INTRODUÇÃO: Emulsões lipídicas parenterais (EL) contendo óleo de peixe podem modular favoravelmente a resposta inflamatória e manter ou promover a resposta imunológica, mas há dados insuficientes sobre seu impacto em funções de células da imunidade inata. OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito da administração endovenosa de EL composta por mistura de triglicérides de cadeia média e óleos de soja, oliva e peixe sobre a migração e fagocitose de leucócitos de ratos, em comparação à EL composta por mistura física de triglicérides de cadeia média e cadeia longa - TCM/TCL, suplementada ou não com óleo de peixe (OP). MÉTODOS: Ratos (Lewis) isogênicos (n=40) foram submetidos à cateterização da veia jugular externa para acesso parenteral. Os animais foram randomizados em quatro grupos, de acordo com sua infusão endovenosa: grupo SMOF: EL contendo 30% de óleo de soja (TCL), 30% de TCM, 25% de óleo de oliva e 15% de OP; grupo TCM/TCL: EL contendo TCM e TCL (1:1 v/v); grupo TCM/TCL/OP: EL composta por TCM/TCL com adição de OP (8:2 v/v); grupo SF: solução fisiológica. Um grupo de animais sem cateterismo venoso também foi desenvolvido (CO-NC). No quinto dia de experimento e após injeção de carvão coloidal pela veia caudal, amostras de sangue e tecido (fígado, pulmão e baço) foram coletadas para análise quimiotática de neutrófilos (câmara de Boyden adaptada) e quantificação do número de macrófagos fagocitantes do carvão coloidal (imunohistoquímica). Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e pós-teste de Tukey. RESULTADOS: SMOF não alterou a quimiotaxia e fagocitose nos leucócitos estudados. TCM/TCL e TCM/TCL/OP aumentaram o número de macrófagos fagocitantes do fígado e pulmão e somente TCM/TCL/OP apresentou aumento no número de macrófagos fagocitantes no baço (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: 1) Emulsões lipídicas, independente de sua composição, não influenciaram a quimiotaxia de neutrófilos; 2) Emulsão lipídica composta por mistura de triglicérides de cadeia média e óleos de soja, oliva e peixe apresentou efeito neutro sobre a quimiotaxia, migração espontânea de neutrófilos e recrutamento de monócitos no fígado, pulmão e baço; 3) Emulsão lipídica de mistura física de triglicérides de cadeia média e cadeia longa estimulou o recrutamento de monócitos, com aumento do número de macrófagos fagocitantes no fígado e pulmão; 4) Emulsão lipídica de mistura física de triglicérides de cadeia média e cadeia longa enriquecida com emulsão lipídica de óleo de peixe, estimulou o recrutamento de monócitos, com aumento do número de macrófagos fagocitantes no fígado, pulmão e baço. / RATIONALE: Parenteral lipid emulsions (LE) with fish oil could modulate inflammatory response and promote or maintain immunologic response, but there are insufficient data about the impact on innate immunity cells functions. AIM: To evaluate the effects of endovenous infusion of LE containing mixture of medium-chain triglycerides and soybean, olive and fish oils on leukocytes migration and phagocytosis in rats, compared to a physical mixture of medium and long-chain triglycerides - MCT/LCT LE supplemented or not with fish oil (FO). METHOD: Isogenic Lewis rats (n=40) were submitted to jugular vein catheterization for parenteral access. The animals were randomized in four groups, according to their infusion: group SMOF: LE containing 30% of soybean oil (LCT), 30% MCT, 25% olive oil and 15% fish oil; group MCT/LCT: LE containing MCT and LCT (1:1 v/v); group MCT/LCT/FO: MCT/LCT LE enriched with fish oil based LE (8:2 v/v); group SS: saline. A non-surgical control (CO-NS) was also performed. In the 5th experimental day and after colloidal carbon injection in tail vein, blood and tissue (liver, lung and spleen) samples were collected for chemotaxis assay (adapted Boyden chamber) and colloidal carbon phagocyting-macrophages quantification (immunohistochemistry). ANOVA and Tukey post test were performed. RESULTS: SMOF LE didn?t influence leukocytes chemotaxis and phagocytosis. MCT/LCT and MCT/LCT/FO LE increased liver and lung resident phagocyting-macrophages number (p<0.05) and only in MCT/LCT/FO group, spleen resident phagocyting-macrophages number was increased (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: 1) Lipid emulsion, independently of composition, has no influence on neutrophils chemotaxis; 2) Lipid emulsion with a mixture of medium-chain triglycerides, soybean, olive and fish oils has neutral effect on neutrophil chemotaxis, random migration and monocyte recruitment to the liver, lung and spleen; 3) Lipid emulsion with a physical mixture of medium and long-chain triglycerides has stimulatory effect on monocyte recruitment, with increase of phagocyting-macrophages number in liver and lung; 4) Lipid emulsion with a physical mixture of medium and longchain triglycerides supplemented with fish oil, has stimulatory effect on monocyte recruitment, with increase of phagocyting-macrophages number in liver, lung and spleen.

A determinação de Intervalos de Referência (IR) é uma árdua tarefa para os laboratórios clínicos, porém indispensável e de fundamental importância para a tomada de decisão médica. Para parâmetros como os lípides séricos, os IR tem sido estabelecidos consensos nacionais ou internacionais definindo limites de decisão (CLSI, 2008). O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os IR para colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, colesterol não-HDL, LDL- colesterol e triglicérides séricos em crianças e adolescentes saudáveis do município de Cuiabá, capital do estado de Mato Grosso. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, realizado em 1.866 crianças e adolescentes saudáveis de creches e escolas municipais desta capital, obtidas por amostragem aleatória. Foi aplicado um questionário avaliando antecedentes do indivíduo e de seus familiares além de dados demográficos e antropométricos. Foram definidos como critérios de inclusão do estudo, crianças e adolescentes nas faixas etárias de 1 a 12 anos 11 meses e 29 dias, sem nenhuma doença de base diagnosticada ou queixas clínicas no momento da coleta. Além disto, os participantes não deveriam fazer uso regular de medicamento. As amostras foram coletadas em jejum. As amostras foram processadas no equipamento cobas® 6000 (analyser series - Roche Diagnostics), em laboratório da rede DASA na cidade de Cuiabá. Em relação à metodologia estatística, foi analisada a homogeneidade das variâncias através do teste de Bartlett para cada analito por idade e, posteriormente, testados pelo teste ANOVA ou Kruskal-Wallis para verificar a existência de diferença entre as faixas etárias. O teste \"post hoc\" de Bonferroni foi aplicado quando se constatou a diferença para reagrupar as faixas etárias similares, constituindo assim novos grupos etários. Aplicou-se então, o teste de Bartlett e, conforme seu resultado, realizou-se ANOVA ou Kruskal-Wallis para verificar se os agrupamentos nas faixas se mantinham. Em seguida, procedeu-se a exclusão de valores extremos (outiliers) tomados como sendo aqueles valores acima ou abaixo da média ± 3 desvios-padrão. Depois de excluídos os outiliers, obteve-se o IR como sendo a média ± 2 desvios-padrão dos valores remanescentes. Adicionalmente, foi calculada a distribuição em percentis, sendo adotado o critério do NHLBI 2012 como proposta de limite de decisão para a população estudada. Em todos os testes, o nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelos programas MINITAB (versão 15) e SPSS (versão 16). Este projeto foi aprovado pelas Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa das instituições envolvidas e das Secretarias Municipais de Educação e Saúde de Cuiabá. Os valores encontrados para o colesterol total, nos percentis 75 e 95 foram: 1 a 2 anos de 160 mg/dL e 189 mg/dL; 3 a 8 anos de 170 mg/dL e 199 mg/dL; 9 a 12 anos de 176 mg/dL e 205 mg/dL, respectivamente. Para o colesterol não-HDL, na única faixa etária de 1 a 12 anos, os valores nestes percentis foram de 122 mg/dL e 150 mg/dL, respectivamente. Para o LDL-colesterol, os valores correspondentes aos percentis acima, na faixa etária de 1 a 8 anos e de 9 a 12 anos, foram de 104 mg/dL e 132 mg/dL; 106 mg/dL e 139 mg/dL, respectivamente. Para os triglicérides, os valores correspondentes aos referidos percentis foram: 1 ano de 127 mg/dL e 189 mg/dL; 2 a 5 anos de 98 a 139 mg/dL; 6 a 12 anos de 92 mg/dL e 139 mg/dL. Para as faixas etárias propostas para o HDL-colesterol os valores correspondentes ao percentil 10 foram: 1 ano de 24 mg/dL; 2 anos de 28 mg/dL; 3 anos de 32 mg/dL e de 4 a 12 anos foi de 36 mg/dL. Os valores dos parâmetros aqui avaliados, definidos em diferentes faixas etárias em crianças e adolescentes brasileiros da cidade de Cuiabá, podem representar limites de decisão para a população pediátrica brasileira contribuindo para aprimorar o diagnóstico neste grupo específico em nosso país / Establishment of Reference Intervals (RI) is an arduous task for clinical laboratories however vital and fundamental importance to medical decision making. For some parameters, such as serum lipids, RI have been established by national and international consensus defining decision limits (CLSI 2008). The aim of this study was to determine pediatric RI of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, cholesterol non- HDL, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in healthy children and adolescents in Cuiabá, capital of Mato Grosso. This is a descriptive study, conducted in 1,866 healthy children and adolescents from kindergartens and schools of the capital city, obtained by random sampling. A questionnaire assessing the individual background and their relatives besides demographic and anthropometric data had beeb also carried out. Were defined as inclusion criteria of the study, children and adolescents in the group 1-12 years 11 months and 29 days without any underlying disease or diagnosed clinical complaints at the time of collection. In addition, participants should not take any regular medication. The samples were collected during fasting period and were determined using cobas® 6000 (analyser series - Roche Diagnostics). Regarding statistic methodology, we did analyse the homogeneity of variances by Bartlett´s test for each parameter by age and subsequently by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test to check the differences between age groups. The test \"pos hoc\" Bonferroni was applied when it was found the difference to regroup similar age groups, thus constituting a new age bracket. After this procedure the Bartllet test was applied, as it result, we did conduct ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis to check if the groups remained. Then proceeded to the exclusion of extreme values (outliers) taken as those values above or below the mean ± 3 standard deviations. After excluding outliers, obtained the RI as the mean ± 2 standard deviations of the remaining values. Additionally, we calculated the percentile distribution, and adopted the criteria of NHLBI 2012 as proposed decision limit for the population studied. In all tests, the significance level was 5%. Statistical analyzes were performed by Minitab software (version 15) and SPSS (version 16). The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of the institutions involved and Municipal Departments of Education and Health of Cuiabá city The values obtained for total cholesterol, 75 and 95 percentiles, were: 1 to 2 years, 160 mg/dL and 189 mg/dL; 3 to 8 years, 170 mg/dL and 199 mg/dL; 9 to 12 years, 176 mg/dL and 205 mg/dL, respectively. For the non-HDL cholesterol, the only age group 1 to 12 years, this percentiles values were 122 mg/dL and 150 mg/dL, respectively. For the LDLcholesterol, the values corresponding to the percentiles above, aged 1 to 8 years and 9 to 12 years, were 104 mg/dL and 132 mg/dL; 106 mg/dL and 139 mg/dL, respectively. For the triglycerides, the values corresponding to these percentiles were: 1 year, 127 mg/dL and 189 mg/dL; 2 to 5 years, 98 to 139 mg/dL; 6 to 12 years, 92 mg/dL and 139 mg/dL. For ages proposed for HDL-cholesterol the corresponding values to 10th percentile were: 1 year, 24 mg/dL; 2 years, 28 mg/dL; 3 years, 32 mg/dL and 4 to 12 years were 36 mg/dL. The values of the parameters evaluated here, defined in different age groups in Brazilian children and adolescents in the city of Cuiabá, can represent decision limits for the Brazilian pediatric population contributing to improve the diagnosis in this particular group in our country

A determinação de Intervalos de Referência (IR) é uma árdua tarefa para os laboratórios clínicos, porém indispensável e de fundamental importância para a tomada de decisão médica. Para parâmetros como os lípides séricos, os IR tem sido estabelecidos consensos nacionais ou internacionais definindo limites de decisão (CLSI, 2008). O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os IR para colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, colesterol não-HDL, LDL- colesterol e triglicérides séricos em crianças e adolescentes saudáveis do município de Cuiabá, capital do estado de Mato Grosso. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, realizado em 1.866 crianças e adolescentes saudáveis de creches e escolas municipais desta capital, obtidas por amostragem aleatória. Foi aplicado um questionário avaliando antecedentes do indivíduo e de seus familiares além de dados demográficos e antropométricos. Foram definidos como critérios de inclusão do estudo, crianças e adolescentes nas faixas etárias de 1 a 12 anos 11 meses e 29 dias, sem nenhuma doença de base diagnosticada ou queixas clínicas no momento da coleta. Além disto, os participantes não deveriam fazer uso regular de medicamento. As amostras foram coletadas em jejum. As amostras foram processadas no equipamento cobas® 6000 (analyser series - Roche Diagnostics), em laboratório da rede DASA na cidade de Cuiabá. Em relação à metodologia estatística, foi analisada a homogeneidade das variâncias através do teste de Bartlett para cada analito por idade e, posteriormente, testados pelo teste ANOVA ou Kruskal-Wallis para verificar a existência de diferença entre as faixas etárias. O teste \"post hoc\" de Bonferroni foi aplicado quando se constatou a diferença para reagrupar as faixas etárias similares, constituindo assim novos grupos etários. Aplicou-se então, o teste de Bartlett e, conforme seu resultado, realizou-se ANOVA ou Kruskal-Wallis para verificar se os agrupamentos nas faixas se mantinham. Em seguida, procedeu-se a exclusão de valores extremos (outiliers) tomados como sendo aqueles valores acima ou abaixo da média ± 3 desvios-padrão. Depois de excluídos os outiliers, obteve-se o IR como sendo a média ± 2 desvios-padrão dos valores remanescentes. Adicionalmente, foi calculada a distribuição em percentis, sendo adotado o critério do NHLBI 2012 como proposta de limite de decisão para a população estudada. Em todos os testes, o nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelos programas MINITAB (versão 15) e SPSS (versão 16). Este projeto foi aprovado pelas Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa das instituições envolvidas e das Secretarias Municipais de Educação e Saúde de Cuiabá. Os valores encontrados para o colesterol total, nos percentis 75 e 95 foram: 1 a 2 anos de 160 mg/dL e 189 mg/dL; 3 a 8 anos de 170 mg/dL e 199 mg/dL; 9 a 12 anos de 176 mg/dL e 205 mg/dL, respectivamente. Para o colesterol não-HDL, na única faixa etária de 1 a 12 anos, os valores nestes percentis foram de 122 mg/dL e 150 mg/dL, respectivamente. Para o LDL-colesterol, os valores correspondentes aos percentis acima, na faixa etária de 1 a 8 anos e de 9 a 12 anos, foram de 104 mg/dL e 132 mg/dL; 106 mg/dL e 139 mg/dL, respectivamente. Para os triglicérides, os valores correspondentes aos referidos percentis foram: 1 ano de 127 mg/dL e 189 mg/dL; 2 a 5 anos de 98 a 139 mg/dL; 6 a 12 anos de 92 mg/dL e 139 mg/dL. Para as faixas etárias propostas para o HDL-colesterol os valores correspondentes ao percentil 10 foram: 1 ano de 24 mg/dL; 2 anos de 28 mg/dL; 3 anos de 32 mg/dL e de 4 a 12 anos foi de 36 mg/dL. Os valores dos parâmetros aqui avaliados, definidos em diferentes faixas etárias em crianças e adolescentes brasileiros da cidade de Cuiabá, podem representar limites de decisão para a população pediátrica brasileira contribuindo para aprimorar o diagnóstico neste grupo específico em nosso país / Establishment of Reference Intervals (RI) is an arduous task for clinical laboratories however vital and fundamental importance to medical decision making. For some parameters, such as serum lipids, RI have been established by national and international consensus defining decision limits (CLSI 2008). The aim of this study was to determine pediatric RI of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, cholesterol non- HDL, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in healthy children and adolescents in Cuiabá, capital of Mato Grosso. This is a descriptive study, conducted in 1,866 healthy children and adolescents from kindergartens and schools of the capital city, obtained by random sampling. A questionnaire assessing the individual background and their relatives besides demographic and anthropometric data had beeb also carried out. Were defined as inclusion criteria of the study, children and adolescents in the group 1-12 years 11 months and 29 days without any underlying disease or diagnosed clinical complaints at the time of collection. In addition, participants should not take any regular medication. The samples were collected during fasting period and were determined using cobas® 6000 (analyser series - Roche Diagnostics). Regarding statistic methodology, we did analyse the homogeneity of variances by Bartlett´s test for each parameter by age and subsequently by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test to check the differences between age groups. The test \"pos hoc\" Bonferroni was applied when it was found the difference to regroup similar age groups, thus constituting a new age bracket. After this procedure the Bartllet test was applied, as it result, we did conduct ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis to check if the groups remained. Then proceeded to the exclusion of extreme values (outliers) taken as those values above or below the mean ± 3 standard deviations. After excluding outliers, obtained the RI as the mean ± 2 standard deviations of the remaining values. Additionally, we calculated the percentile distribution, and adopted the criteria of NHLBI 2012 as proposed decision limit for the population studied. In all tests, the significance level was 5%. Statistical analyzes were performed by Minitab software (version 15) and SPSS (version 16). The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of the institutions involved and Municipal Departments of Education and Health of Cuiabá city The values obtained for total cholesterol, 75 and 95 percentiles, were: 1 to 2 years, 160 mg/dL and 189 mg/dL; 3 to 8 years, 170 mg/dL and 199 mg/dL; 9 to 12 years, 176 mg/dL and 205 mg/dL, respectively. For the non-HDL cholesterol, the only age group 1 to 12 years, this percentiles values were 122 mg/dL and 150 mg/dL, respectively. For the LDLcholesterol, the values corresponding to the percentiles above, aged 1 to 8 years and 9 to 12 years, were 104 mg/dL and 132 mg/dL; 106 mg/dL and 139 mg/dL, respectively. For the triglycerides, the values corresponding to these percentiles were: 1 year, 127 mg/dL and 189 mg/dL; 2 to 5 years, 98 to 139 mg/dL; 6 to 12 years, 92 mg/dL and 139 mg/dL. For ages proposed for HDL-cholesterol the corresponding values to 10th percentile were: 1 year, 24 mg/dL; 2 years, 28 mg/dL; 3 years, 32 mg/dL and 4 to 12 years were 36 mg/dL. The values of the parameters evaluated here, defined in different age groups in Brazilian children and adolescents in the city of Cuiabá, can represent decision limits for the Brazilian pediatric population contributing to improve the diagnosis in this particular group in our country

<p>Insulin sensitivity is related to the fatty acid profile of skeletal muscle. The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether physical activity and dietary fat quality, independent of each other, influence the fatty acid composition of the skeletal muscle lipids. In an intervention study where middle-aged men were exercising for six weeks, and in a cross-sectional study comparing sedentary with endurance trained young men, it was demonstrated that the fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle lipids differed between physical active and inactive men. In brief, a lower proportion of palmitic acid (16:0) and total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a higher proportion of stearic (18:0) and oleic acid (18:1n-9) and total n-3 PUFA in the muscle phospholipids were associated with physical activity, despite similar fatty acid composition of the diet. In the second study, that included a larger training volume, differences in the fatty acid profile were also found in the skeletal muscle triglycerides. </p><p>In contrast, after short-term supra-maximal exercise we found no significant changes in the proportion of the fatty acids in skeletal muscle. </p><p>Furthermore, after a treatment period of three months, with diets with various dietary fat quality, the proportions of saturated fatty acids (14:0, 15:0 and 17:0) were higher and the proportion of 18:1 n-9 lower in subjects with a high intake of saturated fatty acids compared with subjects with a high intake of monounsaturated fatty acids. In addition subjects given n-3 supplementation had a higher proportion of total n-3 PUFA and lower n-6 PUFA in the skeletal muscle phospholipids than controls. Differences similar to those observed in the phospholipids were found in the triglycerides. </p><p>In summary, these results suggest that regular aerobic physical activity and dietary fat quality influence the fatty acid composition of the skeletal muscle lipids, which may affect insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. </p>

Insulin sensitivity is related to the fatty acid profile of skeletal muscle. The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether physical activity and dietary fat quality, independent of each other, influence the fatty acid composition of the skeletal muscle lipids. In an intervention study where middle-aged men were exercising for six weeks, and in a cross-sectional study comparing sedentary with endurance trained young men, it was demonstrated that the fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle lipids differed between physical active and inactive men. In brief, a lower proportion of palmitic acid (16:0) and total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a higher proportion of stearic (18:0) and oleic acid (18:1n-9) and total n-3 PUFA in the muscle phospholipids were associated with physical activity, despite similar fatty acid composition of the diet. In the second study, that included a larger training volume, differences in the fatty acid profile were also found in the skeletal muscle triglycerides. In contrast, after short-term supra-maximal exercise we found no significant changes in the proportion of the fatty acids in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, after a treatment period of three months, with diets with various dietary fat quality, the proportions of saturated fatty acids (14:0, 15:0 and 17:0) were higher and the proportion of 18:1 n-9 lower in subjects with a high intake of saturated fatty acids compared with subjects with a high intake of monounsaturated fatty acids. In addition subjects given n-3 supplementation had a higher proportion of total n-3 PUFA and lower n-6 PUFA in the skeletal muscle phospholipids than controls. Differences similar to those observed in the phospholipids were found in the triglycerides. In summary, these results suggest that regular aerobic physical activity and dietary fat quality influence the fatty acid composition of the skeletal muscle lipids, which may affect insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis.

INTRODUÇÃO: Emulsões lipídicas parenterais (EL) contendo óleo de peixe podem modular favoravelmente a resposta inflamatória e manter ou promover a resposta imunológica, mas há dados insuficientes sobre seu impacto em funções de células da imunidade inata. OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito da administração endovenosa de EL composta por mistura de triglicérides de cadeia média e óleos de soja, oliva e peixe sobre a migração e fagocitose de leucócitos de ratos, em comparação à EL composta por mistura física de triglicérides de cadeia média e cadeia longa - TCM/TCL, suplementada ou não com óleo de peixe (OP). MÉTODOS: Ratos (Lewis) isogênicos (n=40) foram submetidos à cateterização da veia jugular externa para acesso parenteral. Os animais foram randomizados em quatro grupos, de acordo com sua infusão endovenosa: grupo SMOF: EL contendo 30% de óleo de soja (TCL), 30% de TCM, 25% de óleo de oliva e 15% de OP; grupo TCM/TCL: EL contendo TCM e TCL (1:1 v/v); grupo TCM/TCL/OP: EL composta por TCM/TCL com adição de OP (8:2 v/v); grupo SF: solução fisiológica. Um grupo de animais sem cateterismo venoso também foi desenvolvido (CO-NC). No quinto dia de experimento e após injeção de carvão coloidal pela veia caudal, amostras de sangue e tecido (fígado, pulmão e baço) foram coletadas para análise quimiotática de neutrófilos (câmara de Boyden adaptada) e quantificação do número de macrófagos fagocitantes do carvão coloidal (imunohistoquímica). Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e pós-teste de Tukey. RESULTADOS: SMOF não alterou a quimiotaxia e fagocitose nos leucócitos estudados. TCM/TCL e TCM/TCL/OP aumentaram o número de macrófagos fagocitantes do fígado e pulmão e somente TCM/TCL/OP apresentou aumento no número de macrófagos fagocitantes no baço (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: 1) Emulsões lipídicas, independente de sua composição, não influenciaram a quimiotaxia de neutrófilos; 2) Emulsão lipídica composta por mistura de triglicérides de cadeia média e óleos de soja, oliva e peixe apresentou efeito neutro sobre a quimiotaxia, migração espontânea de neutrófilos e recrutamento de monócitos no fígado, pulmão e baço; 3) Emulsão lipídica de mistura física de triglicérides de cadeia média e cadeia longa estimulou o recrutamento de monócitos, com aumento do número de macrófagos fagocitantes no fígado e pulmão; 4) Emulsão lipídica de mistura física de triglicérides de cadeia média e cadeia longa enriquecida com emulsão lipídica de óleo de peixe, estimulou o recrutamento de monócitos, com aumento do número de macrófagos fagocitantes no fígado, pulmão e baço. / RATIONALE: Parenteral lipid emulsions (LE) with fish oil could modulate inflammatory response and promote or maintain immunologic response, but there are insufficient data about the impact on innate immunity cells functions. AIM: To evaluate the effects of endovenous infusion of LE containing mixture of medium-chain triglycerides and soybean, olive and fish oils on leukocytes migration and phagocytosis in rats, compared to a physical mixture of medium and long-chain triglycerides - MCT/LCT LE supplemented or not with fish oil (FO). METHOD: Isogenic Lewis rats (n=40) were submitted to jugular vein catheterization for parenteral access. The animals were randomized in four groups, according to their infusion: group SMOF: LE containing 30% of soybean oil (LCT), 30% MCT, 25% olive oil and 15% fish oil; group MCT/LCT: LE containing MCT and LCT (1:1 v/v); group MCT/LCT/FO: MCT/LCT LE enriched with fish oil based LE (8:2 v/v); group SS: saline. A non-surgical control (CO-NS) was also performed. In the 5th experimental day and after colloidal carbon injection in tail vein, blood and tissue (liver, lung and spleen) samples were collected for chemotaxis assay (adapted Boyden chamber) and colloidal carbon phagocyting-macrophages quantification (immunohistochemistry). ANOVA and Tukey post test were performed. RESULTS: SMOF LE didn?t influence leukocytes chemotaxis and phagocytosis. MCT/LCT and MCT/LCT/FO LE increased liver and lung resident phagocyting-macrophages number (p<0.05) and only in MCT/LCT/FO group, spleen resident phagocyting-macrophages number was increased (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: 1) Lipid emulsion, independently of composition, has no influence on neutrophils chemotaxis; 2) Lipid emulsion with a mixture of medium-chain triglycerides, soybean, olive and fish oils has neutral effect on neutrophil chemotaxis, random migration and monocyte recruitment to the liver, lung and spleen; 3) Lipid emulsion with a physical mixture of medium and long-chain triglycerides has stimulatory effect on monocyte recruitment, with increase of phagocyting-macrophages number in liver and lung; 4) Lipid emulsion with a physical mixture of medium and longchain triglycerides supplemented with fish oil, has stimulatory effect on monocyte recruitment, with increase of phagocyting-macrophages number in liver, lung and spleen.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A cicatrizaÃÃo de feridas à uma cascata de eventos celulares e moleculares que interagem para que ocorra a reconstituiÃÃo do tecido. Neste estudo avaliou-se o efeito de um composto de triglicerÃdeos de cadeia mÃdia, Ãcido linolÃico, lecitina de soja e vitaminas A e E (DersaniÂ), e tambÃm da Ãgua de coco liofilizada, nas formas aquosa e gel, no processo de cicatrizaÃÃo de Ãlceras cutÃneas experimentais. Utilizaram-se 105 ratos, machos, da linhagem Wistar, nos quais foi removido um segmento cutÃneo de espessura total com 4 cm2 de Ãrea. Os animais foram distribuÃdos aleatoriamente em grupos constituÃdos de 15 ratos compreendendo trÃs experimentos constituÃdos dos grupos Controle e ReferÃncia e dos grupos Amorfa-aquosa e Cristalina-aquosa (Experimento 1), Amorfa-gel e Cristalina-gel (Experimento 2) e TriglicerÃdeo (Experimento 3). Tais grupos foram tratados por via tÃpica, respectivamente, com soluÃÃo salina 0,9%, clostebol + sulfato de neomicina, Ãgua de coco amorfa e cristalina-aquosa, Ãgua de coco amorfa e cristalina-gel e DersaniÂ. As Ãreas das feridas foram mensuradas por planimetria digital nos dias zero, 3, 7 e 12 de pÃs-operatÃrio, a partir das quais foram calculados o grau e a taxa mÃdia de reparaÃÃo. AlÃm disso, o processo de cicatrizaÃÃo foi avaliado atravÃs dos critÃrios de Myers e da quantificaÃÃo de colÃgeno e angiogÃnese utilizando mÃtodo histoquÃmico. No 3o dia observou-se uma expansÃo da Ãrea da ferida no grupo referÃncia e uma leve contraÃÃo nos grupos controle e testes. Nos dias subseqÃentes o processo de reparaÃÃo, medido pela variÃvel grau de reparaÃÃo, evoluiu de forma linear, de modo que, no 12o dia, a Ãrea reparada alcanÃou 77,95% da regiÃo ulcerada inicial no grupo Controle, 78,40% no ReferÃncia, 82,24% no Amorfa-aquosa, 84,12% no Cristalina-aquosa 84,12% (experimento 1), 85,09% no grupo Amorfa-gel, 84,20% no Cristalina-gel (experimento 2) e 83,49% no TriglicerÃdeo (experimento 3), nÃo sendo constatadas diferenÃas estatisticamente significantes em nenhum dos experimentos. Igualmente semelhantes foram os valores da taxa mÃdia de reparaÃÃo referente aos 12 dias de tratamento: 25,79 mm2/dia no grupo Controle, 25,42 mm2/dia no ReferÃncia, 26,48 mm2/dia no Amorfa-aquosa, 27,89 mm2/dia no Cristalinaaquosa, 26,47 mm2/dia no Amorfa-gel, 27,04 mm2/dia no Cristalina-gel e 27,38 mm2/dia no TriglicerÃdeo. Entretanto, nos grupos Amorfa-aquosa (P<0,01), Amorfa-gel (P<0,05), Cristalina-gel (P<0,05) e TriglicerÃdeo (P<0,01) a densidade de colÃgeno foi significatemente maior do que a verificada no grupo Controle. Apenas no grupo TriglicerÃdeo a densidade vascular, a deposiÃÃo de colÃgeno e de tecido de granulaÃÃo foram significantemente maior que nos grupos Controle e ReferÃncia (P<0,01). Estes achados permitem concluir que o tratamento com o Dersani à um potencializador do processo de reparo tecidual / Healing of wounds is a cascade of cellular and molecular events which interact with one another ensuing tissue reconstruction. This study assessed the effect of a compound medium-chain triglycerides, linoleic acid, soy lecithins and vitamins A and E (Dersan) and also lyophilized coconut water in the aqueous and gel forms in the process of healing of experimental cutaneous ulcers. 105 male Wistar rats were employed in which a 4cm2 full thickness skin segment was removed. The animals were randomly distributed into groups constituted of 15 rats comprising three experiments consisting of Control and Reference groups, as well as Amorphous-Aqueous and Crystalline-Aqueous groups (Experiment 1), Amorphous-gel and Crystalline-gel groups (Experiment 2) and Triglycerides (Experiment 3). Such groups were treated via topic, respectively with 0.9% saline, clostebol+neomycin sulphate, amorphous and crystalline coconut water, amorphous and crystalline-gel coconut water and Dersani. The wound areas were measured by digital planimetry at post-operative days zero, 3, 7 and 12; from them the degree and average rate of repair were calculated. Moreover, the healing process was assessed through the criteria of Meyers and the amount of collagen and angiogenesis by means of histochemical methods. At day 3, an expansion of the wound area in the Reference Group and a slight contraction of Control Groups and tests were noted. On the subsequent days the process of repair, measured through the variable degree of healing evolved in a linear form, so that on the twelfth day, the repaired area achieved 77.95% of the initial ulcerated region in the Control Group, 78.40% in the Reference Group, 82.24%, in the Amorphous-Aqueous one, 84.12% in the Crystalline- Aqueous (Experiment 1), 85.09% in the Amorphus-gel Group, 84.20% in the Crystalline-gel Group (Experiment 2) and 83.49% in that of Triglyceride (Experiment 3); no statistically significant differences were found in the experiments. Equally similar were the values for the average rate of repair in regard to the 12 days of treatment: 25,79mm2/day in the Control Group, 25,42mm2/day in the Reference Group, 26.48mm2/day in the Amorphous-Aqueous one, 27.89mm2/day in the Crystalline-Aqueous Group, 26,47mm2/day in the Amorphous-gel Group, 27.04mm2/day in the Crystalline-gel and 27.38mm2/day in the Triglyceride Group. However, as to the Groups Amorphous-aqueous (P<0,01), Amorphous-gel (P<0.05), Crystalline Gel (P<0,05) and Triglycerides (P<0,01), the density of collagen was significantly higher than that observed in the Control Group. Only the Group of Triglycerides showed significantly higher vascular density, deposition of collagen and the granulation tissue than Control and Reference groups (P<0, 01). These findings allow the conclusion that Dersani have potential to the process of tissue repair

Cette thèse présente différents cas d'acclimatation d'une espèce de phytoplancton (Isochrysis sp.) à des modifications de son environnement physico-chimique avec une attention particulière portée sur la composante lipidique de la réponse aux changements. Dans ce contexte nous avons étudié les lipides à la fois comme des produits (triacylglycerol) et des acteurs (glycolipides) de la photosynthèse. Tout d'abord, nous avons étudié l’influence de plusieurs types de limitation par l'azote sur la teneur en lipides neutres des algues. Nous avons montré que la relation entre la disponibilité de l’azote et la teneur en lipide n'était pas monotone et qu'elle présentait un caractère hystérétique. Les cellules d’Isochrysis sp. n’accumulent des lipides neutres que transitoirement lors du passage d'une croissance forte vers une croissance faible. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressé aux relations qui existent entre le cycle nycthéméral et l'accumulation de réserves énergétiques sous forme de lipides et de sucres. Les réserves sont accumulées pendant le jour en disproportion du reste du carbone et consommées pendant la nuit pour alimenter la division cellulaire et la croissance nocturne. La carence en azote dans ces conditions nycthémérales ne provoque pas d’accumulations significatives de lipides. Les variations diurnes de la teneur en lipides neutres sont plus importantes que les variations obtenues en carence. A travers ces différentes expériences nous avons pu mettre en évidences les relations qui existaient entre l'environnement, la croissance, et l'accumulation de réserves. La compréhension de ces mécanismes a permis de déterminer les conditions environnementales qui favorisent la production d’huile en vue d’une utilisation biocarburant. Nous avons aussi étudié l'influence des conditions de croissance sur la composition des glycolipides des membranes des chloroplastes. Les résultats montrent que les changements de la teneur en MGDG, DGDG et SQDG et de l’insaturation des acides gras de ces lipides accompagnent les modifications d’activité photosynthétique des cellules en limitation azotée et en cycle Jour/Nuit. / This thesis presents various cases of acclimation of a phytoplankton species (Isochrysis sp.) to changes in growth conditions, with special emphasis on the lipid response to those changes. In this context we have studied lipids as both products (triacylglycerol) and actors (glycolipids) of photosynthesis. First, we studied the influence of several types of nitrogen limitation on the neutral lipid content of algae. We showed that the relationship between nitrogen availability and lipid content was not monotonous and presented a hysteretic behaviour. Isochrysis sp. cells accumulated neutral lipids only transiently during the transition from high growth to low growth. We were also interested in the relationship between the circadian cycle and the accumulation of energy reserves as fats and sugars. Reserves were accumulated during the day and consumed during the night to provide energy for cell growth and division. Nitrogen deficiency under alternative light did not lead to significant accumulations of neutral lipids. Through these experiences we could understand the relationship between environment, growth, and accumulation of reserves. These results allowed us to identify the environmental conditions that enhance oil production for biofuel use. We also studied the influence of growth conditions on the composition of glycolipids that comprises chloroplast membranes. Changes in MGDG, DGDG and SQDG contents and in their fatty acids unsaturation were linked to changes in photosynthetic characteristics when growth conditions are modified (L/D cycle, N-limitation). Glycolipids are likely to be important actors of photosynthetic acclimation to environmental changes.

A hipertensão arterial freqüentemente está associada com obesidade, alterações metabólicas e cardiovasculares. Embora haja estudos mostrando a correlação dessas alterações com alterações cardíacas estruturais e funcionais, não há dados nesse sentido em pacientes hipertensos graves. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar, em pacientes hipertensos graves, variáveis cardíacas estruturais e funcionais e se há associação entre elas e variáveis metabólicas, antropométricas e com a rigidez arterial. Foram avaliados 41 pacientes com hipertensão arterial grave recebendo o mesmo tipo de tratamento anti-hipertensivo durante 30 dias. O ecocardiograma foi usado para avaliar a estrutura e função do coração. A determinação da distensibilidade da aorta foi obtida pela velocidade de onda de pulso. Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas em jejum de 12 horas para a avaliação das variáveis bioquímicas. A circunferência de cintura foi obtida com fita métrica flexível de acordo com recomendações internacionais e nacional. Foram realizadas correlações das variáveis ecocardiográficas com as bioquímicas, antropométricas e com a velocidade de onda de pulso. As variáveis bioquímicas que tiveram melhor correlação com dados estruturais e funcionais do coração foram o ácido úrico e triglicérides. O ácido úrico apresentou correlação positiva com massa, índice de massa, diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo, espessuras diastólicas do septo e da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo, diâmetro da raiz da aorta, e negativa com a variável funcional fração de ejeção. Triglicérides correlacionou-se com as espessuras diastólicas do septo e da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo, diâmetros diastólico e sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo, diâmetro da raiz da aorta e do átrio esquerdo, massa e índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo de forma positiva e velocidade protodiastólica máxima do fluxo mitral e sua razão com a velocidade telediastólica máxima de forma negativa. As correlações persistiram após correção para idade e índice de massa corpórea. A circunferência de cintura e a velocidade da onda de pulso apresentaram correlação com dados estruturais e funcionais do coração. Valores de glicose, HDL-colesterol e LDL-colesterol também foram associados com diferentes variáveis estruturais e funcionais cardíacas. Foi realizado modelo de regressão linear múltipla que considerou como variáveis dependentes os parâmetros do ecocardiograma e como independentes, pressão arterial, os dados bioquímicos, a idade e o índice de massa corpórea. Triglicérides, ácido úrico e índice de massa corpórea tiveram o maior número de associações com as variáveis estruturais cardíacas. O HDL-colesterol e a pressão arterial sistólica mostraram o maior número de associações com as variáveis diastólicas. Outra análise multivariada selecionou idade, pressão arterial sistólica e velocidade da onda de pulso como variáveis independentes e essa última se associou somente com o tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico. Em pacientes hipertensos graves, os níveis de triglicérides e do ácido úrico apresentaram boa correlação com dados estruturais e funcionais do coração. Glicose, HDLcolesterol e LDLcolesterol também tiveram correlação com dados estruturais e funcionais do coração, porém em menor intensidade. A circunferência de cintura apresentou correlação com alguns dados estruturais e funcionais do coração. A rigidez de grandes artérias teve forte correlação com a idade e com disfunção diastólica de ventrículo esquerdo, independente do fator pressão arterial / Hypertension is frequently associated with obesity, metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities. Although there are studies correlating these alterations with cardiac structure and function alterations, there is no data regarding this issue in severe hypertensive patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate in severe hypertensive patients structural and functional cardiac variables, and whether there is an association between them and anthropometric, metabolic variables, and pulse wave velocity. Forty-one patients with severe hypertension were evaluated after 30 days taking the same anti-hypertensive medication. Cardiac evaluation was performed with the echocardiogram. Aortic distensibility was obtained by pulse wave velocity. Blood sample was drowning after 12-hours fasting for biochemistry variables. Waist circumference was measured with a flexible metric strip according to international and national recommendations. Correlation between echocardiographic parameters, biochemistry variables, waist circumference, and the pulse wave velocity were done. Uric acid and triglycerides showed better correlation with cardiac structural and functional parameters. Uric acid showed a positive correlation with left ventricle mass, left ventricle mass index, left ventricle diastolic diameter, left ventricle septal and posterior wall thickness, aortic root and a negative correlation with ejection fraction. Triglycerides showed a positive correlation between diastolic septal and posterior wall thickness, systolic and diastolic left ventricle diameters, aortic root and left atrium diameter, left ventricle mass and mass index, and also a negative correlation between peak velocity of early diastolic filling of mitral inflow and your ratio with the peak velocity of late diastolic filling. The correlation persisted after correction for age and body mass index. The waist circumference and the pulse wave velocity also showed correlation with cardiac structural and functional data. Glucose, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol values also were associated with myocardial structural and functional different parameters. In a linear regression multiple model, considering echocardiogram parameters as dependent variable and blood pressure, biochemistry data, age, and body mass index independent variables was done. Triglycerides, uric acid, and body mass index showed higher number of association with cardiac structural parameters. HDL-cholesterol and systolic blood pressure showed greater number of association with diastolic variables. In another multivariate analyzes, age, blood pressure, and pulse wave velocity were selected as independent variables and the last one showed association with isovolumic relaxation time. In patients with severe hypertension, triglycerides levels and uric acid showed a good correlation with cardiac structural and functional parameters. Glucose, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol also showed correlation with cardiac structural and functional measures, however it was less strong. The waist circumference showed correlation with cardiac structural and functional parameters. The great arteries distensibility showed a strong correlation with age, and left ventricle diastolic dysfunction, independently of the blood pressure

Dietary intervention remains a popular, albeit challenging, approach for combating obesity. In recent years, dietary interventions that increase consumption of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) instead of long-chain triglycerides (LCT) have gained attention. Pre-clinical research has demonstrated that rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) induce adiposity, but a dietary shift from LCT to MCT suppresses this effect. To date, the extent to which this effect operates via suppressed hyperphagia is not fully understood. In the present study, we sought to determine how consuming a HFD composed of different fat types affects energy intake, adiposity, and hippocampal brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) levels. Rats were assigned to one of four diet groups – rat chow (CHOW), LCT-enriched HFD (LCT-HFD), MCT-enriched HFD (MCT-HFD), or coconut oil-enriched HFD (COCO-HFD), which composes a mixture of LCT and MCT. In Experiment 1, all animals were given <i>ad libitum</i> access to their assigned diet, whereas in Experiments 2 and 3, HFD-subjects were pair-fed to CHOW to prohibit hyperphagia. In Experiments 1 and 2, subjects were aged 20-24 weeks, whereas in Experiment 3, subjects were aged 10-11 weeks. Across experiments, we found that the effect of MCT consumption on suppressing HFD-induced adiposity is causally related to suppressed HFD-induced hyperphagia. Additionally, we failed to detect an effect of HFD consumption on hippocampal BDNF. Therefore, our findings did not support or oppose the hypothesis that MCT consumption attenuates HFD-induced BDNF deficiency. Future studies should focus on determining the causal relationship between MCT consumption, energy expenditure, and HFD-induced adiposity.