Educational Needs and Disability Tribunals (SENDIST) provide independent adjudication of parental appeals against Local Authority (LA) decisions. The Parent Partnership Service (PPS) and Disagreement Resolution Services (DRS) are both arranged to reduce disagreements and, specifically, to prevent tribunals. Study One aimed to explore parental experiences of Local Disagreement Resolution Services (LDRSs) including the PPS and DRS. A secondary aim of Study One was to identify barriers to and facilitators of disagreement resolution from a parental perspective. Methods: Study One utilised semi-structured interviews as a means of exploring seven parents' experiences and constructs. Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis in order to specify key themes relating to the resolution of disagreements about SEN. Results: Parents reported a sense of embattlement with the Local Authority that appeared to act as a barrier to the resolution of disagreements. Parents also identified a number of facilitators of disagreement resolution including: Feeling 'listened to'; Having access to a 'legitimate decision-maker'; and becoming better informed. A number of barriers to disagreement resolution were also reported, including but not limited to: a perception that no one is listening to them; a perception that LA staff lack independence; a perception that the LA cannot be trusted to deliver SEN provision. Study Two:Special Educational Needs and Disability Tribunals (SENDIST) provide independent adjudication of parental appeals against Local Authority (LA) decisions. The Parent Partnership Service (PPS) and Disagreement Resolution Services (DRS) are both arranged to reduce disagreements and, specifically, to prevent tribunals. Study Two aimed to explore experiences of professionals working within Local Disagreement Resolution Services (LDRSs) including the PPS and DRS. A secondary aim of Study Two was to identify barriers to and facilitators of disagreement resolution from a professional perspective. A final aim of Study Two was to synthesise the perceptions reported by professionals in Study Two with those reported by parents in Study One. Methods: Study Two utilised semi-structured interviews as a means of exploring six LA-employed professionals' experiences and constructs. Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis in order to specify key themes relating to the resolution of disagreements about SEN. Findings emerging from Study Two were integrated with findings from Study One using the themes generated through thematic analysis. Results: Professionals reported a number of parental factors that were perceived to act as a barrier to disagreement resolution. These included but were not limited to: weak understanding of SEN systems and a lack of confidence to engage in mediation processes. Professionals did not identify any parental factors perceived to be conducive to disagreement resolution. A smaller number of facilitators of disagreement resolution were reported, including: early intervention; and face-to-face meetings. Synthesis of findings from Studies One and Two resulted in the creation of clusters of themes that can inform future policy and practice. Findings from Studies One and Two indicate that disagreement resolution is best supported where Local Authorities can promote: collaboration, information-sharing, and reassurance for parents.

No description available.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / Uno de los aspectos que se encuentran pendientes de desarrollo normativo en nuestra legislación, es aquel que dice relación con la creación de tribunales especializados en el conocimiento y solución de controversias entre particulares y la Administración, mediante la implementación de una jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. Esta aspiración, postergada durante años, se ha concretado parcialmente, a propósito de ciertas materias, tal como acontece con la Ley 19.886 de Bases sobre Contratos Administrativos y Prestación de Servicios, que crea el Tribunal de Contratación Pública.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo